A Study on Extraction and Characterization of Keratin Films and Nanofibers from Waste Wool Fiber

ABSTRACT

Fabrication and characterization of keratin films extracted from waste Merino wool fiber using two different methods and three different pH concentrations is the main focus of this study. Also, wool keratin (WK) loaded polymer surfaces were fabricated. The chemical, structural and morphological characteristics of keratin extracted from aqueous solutions were analyzed and compared for both methods. It is concluded that optimized results in this study could contribute in future research studies to select the parameters and methods to extract keratin films from recyclable wool fibers. Also, WK loaded nanofibrous films could be potential in filtration, air purification and tissue engineering.     

Development of antibacterial wool fabrics by simple and easy applicable method

This investigation deals with obtaining bacterial-resistant keratin macromolecules holding built-in antimicrobial niches. Wool fabrics were sulphitolyzed using various concentrations of sodium metabisulfite at different temperatures, treatment times, and pH values. The effect of sulfitolysis of wool on its resistance towards bacteria, namely Escherichia coli (G –ve) and Staphylococcus aureus (G +ve), was assessed. The sulfitolyzed wool fabric withstands the deteriorative action of the aforementioned species without adverse effect on its desirable inherent properties. The change in the chemical composition of the treated wool fabrics was monitored using alkali solubility test, amino acid analysis, and elemental analysis. The influence of sulfitolysis of wool on its whiteness index as well as its tensile strength and elongation at break was also assessed.     

Natural dyeing of merino wool fibers with Cinnamomum camphora leaves extract with mordants of biological origin: a greener approach of textile coloration

Abstract

In this research work, an attempt has been made to investigate the possibility of wool dyeing with natural dye extracted from the Cinnamomum camphora middle aged/mature leaves. Visually, a range of ecofriendly shades with quite different color gamut of varying hue and tone were produced via the application of different natural mordants. The effect of various natural mordants (gallnut, pomegranate peel, arjun bark, chlorophyll extract, and citric acid) and some commonly used metal mordants (ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, stannous chloride, and sodium dichromate) on color and fastness properties of dyed wool samples was comparatively evaluated in conjunction with 50% (o.w.f.) of C. camphora natural dye. Dyeing experiments were performed with and without mordants employing pre-mordanting technique. The color of dyed wool fibers were investigated in terms of CIELab (L*, a*, and b*) and color strength values (K/S); and fastness properties were determined as per ISO standard test methods. In general, pre-biomordanted wool fibers with P. granatum (3, 4 and 5% o.w.f.), citric acid (5% o.w.f.) and chlorophyll extract (10–50% o.w.f.) showed comparable color and fastness results compared to those of metal treated samples. Durability of color was also checked to assess the effect of washing of dyed wool fibers. This research work on the use of ecofriendly biomordants will provide a valuable reference in future for ecological and environmentally safe dyeing.     

Application of myrrh extract as an eco-friendly dye and antimicrobial agent on wool and silk fabrics part 2: antimicrobial activity and fastness property

ABSTRACT

We investigate the dyeing and antimicrobial properties of myrrh (Commiphora molmol) extracts on wool and silk fabrics, the use of eco-friendly materials such as sumac (Rhus coriaria), manjakani (Quercus infectoria), alum, and ferrous sulfate as mordants. The mordanting methods were optimized.

The best conditions of dyeing process were discussed in the first part of this study. Dyed fabrics were assessed for color strength (K/S), color fastness, and antimicrobial activity. Non-mordanted dyed wool and silk showed color fastness of grade 4–5. Dyed fabrics showed good antimicrobial activity, which was enhanced by mordanting.     

Influence of Sheep Wool on Slope Greening

ABSTRACT

Positive influence of wool mixed with soil on slope stability and its greening were examined. Mixtures of poor quality wool as well as polyester and polypropylene fibers with soil were obtained. The mixture was used to cover meandrically arranged ropes installed on the slope. After several weeks, intense greening of the slope was observed. Grass cover grown from seeds sown on the slope was very diverse, depending on types of fibers used for soil reinforcements. In places covered with soil mixed with wool, intense and dark green grass tillers were observed. In order to determine influence of wool on intense grass growth, progress of wool biodegradation was studied. Additionally, the content of different forms of nitrogen in soil during slope exploitation was analyzed. Wool biodegradation was investigated during observations with electron scanning microscope. It was revealed that biological damage of wool was accelerated by mechanical damage of fibers, that took place during bale opening and mixing wool with soil. As a result of biodegradation of wool keratin organic nitrogen was released. Due to ammonification process, it was converted into ammonium and later, via nitrification, into nitrate form. Both forms were available for growing grass and promoted its quick development.     

