大米淀粉凝胶储藏过程中消化特性的变化

对大米淀粉凝胶储藏过程中消化特性的变化进行了研究，研究结果表明：在储藏早期，直链含量高的大米淀粉凝胶，随着直链凝皎网络的形成和稳定，淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著增加，表明直链三维凝胶网络对酶有较强抗性。在后期的储藏过程中，随着储藏时间的延长，大米淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉含量逐步增加，慢消化性淀粉含量增加的主要原因是由于支链淀粉的重结晶所引起。     

大米淀粉凝胶在储藏过程中消化特性的变化

对大米淀粉凝胶在储藏过程中消化特性的变化进行了研究，研究结果表明：在储藏早期，直链含量高的大米淀粉凝胶，随着直链凝胶网络的形成和稳定，淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著增加，表明直链三维凝胶网络对酶有较强抗性。在后期的储藏过程中，随着储藏时间的延长，大米淀粉体系中慢消化性淀粉含量逐步增加。慢消化性淀粉含量增加的主要原因是由于支链淀粉的重结晶所引起。     

淀粉凝胶储藏过程中消化特性和质构特性的变化

采用酶解法和全质构分析分别测定了红薯、绿豆和马铃薯淀粉凝胶在储藏过程中的消化特性和质构特性,并对消化特性与质构特性指标之间进行简单相关和逐步回归分析。结果表明:在25℃储藏10 d内,绿豆淀粉凝胶的老化性能强于红薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉。淀粉凝胶的消化率降低,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量增加,快消化淀粉含量降低;淀粉凝胶的硬度随储藏时间的延长逐渐增加,回复值则逐渐减小。快消化淀粉含量、硬度和回复值可作为淀粉凝胶类食品的老化评价指标。     

3种杂豆淀粉回生过程的理化特性研究

采用酶解法、全质构、RVA、XRD和DSC方法分析蚕豆、豌豆和绿豆淀粉回生过程中消化特性、质构特性、糊化特性、结晶特性和热特性,以探讨主要豆类淀粉凝胶的回生特性,为豆类淀粉凝胶的生产及品质调控提供参考。结果表明:在4℃储藏7 d内,淀粉凝胶抗性淀粉含量增加,硬度、黏性和咀嚼度增加。凝胶在储藏过程中,蚕豆和豌豆淀粉的峰值黏度、最终黏度低于绿豆淀粉,而糊化温度高于绿豆淀粉。淀粉在回生过程中衍射峰强度增加,但未出现吸热峰。     

不同储藏时间及温度对荞麦淀粉特性的影响

采用碱液提取法提取荞麦淀粉,研究了不同储藏时间及温度对荞麦淀粉特性的影响。考察了提取物的水分、淀粉纯度、直链淀粉含量、淀粉膨胀度和溶解度的变化,并利用快速黏度仪和差示量热扫描仪分析了荞麦淀粉的糊化特性和热特性。结果表明,在4℃条件下储藏的荞麦,提取物的淀粉纯度高于38℃下储藏荞麦的淀粉纯度;储藏过程中,直链淀粉含量先下降再上升,淀粉膨胀度下降,且低温条件储藏时下降幅度更为明显。但储藏对淀粉溶解度和糊化特性无显著影响。38℃储藏的荞麦,淀粉初始糊化温度随储藏时间的延长先上升再下降,而4℃储藏的荞麦变化不显著。储藏过程中,糊化焓呈现先下降后上升趋势,且38℃条件下储藏的荞麦,该变化更为明显。研究可以为碗托等荞麦淀粉食品加工提供参考。     

储藏温度对稻米淀粉糊化特性的影响

为研究稻谷储藏温度对稻米淀粉糊化特性的影响,用人工气候箱将早籼稻谷在5、15、25、35℃条件下储藏12个月。分析测定了不同温度储藏稻米淀粉的提取率、色泽、溶解度、润涨力、糊化特性及淀粉凝胶的质构特性。结果表明,相对于新收获稻米,经35℃储藏稻米提取的淀粉色泽微黄,淀粉提取率降低了19.65%;5℃储藏稻米淀粉在90℃时的膨润力最大,经储藏处理稻米淀粉在80℃和90℃的溶解度均高于新收获稻米;稻米淀粉的糊化温度和淀粉凝胶的硬度随储藏温度升高而增加,淀粉的峰值黏度和最终黏度及淀粉凝胶的黏聚性随储藏温度升高而降低。     

