牦牛乳软质干酪成熟期挥发性风味成分分析

采用固相微萃取- 气相色谱- 质谱联用(SPME-GC-MS)对不同成熟时期(30、60、90d)牦牛乳软质干酪挥发性风味物质进行分离鉴定,共检测出45 种化合物,并用峰面积归一化法确定各种化合物的相对百分含量。通过对固相微萃取纤维头和萃取温度的筛选优化实验条件,采用75μm CAR/PDMS(碳分子筛- 聚二甲基硅氧烷)萃取纤维头,50℃条件下吸附不同成熟时期(30、60、90d)干酪的挥发性风味物质效果较好。检测出的挥发性风味物质主要是酸类、醇类、酮类,其次为酯类和醛类化合物,酸类物质构成了牦牛乳软质干酪的主体特征风味。乙酸、丁酸、己酸成为干酪中的优势风味物质。     

风味泡鹅肉挥发性风味物质GC—MS检测中的HS—SPME萃取工艺优化

以风味泡鹅肉为原料,通过比较不同萃取纤维头的萃取效果,筛选出最佳萃取纤维头。在该基础上,采用响应面法优化HS—SPME萃取风味泡鹅肉挥发性风味物质的工艺,探讨萃取温度、萃取时间和解吸时间对总峰面积和挥发性风味物质总数的影响,并采用固相微萃取和气质联用技术检测分析风味鹅肉中挥发性风味物质。结果表明,风味泡鹅肉的最佳萃取工艺条件为:75μm CAR/PDMS萃取头,萃取温度55℃,萃取时间53min,解吸时间4min,在该条件下的总峰面积为3 645 270 362,挥发性物质总数为60种;HS—SPME—GC—MS检测出了风味泡鹅肉中含有烃类、醛类、酯类、酮类、醇类、硫醚类、酚类等挥发性风味物质63种。     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用快速测定大曲中的挥发性风味成分

为探讨大曲中的挥发性风味成分,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析泸州老窖中高温大曲的挥发性成分,考察萃取头、萃取时间、萃取温度对大曲样品中挥发性风味物质萃取的影响。结果表明：采用50/30μm碳分子筛/聚二乙烯基苯/聚二甲基硅氧烷(DVB/CAR on PDMS)纤维头在50℃条件下对大曲样品顶空吸附30min,萃取效果最好;大曲样品的分析表明,其挥发性风味物质中含量较高的是醇类、酯类和酮类化合物,另外还含有一些吡嗪类化合物。该方法对大曲中常见挥发性风味成分的测定有良好的重复性和回收率,方便快速。     

食用油脂中挥发性卤代烃的HS-SPME-GC联用分析

目的：建立进出口油脂中挥发性卤代烃(VHHs)的顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱(HS-SPME-GC)联用分析方法。方法：采用Supelco公司5种SPME纤维头对食用油脂进行顶空萃取,比较不同萃取纤维的萃取效率,分别考察萃取温度、时间、顶空体积等对萃取效果的影响。用毛细管色谱柱分离萃取成分、气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)进行检测。结果：优选的SPME纤维头为75μm碳分子筛-聚二甲基硅氧烷(CAR/PDMS)。于15mL顶空萃取瓶中加入9mL食用油,在60℃恒温水浴中萃取30min后,290℃解吸3min进行GC分析。方法检测限为0.02～1.4ng/mL,回收率在89%～105%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于8.5%(n=5)。结论：该方法具有操作简便、快捷、灵敏度高、检测限低、不使用有机溶剂等特点,适合于食用油脂中挥发性卤代烃的检测。     