Effect of Transglutaminase Enzyme on Physico-mechanical Properties of Rambouillet Wool Fiber

ABSTRACT

Rambouillet wool fiber was scoured and treated with transglutaminase (TG) enzyme for different concentrations and duration at neutral pH at 45°C. The physical, mechanical, dyeing, and antimicrobial properties of the wool fiber before and after enzymatic treatment were evaluated as per standard methods. Results inferred that TG enzyme-treated wool fiber sample showed improvement in softness, luster, and tensile strength in comparison with scoured wool fiber. It is found that 0.5% TG enzyme treatment at 45°C for 60 min at pH 7 was an optimum condition. Scanning electron microscope images also confirmed the flattened and smooth scales of wool fiber after enzymatic treatment.     

Determination of the Dyeing Potential of Mint and Sage Crops Wastes on Wool and Cotton Fibers

In the present study, dyeing potential of waste water from distillation process was investigated for fresh and dried herbs of Menthaspicata (MS), Menthapiperita (MP), and Salvia officinalis (SO) species. Meta-mordanting method was used in the dyeing of wool and cotton fabrics in the presence of FeSO₄·7H₂O (iron) and AlK(SO₄)₂·12H₂O (alum) mordants. The color of each dyed material was investigated in terms of the CIELab (L*, a*, b*, C, and h°) and K/S values. The surfaces of the samples were observed using a scanning electron microscope. It was observed that the color strength of fresh and dried plant is depended on the plant species, mordant, and fabric type. Best color intensity (K/S = 16.68) was obtained with iron mordant using fresh SO on cotton fabric. For wool fabric, the highest color strength (K/S = 9.62) was obtained with fresh SO in the presence of alum mordant. Presence of metal mordant for natural dyeing process of cotton with MS, MP, and SO extract has shown remarkable improvement in terms of dye adherence and fastness properties thus metal mordanting could be suitable alternative dyeing method for ecofriendly industrial application.     

Development of functional wool fabric by treatment with aqueous and alkaline extracts of Cinnamomum camphora plant leaves

ABSTRACT

This work is carried out in search of natural alternatives to synthetic dyes capable of imparting functional properties. Natural dye from camphor plant (Cinnamomum camphora) was extracted under two extraction mediums: aqueous and alkaline. The obtained extract was converted into powder and applied on wool fabric using exhaust method of dyeing for evaluation of their dyeing and functional properties. Color strength of each dyed material was measured in terms of the K/S and CIELAB values, while the color fastness to light, washing, and crocking was investigated using standard test methods. The ultraviolet protection and antimicrobial properties were measured using American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) standard test methods. The K/S values, ultraviolet protection factor, and antimicrobial property of samples dyed with alkaline extract were higher as compared to those dyed with aqueous extract. Fastness towards washing and rubbing was found to be excellent, but the light fastness was poor which can be improved by mordanting in future work. Moreover, a slight decrease in washing fastness was observed with increase in shade depth.     

Antimicrobial finishing of wool fabric using ionic liquids

This work aims to study the effect of pretreatment of wool fabrics with two imidazolium-based ionic liquids to impart durable antimicrobial properties. The used ionic liquids, cationic in nature, were ionically bonded to the anionic sites along the keratin macromolecules. These anionic sites have been enriched via treatment with the presynthesized anionic agent (AA) (sodium 4-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazinylamino)-benzenesulfonate). The effect of the treatment temperature of wool fabric with the AA, liquor ratio as well as the pH on the exhaustion percentage was studied. Antibacterial activity of the treated wool fabric towards Gram –ve bacteria (Escherichia coli), and fastness to washing were examined. The chemical structure of the synthesized AA was elucidated using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.     

羊毛角蛋白在巯基乙酸胆碱中的溶解再生

为提高废弃羊毛纤维的综合利用率,采用一种新型的还原性类离子液体巯基乙酸胆碱对羊毛进行溶解和再生,观察了羊毛纤维在其中的溶解过程。采用红外光谱仪、X射线衍射分析仪、差示扫描量热仪以及凝胶电泳仪对不同温度下提取的再生角蛋白性能进行了研究。结果表明:巯基乙酸胆碱能够有效打开羊毛角蛋白大分子之间的二硫键,从而实现对羊毛皮质层及鳞片层的高效溶解,120 ℃条件下,最高溶解质量分数可以达到16%;经巯基乙酸胆碱溶解再生制得的角蛋白,其蛋白主体结构得到保留,但是与原羊毛相比,再生角蛋白中的α-螺旋含量降低,分子质量降低,并且随着溶解温度提高,角蛋白大分子也发生了一定程度降解。     