典型储粮环境下小麦淀粉理化性质的变化及差异性分析

为了研究中国典型储粮环境下小麦淀粉理化性质的变化,构建我国的小麦品质评价体系,选择高筋小麦和中筋小麦各1种,用人工气候箱进行模拟储藏,每60天测定样品的吸湿性、酶解力、色泽、还原糖含量、透光率。采用SPSS19.0统计软件进行相关性分析、差异性分析。结果表明：淀粉的吸湿性、L^*值随储藏时间延长有所增加;而还原糖含量先增加后减小;酶解力、透光率、a^*值、b^*值随着储藏时间的延长逐渐减小,在35℃、85%RH的储藏条件下,各理化指标的变化速率是最快的;瑞星一号除了透光率,郑麦8998除了还原糖含量和吸湿性,其他指标均与储藏时间极显著相关;储藏前期,储藏条件对2种淀粉的理化指标影响不显著,储藏后期影响极其显著。     

储藏温度对稻米淀粉糊化特性的影响

为研究稻谷储藏温度对稻米淀粉糊化特性的影响,用人工气候箱将早籼稻谷在5、15、25、35 C条件下储藏12个月.分析测定了不同温度储藏稻米淀粉的提取率、色泽、溶解度、润涨力、糊化特性及淀粉凝胶的质构特性.结果表明,相对于新收获稻米,经35℃储藏稻米提取的淀粉色泽微黄,淀粉提取率降低了19.65％;5℃储藏稻米淀粉在90℃时的膨润力最大,经储藏处理稻米淀粉在80℃和90℃的溶解度均高于新收获稻米;稻米淀粉的糊化温度和淀粉凝胶的硬度随储藏温度升高而增加,淀粉的峰值黏度和最终黏度及淀粉凝胶的黏聚性随储藏温度升高而降低.     

机械活化对玉米淀粉的直链淀粉含量及老化特性的影响

采用搅拌球磨机对玉米淀粉进行机械活化，研究了机械活化对玉米淀粉的直链淀粉含量及透光率的影响。并以淀粉糊透光率为评价指标，研究了机械活化与储藏时间对玉米淀粉糊老化特性的影响。结果表明：机械活化对玉米淀粉的直链淀粉及透光率有显著影响，均随活化时间的延长而提高。适度的机械活化有利于玉米淀粉分子的重结晶，淀粉糊的透光率迅速下降，老化加速；而过度的机械活化则不利于淀粉分子的重结晶．淀粉糊透光率下降缓慢。     

糯米淀粉凝胶的老化特性分析

以传统加热糊化法制备的糯米淀粉凝胶为研究对象,通过测定凝胶老化过程中的9项品质特性指标,分析糯米淀粉凝胶老化过程中各指标的变化规律及其相关性。利用主成分分析法确定影响糯米淀粉凝胶老化的主要因素及时间拐点。结果表明,随着储藏时间的延长,糯米淀粉凝胶硬度、胶着性呈逐渐增加的趋势,回复性、弹性、水分、持水性、碘蓝值和酶解力呈递减的趋势,除碘蓝值外的其他理化指标均与质构指标有一定的相关性。主成分分析表明,第7 d是糯米淀粉凝胶老化过程中质构品质变化的拐点,硬度和胶着性可以作为糯米淀粉凝胶评价体系的主要指标。     

淀粉结构对其性能的影响及淀粉性能的调控

淀粉是自然界中仅次于纤维素的第二大生物质, 是碳水化合物在自然界中贮藏的主要形式之一。淀粉既是人类的主要能量来源, 也是一种重要的可再生资源, 被广泛应用在食品、造纸、纺织、精细化工和医药等领域。但是, 原淀粉结构的局限性, 限制了其应用范围和效果。因此, 本文首先综述了淀粉分子结构和颗粒结构对其性能的影响。其次, 阐述了通过淀粉的生物合成、淀粉结构修饰以及纤维素合成淀粉等手段改变淀粉结构, 从而达到调控淀粉性能的目的的方法, 以期为之后的深入研究提供参考。     