顶空固相微萃取分析金黄色葡萄球菌挥发性代谢产物的条件优化

采用65 μm聚二甲基硅氧烷/二乙基苯（polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene,PDMS/DVB）、75 μm碳分子筛/聚二甲基硅氧烷（carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane,CAR/PDMS）萃取头和50/30 μm二乙基苯/碳分子筛/聚二甲基硅氧烷（divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane,DVB/CAR/PDMS）萃取头,20、30 min和40 min 3 种萃取时间,50、65 ℃和80 ℃ 3 种萃取温度,分别对金黄色葡萄球菌胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤（tryptone soy broth,TSB）培养物的挥发性代谢产物进行萃取,经气相色谱-质谱检测,以建立适宜于金黄色葡萄球菌挥发性代谢物的萃取分析方法。结果表明,50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头能更好地满足各类化合物的萃取需要,获得更加全面的化合物信息,并且在萃取温度80 ℃条件下萃取30 min,得到的金黄色葡萄球菌挥发性代谢物的数量和响应强度较高。因此,萃取金黄色葡萄球菌挥发性代谢产物的最适条件为：50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头、萃取温度80 ℃、萃取时间30 min。在该萃取条件下,检测出金黄色葡萄球菌在TSB中产生的主要挥发性物质为乙醇、1-癸醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮、丙酮、乙酸、苯甲醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、吲哚、1-辛醇和正辛酸等。该萃取方法的建立可为细菌挥发性代谢产物的分析提供参考。     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用分析不同储藏条件下小麦粉挥发性成分变化

利用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱(HS-SPME-GC/MS)对不同储藏条件下的小麦粉挥发性成分进行研究。对固相微萃取头、萃取温度、萃取时间和解析时间进行条件优化。实验结果表明:小麦粉挥发性成分的最佳分析条件为,萃取头DVB/CAR/PDMS;萃取温度80℃;萃取时间60 min;解析时间3 min。经鉴定分析小麦粉中挥发性成分主要有烃类、醛类、酮类、醇类、有机酸及杂环类等多种成分。原样和储后2个月样中最高的是烃类和醛类,其次为醇类、酮类。储藏2个月后,变化较明显的挥发性物质有己醛、苯甲醛、辛醛2、-壬醛、己醇、十二烷、十六烷和十八烷。     

固相微萃取结合气质联用法分析一种奶味香精中的挥发性成分

应用固相微萃取法采用3种不同萃取纤维,结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,剖析1种国外奶味香精样品中的挥发性成分。结果表明;以Carboxen/聚二甲基硅氧烷(carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane,CAR/PDMS)为萃取纤维的方法鉴定出39种挥发性成分,以聚二甲基硅氧烷/二乙烯基苯(polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene,PDMS/DVB)为萃取纤维的方法鉴定出41种挥发性成分,以二乙烯基苯/Carboxen/聚二甲基硅氧烷(Divinylbenzene/Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane,CAR/PDMS/DVB)为萃取纤维的方法鉴定出40种挥发性成分;3种纤维萃取的分析结果相互补充,共鉴定出51种挥发性成分,其中酯类、醛酮类和内酯类化合物的含量最高,分别为26.12%、25.95%和15.16%,是该种奶味香精的主要组成成分。     

顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用法对3种洋葱挥发性风味成分的分析

为研究洋葱挥发性成分,利用顶空固相微萃取法提取洋葱的挥发性风味成分,通过气相色谱-质谱联用法分析测定,以总峰面积和化合物个数为指标考察萃取纤维头、萃取温度、萃取时间和解吸时间4个因素对萃取效果的影响,得出最优萃取条件为:萃取纤维头50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS,萃取温度60 ℃,萃取时间60 min,解吸时间5 min。利用最优萃取条件对三种色泽洋葱挥发性风味成分进行分析鉴定。结果表明:三种色泽洋葱共鉴定得到挥发性风味物质61种,其中白皮、红皮、黄皮洋葱分别测到37、40、49种挥发性成分,相对含量分别占流出组分总量的70.29%、81.92%、79.03%。61种挥发性成分中含硫化合物27种、醛类13种、醇类13种、酮类4种,其他4种。三种色泽洋葱的共有挥发性成分有22种,其中含硫化合物占比较大,特别是二异丙基二硫醚和(E)-1-丙烯基-2-丙烯基二硫醚相对含量的总和在三种色泽洋葱的挥发性成分中占比率都超过了20%,对形成洋葱特征风味贡献较大。红皮和黄皮洋葱的含硫化合物的相对含量远高于白皮洋葱,红皮洋葱中2-甲基-2-戊烯醛相对含量高于白皮和黄皮洋葱。     