New κ-Casein Alleles in Jakhrana Goat Affecting Milk Processing Properties

High genetic variability in the κ-Casein gene that can be exploited for the marker assisted selection milk production of desirable processing and nutritional properties. We resolved seven unique PCR-SSCP variants in a 425 bp segment of κ-Casein exon-4 (CSN*3) on PAGE gel and then sequenced the amplicons. All SSCP haplotypes revealed novel sequences (NCBI Genbank accessions EF053350- EF053356). Nucleotide substitutions at nucleotide positions 245, 247, 274, 345 and 471 caused single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). We identified seven new alleles CSN3*N, CSN3*O, CSN3*P, CSN3*Q and CSN3*R being homozygous and CSN3*A^H, CSN3*K^H being heterozygous types. In silico analysis yielded an isoelectric point of 5.29 and 5.63 for the conceptual proteins based on CSN3*A^H and CSN3*K^H, CSN3*N, CSN3*O, CSN3*P, CSN3*Q, CSN3*R allele sequence, respectively, which were of IEF_A and IEF_B type κ-Casein (CSN3).     

Investigation of effects of protease enzyme produced by Bacillus subtilis 168 E6-5 and commercial enzyme on physical properties of woolen fabric

Abstract

Wool is one of the most important fibers in textile industry, and has been commonly used for producing value added products due to its properties of lightness, warmth, softness, and smoothness. However, the special scale structure in wool cuticle can cause felting shrinkage of wool fabrics. Proteases have been widely used to modify the surface of wool to prevent wool felting, due to their ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in wool scales. Although the treatment of wool with proteases was considered as an environmentally friendly technique to provide wool fabrics with shrink resistance properties, proteases exhibited low efficacy in removing the cuticle scales because of the highly cross-linked barriers. In this study, wool fabric was treated with protease enzyme obtained from novel isolated bacteria and commercial protease enzyme, and the results were compared. The tear strength, pilling changes in ΔE values, whiteness and yellowness values of wool were controlled. Results showed that treatment with Bacillus subtilis 168 E6-5 protease enzyme yielded improvements in the physical properties of wool fabric compared with commercial enzyme.     

Effect of Binary and Ternary Combination of Metal Salt on Colorimetric and Fastness Characteristics of Acacia Nilotica Dyed Woolen Yarn

ABSTRACT

Acacia nilotica

an important medicinal plant of topical and sub-tropical regions belonging to family Fabaceae of genus Acacia is a source of many active phytochemicals (secondary metabolites) have been explored to study their useful utilization in different fields. The versatile utility of this plant as a source of timber, a source of fodder, tannin, and gum, and fuel has prompted researchers to deepen investigations for full utilization of this plant. To exploit its use as a colorant for textiles, this research study investigates for the first time pre-mordanting of wool with binary and ternary metal salt combinations using aluminum potassium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and stannous chloride mordants in order to develop natural and beautiful shades on wool with different hue and tone. The dyeing was carried by exhaustion method and dyed samples were analyzed using a reflective spectrophotometer in terms of CIELab and CIELch (L*, a*, b*, c*, and h°) and K/S values. Wash and light fastnesses were investigated according to ISO standards. Wool samples pre-mordanted with ferrous sulfate-stannous chloride (neutral medium) displayed the highest color strength value of 11.22 followed by ferrous sulfate-alum and alum-stannous chloride combinations. Statistical analysis of color parameters confirms the synergetic role of individual metal salts in different combinations. The results showed that 36 different shades having good to very good fastness properties were produced by the use of different metallic salt combinations in the natural dyeing of wool using A. nilotica bark extract as dye.     

Antibacterial Functionalization and Simultaneous Coloration of Wool Fiber with the Application of Plant-Based Dyes

ABSTRACT

High susceptibility of wool toward bacterial growth owing to proteinous nature and moisture retention ability leads to need for antibacterial functionalization of wool to cure the resulting deterioration. Antibacterial colored wool was designed via application of Terminalia chebula, Alkanna tinctoria, and Tagetes erecta natural dyes. Characteristics in terms of color and antibacterial activity were compared to correlate coloring compound’s effect on characteristics of dyes and, both T. chebula and A. tinctoria dyes inferred themselves actively resisting bacterial growth while T. erecta was not efficient against bacterial strains. Colorful shades of good color and fastness properties were obtained from selected natural dyes on woolen yarn. Results show Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) were highly resisted by the effect of T. chebula and A. tinctoria dyes, and T. chebula among them proved best in terms of both color characteristics and antibacterial potential.     