Effect of Storage Conditions on 2–Acetyl-1–pyrroline Content in Aromatic Rice Variety, Khao Dawk Mali 105

ABSTRACT: The effect of package and temperature on 2–acetyl-1–pyrroline content in milled aromatic rice during storage was investigated. 2 -Acetyl-1 -pyrroline content was decreased faster at higher storage temperature. However, fat acidity of rice was increased during storage and inversely correlated with 2–acetyl-1–pyrroline content at an early stage of storage. The difference in 2–acetyl-1 -pyrroline recovery from the samples, which were extracted with ethanol at 40 °C and 75 °C, revealed that the starch bound and free forms of 2–acetyl-1–pyrroline may occur in aromatic rice. These results suggested that the biosynthesis of 2–acetyl-1 -pyrroline before starch structure formation in rice kernel could play a key role in the aroma quality of aromatic rice.     

Drought‐proofing barley (Hordeum vulgare) and its impact on grain quality: A review

Barley starch research is currently focused on the biosynthesis (enzymatic pathways), structure and the properties of barley grown under optimal conditions. With only limited information available on the effects of abiotic stress (drought) on starch structure, the need arises to determine the effects of genetic expression, inferring drought tolerance and its impact on starch biosynthesis and structure under terminal drought stress. Using size‐exclusion chromatography for the first time can bring an understanding of how starch molecular structure is influenced by drought tolerance trait expression; this has the potential to improve our current knowledge of starch biosynthesis, structure and properties. This understanding may aid plant breeders in producing varieties that are drought‐tolerant whilst maintaining the desired starch quality characteristics required by industry. In this review, starch hierarchical structure and molecular structural characterization methods are summarized. This is followed by an overview of our current knowledge of abiotic stress, stress tolerance and its impact on grain quality. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Changes in unreacted starch content in corn during storage

In the dry grind process, corn is ground, mixed with process water and cooked; starch is enzymatically hydrolyzed to sugars, and subsequently fermented to ethanol by yeast. The conversion of starch into ethanol, however, is not complete as distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) often contain more than 5% starch. The amount of unreacted starch represents inefficiencies in the process and reducing this amount is important to improving profitability of the ethanol industry. Additionally, dry grind facilities have reported seasonal variation in ethanol yields. In order to minimize variation in ethanol yields and the amount of unreacted starch in DDGS, it is important to understand the effects that storage temperature and time have on the digestibility of the corn starch. While starch quality is largely controlled by genetics and growing conditions, postharvest practices (handling, storage, and processing conditions) also affect starch composition and structure. In this study, changes in unreacted starch content of corn during storage were monitored to provide an explanation for the seasonal variation in ethanol yields observed by dry grind facilities. Yellow dent corn was harvested in 2011 and 2012 and stored indoors, outdoors, and under refrigeration for 5–12 mo. Results with the 2011 harvest corn showed unreacted starch content ranging from 2.17 to 14.1% over a 48 wk period. Unreacted starch was more influenced by storage time, initially decreasing at a rate of 0.31% per wk during the first 10 wk and steadily increased at an average rate of 0.16% per wk for the duration of storage. Results with the 2012 harvest corn, however, showed a higher average unreacted starch content of 13.0% during 20 wk of storage and no appreciable change in unreacted starch content regardless of storage temperature.     

Wx基因对小麦淀粉生物合成和积累的影响

为研究Wx基因的缺失对小麦淀粉生物合成的影响,本研究以8个Wx小麦近等基因系为材料,在灌浆期的10、20、30和40 d取籽粒测定直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉的含量及合成速度。结果表明:直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量及积累速率在花后逐渐增加,以花后10~20 d最大,此后逐渐降低。3个Wx基因对直链淀粉的含量及积累速率的影响依次为Wx-B1Wx-A1Wx-D1;小麦Wx基因型对直链淀粉的合成及积累速率影响较大,而对支链淀粉的影响较小,其对总淀粉含量及其积累的影响主要通过直链淀粉进行。     