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS和PCA的不同萃取头对鸡肉香精香气成分萃取效果比较

为提高鸡肉香精香气成分分析的可靠性,比较不同纤维涂层萃取头萃取鸡肉香精香气成分的效果,采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid-phase micro-extraction,HS-SPME)结合气相色谱质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)检测技术对热反应鸡肉香精中的挥发性风味物质种类和组成进行提取分析,通过灵敏性及主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)法比较香气成分数量及含量建立香气品质评价模型,研究不同纤维涂层萃取头(75μm CAR/PDMS、65μm DVB/PDMS、85μm PA、50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS)与所萃取挥发性物质间的相关性。结果表明,75μm CAR/PDMS萃取头为萃取鸡肉香精样品挥发性物质的最优萃取头,萃取得到样品中共含有146种挥发性物质,包括醇类24种(16.44%)、醛类16种(10.96%)、吡嗪类12种(8.22%)、呋喃(酮)类13种(8.91%),含硫化合物10种(6.85%)等多种香气物质,检测到2-甲基-3-呋喃硫醇、2-甲基-3-戊烷硫醇、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛及反式-2-壬烯醛等关键肉香味化合物。     

不同萃取纤维分析"D-核糖-L-半胱氨酸"Maillard反应挥发性产物的研究

简便、快捷、可靠的样品制备方法对食品风味的分析至关重要,本文选择顶空固相微萃取耦联气相色谱质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析"D-核糖-L-半胱氨酸"模式体系在pH5.6,140℃,密闭反应60min产物的挥发性组分.解吸温度、解吸时间、萃取时间、样品量及不同纤维涂层萃取头对挥发性组分峰面积影响的结果表明:使用DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头对1mL样品在60℃萃取20min后,在270℃解吸10min适合所选样品的挥发性组分分析.     

Analysis of the headspace volatiles of freshly brewed arabica coffee using solid-phase microextraction

ABSTRACT:  Headspace volatiles of freshly brewed drip coffee were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/olfactometry (GC/O, CharmAnalysis™) analyses. For this purpose, a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling method for the headspace volatiles of freshly brewed drip coffee was developed. SPME fiber coated with divinylbenzene (DVB)/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was selected from 6 types, and sampling time was determined at 2 min. The headspace coffee volatiles stayed constant in proportion for the first 2 min to keep the freshness of the brewed coffee aroma. Using this sampling method, the headspace volatiles of freshly brewed drip coffee (Ethiopian arabica coffee, roast degree: L value; 23) were examined by GC/MS and GC/O analyses. From the GC/O results, 1-(3,4-dihydro-2 H -pyrrol-2-yl)-ethanone (nutty-roast odor) and 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone (raspberry ketone, sweet-fruity odor) were newly detected as components in the aroma of coffee.     

Comparison of the characterisation of the fruit‐like aroma of Teucrium flavum L. subsp flavum by hydrodistillation and solid‐phase micro‐extraction

BACKGROUND: Teucrium species (Lamiaceae) are interesting for the food industry since many of them are used in the preparation of flavoured wines and beers, herbal teas, bitters and liqueurs. On this basis, the analysis of the aroma components of Teucrium flavum L. subsp. flavum growing in central Italy was carried out by means of both hydrodistillation (HD) and headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction (HS‐SPME), coupled with GC/FID and GC/MS. RESULTS: A total of 102 components were identified in the essential oils, representing 99.0‐99.3% of the total oils. Sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons constituted the major fraction (48.5–49.4%), with the apple‐like flavour (Z,E)‐α‐farnesene being the major component. HS‐SPME allowed the analysis of the volatiles not only emitted by specific plant parts, but also by different parts within a single flower: flower calyx afforded the highest contribution, in terms of volatiles, to the aroma of the plant. CONCLUSION: The chemical profile of the volatile fraction obtained by HD and HS‐SPME, demonstrated the plant fruit‐like aroma, confirming the usefulness for flavouring wines, bitters and other kind of beverages, and also suggested other applications, as aroma and taste enhancer in food processing. In particular, SPME resulted in a very useful technique, which permits a choice between the part of the plant which has the highest concentration of a specific fragrance, and therefore establishes the best way of sampling during industrial applications of aromatic plants. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

固相微萃取法分析凤凰单枞乌龙茶香气组分

本文以凤凰单枞乌龙茶（Camellia sinensis）为材料，采用固相微萃取（solid Phase Microextraction，SPME）对其呈香组分进行研究。结果表明采用SPME萃取凤凰单枞乌龙茶香气组分，从桂花香型乌龙茶干茶样中检测出41种香气组分，而SDE法则检测到55种香气组分，两种方法都检测出高比例的芳樟醇、橙花叔醇、茉莉酸甲酯和吲哚。SPME法萃取了乌龙茶自身散发出的香气组分，避免了茶叶中易挥发或热不稳定的香气组分被破坏，减少了香气组分的测定误差和不稳定性。     