Effect of Lipase Pretreatment on the Dyeability of Wool Fabric

Abstract

The effect of lipase pretreatment on the dyeability of wool fabric with reactive dyes is thoroughly investigated. Two enzymes are applied, lipase type II and lipolase 100 L, type EX. The effect of treatment conditions such as temperature, time, and concentration of enzyme on the dyeability of wool fabric is studied. A comparative study between exhaustion and padding techniques of treatment is investigated. Kinetic investigations are also given on the dyeing process of wool fabric with reactive dyes. The treatments revealed improvement in the dyeability of wool with reactive dyes. The use of the enzyme pretreatment enables wool dyeing under mild temperature conditions with increasing dye consumption and an increase of the rate of dyeing. This is reflected as energy saving and reduction of pollution impact.     

角蛋白的提取及其在制革工业中的应用

角蛋白的来源广泛,特别是在动物毛中的含量极其丰富。角蛋白的应用也十分广泛,目前已经被应用于医药、涂料、皮革等多个行业。通过对角蛋白组成和分子结构的了解,从角蛋白的物理性质和化学性质的角度出发,总结了现阶段主要提取角蛋白的方法。同时,论述了皮革行业对毛发废弃物的处理现状,提取角蛋白以及角蛋白在皮革行业中的应用。     

Efficient mothproofing of wool through natural dyeing with walnut hull and henna against Dermestes maculatus

There is a growing need for eco-friendly mothproofing property owing to stringent environmental regulations. One type of insects responsible for critical damage of the usual protein wool fabric is the hide beetle Dermestes maculatus. In this research, efficient mothproofing procedure is introduced through natural dyeing of protein wool fabric with walnut hull and henna as environmental friendly dyes. The wool fabrics were first mordanted with aluminum sulfate and then dyed with walnut hull and henna dyes. The mothproofing properties of control, walnut hull, and henna-dyed wool samples were evaluated statistically. Mothproofing was assessed through the study of damages on wool surface by the larvae of hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus, as feeding protein fibers and wool weight loss (%) were measured. The damage intensity of wool fabric surface was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy images. The analysis of variance was utilized to obtain the optimum conditions for mothproofing. Further, reflectance and absorbance of wool samples were reported. Finally, the experimental results indicated highest protection against Dermestes maculatus on the both walnut hull and henna-dyed protein wool.     

羊毛角蛋白的提取及其成膜性

摘 要：本研究采用氧化-还原两浴两步法溶解羊毛,从中提取出角蛋白,羊毛溶解率达87%,同时提取的角蛋白有较高的分子量,主体分布在45-60kDa。红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析(TGA)测试结果表明,提取所得角蛋白的特征官能团与羊毛基本相同,热稳定性亦无明显变化。将壳聚糖按不同比例加入角蛋白中,可制得具有一定机械强度的复合生物膜。对生物膜进行接触角和强力测试发现,断裂强度随着壳聚糖含量增加而增大,但其亲水性随之降低。     

Molecular Cloning and Characterizations of Xylanase Inhibitor Protein from Wheat (Triticum Aestivum)

Xylanase inhibitor proteins (XIPs) were regarded to inhibit the activity of xylanases during baking and gluten‐starch separation processes. To avoid the inhibition to xylanases, it is necessary to define the conditions under which the inhibition takes place. In this study, we cloned the XIP gene from 2 different variety of Triticum aestivum, that is, Zhengmai 9023 and Zhengmai 366, and investigated the properties of XIP protein expressed by Pichia pastoris. The results showed that the 2 XIP genes (xip‐9023 and xip‐366) were highly homologous with only 3 nucleotide differences. XIP‐9023 showed the optimal inhibition pH and temperature were 7 °C and 40 °C, respectively. Inhibition of xylanase by XIP‐9023 reached the maximum in 40 min. At 50% inhibition of xylanase, the molar ratio of inhibitor: xylanase was 26:1. XIP‐9023 was active to various fungal xylanases tested as well as to a bacterial xylanase produced by Paenibacillus sp. isolated from cow rumen.     

An effect of suint on sheep wool impedance and heat resistance values

ABSTRACT

The phenomenon of impedance finds an application in many areas of science; however, no studies relate to wool. Thus, the aim of the study was an examination of an effect of from the presence of suint layer on sheep wool fibers on impedance and heat resistance values. Electrical characteristics (impedance [Ω]) and heat resistance were compared in terms of wool washing effect. The impedance of wool samples was tested in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 1 MHz. In order to measure electrical characteristics and heat resistance values, five samples of greasy wool were collected from different sheep breeds, standardized by weight. After the analyses, the samples were washed and reexamined. The results showed significant differences in the impedance between the greasy and washed wool samples in each of the tested breed (p > 0.05). The suint layer reduces the impedance level, which was also confirmed by a heat resistance test results demonstrating that absence of suint layer on wool fibers significantly reduced this feature value (p > 0.05). This was also reflected in the weight differences between the examined wool samples before and after their washing.