淀粉-壳聚糖可食性复合薄膜保鲜布林的研究

本文主要研究了不同种类的淀粉与壳聚糖复合所形成的被膜对于布林的保鲜效果。分别用木薯淀粉，土豆淀粉，玉米淀粉与壳聚糖制成不同涂膜液对布林进行涂膜处理，在常温(15～25℃)下储藏。涂膜的布林在贮藏期间，其水分损失，硬度，可溶性固形物，总酸度的变化均小于对照组，并且可延长保质期3～7d。就不同的淀粉成分而言，对于布林的保鲜作用，土豆淀粉-壳聚糖复合薄膜的保鲜作用最佳，玉米淀粉-壳聚糖复合薄膜的作用优于小薯淀粉-壳聚糖复合薄膜。     

不同生态区烟叶淀粉生物合成动态比较研究

为解析生态环境对烟叶淀粉生物合成的影响,分别对河南、云南地区烤烟叶片不同发育时期的淀粉粒结构、淀粉含量、淀粉合成相关基因表达和酶活性进行了比较研究。结果表明:1)叶片发育过程中河南生态区烟叶中的淀粉含量较高,叶片成熟期云南烟叶中淀粉含量较高,烤后烟叶中,云南烟叶淀粉含量降低幅度较大;2)云南烟叶中淀粉粒积累丰富,GBSS I基因表达、酶活性水平明显较高,表明云南烟叶中颗粒性淀粉生物合成更为活跃。     

不同冷冻策略下木薯淀粉对龙头鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

目的 探究三种冷冻策略下,即冷冻-预凝胶-熟化(Freezing-Setting-Heating,FSH)、预凝胶-冷冻-熟化(Setting-Freezing-Heating,SFH)、预凝胶-熟化-冷冻(Setting-Heating-Freezing,SHF),木薯淀粉的添加对龙头鱼鱼糜凝胶性能及品质的影响。方法 以龙头鱼为原料,通过冻藏期间的质构特性、水分含量、持水性和微观结构观察,阐明不同冷冻策略及木薯淀粉添加对其凝胶品质的影响。结果 随着冻藏时间的增加,鱼糜质构特性逐渐下降,水分含量减少。在相同冻藏时间下,淀粉的添加有利于提高鱼糜凝胶的品质,其硬度、胶粘性和咀嚼性显著提高(P<0.05),持水性显著增强(P<0.05)。其中,经60天冻藏后,SFHW(含淀粉)及SHFW(含淀粉)组样品剩余水分含量分别为48.60%和47.06%,较同一周期下未添加淀粉组及FSHW(含淀粉)组取得较好的实验效果。经微观结构观察,木薯淀粉在加热糊化过程中吸水膨胀并起到一定填充作用,添加淀粉的鱼糜凝胶解冻及复热后较未添加淀粉的样品,均具有更小的孔隙,且孔隙大小趋势为FSHW> SFHW> SHFW。结论 添加木薯淀粉并经预凝胶或熟化后冷冻对龙头鱼鱼糜凝胶品质起到积极作用,可为冷冻龙头鱼鱼糜制品提供理论支持并为其工业化生产提供可能性。     

阳离子变性淀粉在新闻纸机上的应用

阳离子变性淀粉是生产新闻纸工艺中重要的湿部化学品之一。该文简述了阳离子变性淀粉的特性，并对阳离子变性淀粉的蒸煮、贮存、添加点的选择、使用效果的追踪及其应用时需注意的问题等生产实践中积累的经验作了介绍。     

Thermal and rheological properties of breadfruit starch

The thermal and rheological properties of breadfruit starch were studied using DSC and 2 different rheometers. It was found that the gelatinization temperature of starch with excess moisture content (>70%) was at approximately 75 °C. A new endotherm was detected at about 173 °C when the moisture content was lower than required for full gelatinization of the starch. A detailed examination revealed that this endotherm represented the melting of amylose-lipid complexes. Breadfruit starch paste exhibited shear-thinning fluid characteristics, and good thermal and pH stability. The setback viscosity of the breadfruit starch was lower than that of potato and corn starches. The rheological properties of the breadfruit starch paste was well described by the Herschel-Bulkley model at a shear rate of 0 to 100 s(-1), where R(2) is greater than 0.95, and it behaved like a yield-pseudoplastic fluid. Both the storage modulus and loss modulus of the paste initially increased sharply, then dropped after reaching the gelatinization peak. Breadfruit starch gel showed both flexibility and viscosity. Suspension with 6% starch content exhibited very weak gel rigidity; however, this increased significantly at starch contents above 20%.