SDE和SPME法对鲊海椒发酵中香气组成的比较分析

为确定评价鲊海椒挥发性香气组成的最优方法,以粳米粉为淀粉原料制备鲊海椒,采用固相微萃取（solidphase microextraction,SPME）法和同时蒸馏萃取（simultaneous distillation extraction,SDE）法并结合感官评价比较研究其在发酵过程中风味物质的变化。结果发现,SPME法萃取发酵0、45 d和90 d鲊海椒挥发性成分种类分别为76、131 种和122 种,SDE法挥发性成分分别为23、42 种和82 种;随着发酵时间的延长,SDE法挥发性香气成分增加,而SPME法在发酵45 d时挥发性香气物质种类达峰值并保持稳定。酯类是鲊海椒发酵过程中主要的挥发性成分,采用SPME法和SDE法萃取发酵45～90 d鲊海椒,分别检出挥发性酯类42～50 种（相对含量46.7%～55.3%）和15～27 种（相对含量60.28%～67.28%）;SPME法检出较多醇类、醛类,发酵45～90 d鲊海椒醇类14～21 种（相对含量15.7%～22.6%）和醛类17 种（相对含量5.8%～12.3%）。SPME法可萃取得到更多低沸点、小分子化合物;而SDE法得到更多高沸点化合物;感官评定显示发酵45 d后的鲊海椒色泽鲜艳,具有特殊的酸味和醇香味。结果表明,采用SPME法结合SDE法评价鲊海椒挥发性香气组成更加全面客观,鲊海椒适宜发酵时间为45～90 d。     

固相微萃取与同时蒸馏萃取法分析香精成分比较

分别采用同时蒸馏萃取法与固相微萃取法对烟草香精中的香味成分进行萃取 ,再用气相色谱 /质谱联用法和气相色谱法进行了定性和定量 ,并对这 2种萃取方法鉴定出的化学成分、重复性和定量值进行了比较。结果显示 :同时蒸馏萃取法具有良好的重复性和较高的萃取量 ,适合于烟用香精香味成分的定量分析 ;固相微萃取法具有快速简便、不使用溶剂和样品检测非破坏性等优点 ,适合于香精的剖析定性。     

Comparison of two headspace sampling techniques for the analysis of off-flavour volatiles from oat based products

Two different headspace sampling techniques were compared for analysis of aroma volatiles from freshly produced and aged plain oatcakes. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) using a Carboxen–Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fibre and entrainment on Tenax TA within an adsorbent tube were used for collection of volatiles. The effects of variation in the sampling method were also considered using SPME. The data obtained using both techniques were processed by multivariate statistical analysis (PCA). Both techniques showed similar capacities to discriminate between the samples at different ages. Discrimination between fresh and rancid samples could be made on the basis of changes in the relative abundances of 14–15 of the constituents in the volatile profiles. A significant effect on the detection level of volatile compounds was observed when samples were crushed and analysed by SPME–GC–MS, in comparison to undisturbed product. The applicability and cost effectiveness of both methods were considered.     

Comparison of Four Extraction Methods,SPME, DHS,SAFE, Versus SDE,for the Analysis of Flavor Compounds in Natto

Natto is a kind of traditional fermentation food. Organic soybean of china northeast was selected as the material to produce natto according to the condition optimized before. Four extraction methods (SAFE (solvent-assisted flavor evaporation), SDE (simultaneous distillation and extraction), SPME (solid phase microextraction), and DHS (dynamic headspace sampling)) were applied to extract the volatile compounds of natto. Aroma compounds were separated and analyzed with gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/O) of DB-5 and DB-Wax capillary columns. Seventy-seven compounds were identified by four extraction methods. Among them, 42, 23, 31, and 36 compounds were identified by SPME, DHS, SDE, and SAFE, respectively. SAFE and SDE had a better extraction effect on ester, ether, and aromatic compounds, while SPME and DHS could extract ketone, acid, and pyrazine compounds effectively. SPME was fit for the extraction of natto aroma compounds. These compounds included 14 ketones, 9 alcohols, 4 aldehydes, 6 acids, 4 sulfur compounds, 5 esters, 8 pyrazines, 19 aromatics, and 8 others. Fourteen compounds were identified as key aroma compounds in natto, including 2,3-butanedione, 5-methyl-2-hexanone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2-nonanone, furaldehyde, acetic acid, 2-ethyl butyric acid, ethyl acetate, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, 3,5-dimethyl-2-ethylpyrazine, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine, 2,3,5-methyl-6-ethylpyrazine, and benzaldehyde. Pyrazine was the important aroma compound with the high FD (flavor dilution) value in natto.     

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas-chromatography and olfactometry-mass spectrometry for characterization of cheese aroma compounds

The applicability of solid phase microextraction (SPME) as a technique for the concentration of cheese aroma for analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) was assessed in this preliminary study. Three each of the following cheese varieties were examined: cheddar, hard grating and mold-ripened blue. Volatile components were concentrated by Carboxen-PDMS SPME fibres for 16 h (overnight) and analysed by GC-MS and GC-O. Odor compounds, which could be perceived at the olfactory port (OP), were matched with electron impact (EI) and methanol chemical ionization (CI) mass spectra. The volatile compounds identified were compared to previously reported cheese aroma compounds. Of the components identified via olfactometry, methanethiol, methional, dimethyl trisulfide and butanoic acid were present in all of the cheeses implying their essential role in the formation of basic cheese aroma. A number of alkyl-pyrazines were also found to impart roasted nutty, raw potato and savoury broth-like notes in some of the cheeses. In all cases, the aroma active compounds identified via olfactometry were in agreement with those reported in the literature. In a separate study, it was demonstrated on a number of cheeses that the adsorption of most important aroma volatiles increased consistently up to 16 h; i.e. sulfur compounds, lactones, pyrazines, phenolic compounds and benzene derivatives. For the strong-smelling pecorino and blue cheeses, however, some analyte displacement effects were observed. Data indicated that a sampling time between 9 and 16 h was appropriate and displacement/competition reactions tended to occur in strong cheeses, i.e. those which have undergone extensive lipolysis e.g. pecorino, very high concentration of butanoic and hexanoic acid, and/or β-oxidation e.g. blue cheese, with high concentrations of 2-heptanone and 2-nonanone.     

不同顶空进样技术结合多同位素内标法对香气物质定量分析的选择性差异

采用顶空固相微萃取（solid phase microextraction,SPME）、微阱捕集（in-tube extraction,ITEX）、吹扫捕集（purge trapping,P&T）、静态顶空4?种不同顶空进样方式结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对含有57?种挥发性化合物的溶液进行定量分析。结果表明,使用SPME可检出45?种化合物（PDMS/DVB萃取头）,ITEX可检出41?种化合物,静态顶空可检出31?种化合物,P&T可检出20?种化合物。总体而言,ITEX更易检出醛类、烃类化合物（醛类定量限为20?ng/mL,烃类定量限为10?ng/mL）,SPME对于醇类、酯类化合物更敏感（定量限均为20?ng/mL）,P&T和静态顶空更适合于低沸点化合物的定量。食品基质对SPME和ITEX的影响较小,SPME与ITEX结合能够有效提高获得的食品香气指纹信息的完整性与准确性。本研究结果通过对比不同顶空进样技术的定量能力,并分析多种进样方式结合实现香气信息完整识别的可行性,为食品香气分析提供理论依据。     

Analysis and characterization of aroma‐active compounds of Schizandra chinensis (omija) leaves

Volatile components from leaves of Schizandra chinensis (omija), a native plant of Korea, were extracted by simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE) and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) using two types of capillary column with different polarities (DB‐5MS and DB‐Wax). The GC‐MS analysis of volatile compounds obtained by SDE revealed that germacrene D is the most abundant compound (22.6%) in omija leaves, followed by β‐elemene (17.4%), (E)‐2‐hexenal (8.7%), and (E)‐β‐ocimene (7.2%). Aroma‐active compounds were determined by gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC‐O) using the aroma‐extract‐dilution analysis method. (E,Z)‐2,6‐Nonadienal (cucumber) was the most intense aroma‐active compound due to its higher flavor‐dilution factor (243–729) than any other compound. (Z)‐3‐Hexenal (green/apple), (E)‐2‐hexenal (green/fruity), and (E)‐β‐ocimene (wither green/grass) were also identified as important aroma‐active compounds by GC‐O. In addition, the volatile compounds were extracted by solid‐phase microextraction (SPME), and the quantitative analysis of the SPME samples gave slightly different results, depending on the type of SPME fiber, compared with those from SDE, However, the aroma‐active compounds identified in SPME were similar to those in SDE. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry