Retrospective monitoring of alkylphenols and alkylphenol monoethoxylates in aquatic biota from 1985 to 2001: results from the German Environmental Specimen Bank

Breams (Abramis brama) and zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from freshwater, and common mussels (Mytilus edulis) from marine ecosystems, archived in the German Environmental Specimen Bankwere analyzed for the presence of 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), and octylphenol monoethoxylate (OP1EO). The samples were collected in the German rivers Elbe, Rhine, and Saar, and in Lake Belau between 1992 and 2001, as well as in the North Sea and Baltic Sea between 1985 and 2001. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of imposed reduction measures regarding the use of alkylphenol ethoxylates. NP1EO and OP were detected in all breams. NP was predominantly above the limit of quantification (LOQ, 2 ng/g; all data on a wet weight basis), and OP1EO was mostly below the LOQ (0.2 ng/g). Maximal concentrations of 112 ng/g NP, 259 ng/g NP1EO, 5.5 ng/g OP, and 2.6 ng/g OP1EO were found in Saar breams from 1994. NP was detected in all zebra mussels from the river Elbe (up to 41 ng/g), whereas in rather few samples OP and NP1EO were found at low levels. OP1EO was not detected in any sample. Concentrations in mussels and breams from the reference site Lake Belau were below the LOQ for all compounds. In marine biota NP was found until 1997 with maximum concentrations up to 9.7 ng/g, whereas NP1EO was detected at levels between 1.7 and 12.9 ng/g in very few samples collected at the end of the 1980s. A tendency of the concentrations to decrease was obvious for all sampling sites; it was most pronounced for NP1EO and NP after 1996/1997. The effectiveness of the reduction measures is most evident at the Saar sampling site Güdingen and the North Sea sampling site Eckwarderh?rne.     

Monitoring of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic biota: an updated review

The goal of this article is to summarize new biological monitoring information on perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in aquatic ecosystems (post-2005) as a followup to our critical review published in 2006. A wider range of geographical locations (e.g., South America, Russia, Antarctica) and habitats (e.g., high-mountain lakes, deep-ocean, and offshore waters) have been investigated in recent years enabling a better understanding of the global distribution of PFCs in aquatic organisms. High concentrations of PFCs continue to be detected in invertebrates, fish, reptiles, and marine mammals worldwide. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is still the predominant PFC detected (mean concentrations up to 1900 ng/g ww) in addition to important concentrations of long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs; sum PFCAs up to 400 ng/g ww). More studies have evaluated the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of these compounds in both freshwater and marine food webs. Several reports have indicated a decrease in PFOS levels over time in contrast to PFCA concentrations that have tended to increase in tissues of aquatic organisms at many locations. The detection of precursor metabolites and isomers has become more frequently reported in environmental assessments yielding important information on the sources and distribution of these contaminants. The integration of environmental/ecological characteristics (e.g., latitude/longitude, salinity, and/or trophic status at sampling locations) and biological variables (e.g., age, gender, life cycle, migration, diet composition, growth rate, food chain length, metabolism, and elimination) are essential elements in order to adequately study the environmental fate and distribution of PFCs and should be more frequently considered in study design.     

Dietary intake of organotin compounds in Finland: A market-basket study

The objective of this study was to estimate the intake of organic tin compounds from foodstuffs in a Finnish market basket. The study was conducted by collecting 13 market baskets from supermarkets and market places in the city of Kuopio, eastern Finland. Altogether 115 different food items were bought. In each basket, foodstuffs were mixed in proportion to their consumption and analysed by GC/MS for seven organic tin compounds (mono-, di-, and tributyltin, mono-, di-, and triphenyltin, and dioctyltin). Organotin compounds were detected in only four baskets, with the fish basket containing the largest number of different organotins. The European Food Safety Authority has established a tolerable daily intake of 250 ng kg^-1 body weight for the sum of dibutyltin, tributyltin, triphenyltin and dioctyltin. According to this study, the daily intake of these compounds was 2.47 ng kg^-1 body weight, of which 81% originated from the fish basket. This exposure is only 1% of the tolerable daily intake and poses negligible risk to the average consumer. However, for consumers eating large quantities of fish from contaminated areas, the intake may be much higher.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in biota representing different trophic levels of the Hudson River, New York: from 1999 to 2005

It has been hypothesized that a principal route of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants, is through fish consumption. Between 1999 and 2005 PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154 were analyzed in 3797 biological samples of 33 species of the Hudson River, New York. Approximately 98.4% of the samples contained PBDEs between 0.5 and 37 169 ng g(-1) lipid, with a median concentration of 772 ng g(-1) lipid. Yearly median sigmaPBDE concentrations fluctuated. Samples from river miles 112 and 153 contained higher sigmaPBDEs than those from other locations of the river. The 7-year median sigmaPBDE concentrations were the highest in large carnivorous fishes and the lowest in insects. The median abundance of congener PBDE-47 decreased from 80% to 63% with decreasing levels of sigmaPBDEs in the samples, while an increase from 2% to 23% was observed for PBDE-99. The median abundance of other congeners did not change with concentrations of sigmaPBDEs. Positive-, negative-, and no-correlation between sigmaPBDE concentrations and fish weight were observed for different species and for the same species from different locations of the river. The sources of PBDE contamination, diet, metabolic activity, and sediment chemistry might affect the levels of PBDEs in a fish.     

Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds: from in vitro results to in vivo evidence

Over last decade an increasing interest for antioxidants in foods has arisen. The healthy properties of antioxidants related to the prevention of degenerative diseases are the main cause of this boom. An antioxidant prevents the oxidation process, the initial step of development of degenerative diseases, cancer and many others. Literature encompasses analytical methodology development to assess antioxidant properties of foods and beverages. The screening of antioxidant activity of foodstuffs is the subject of a large number of articles. Special interest has been addressed to wine, tea and chocolate. However, the crucial key in the prevention of disease is the action these antioxidants exert after their consumption. Studies involving human subjects are scarce due to the requirements of availability of volunteers and conditions to test are limited. This review summarizes data related to in vitro antioxidant activity of foods, emphasizing the main role of phenolic compounds. A critical comparison is realized between the biological significance of these values and the biological significance of in vivo measurements. In addition, the Plasma Antioxidant Capacity is evaluated and selected as biomarker for in vivo antioxidant status of human organism. In a second part, data collected from different intervention studies performed up to date are compiled and discussed. This review summarized data related to in vitro antioxidant activity of foods, emphasizing the main role of phenolic compounds. A critical comparison is realized between the biological significance of these values and the biological significance of in vivo measurements. In addition, the Plasma Antioxidant Capacity is evaluated and selected as biomarker for in vivo antioxidant status of human organism. In a second part, data collected from different intervention studies performed up to date are compiled and discussed. The original contribution of this work is to compile data of Plasma Antioxidant Capacity after dietetic intervention studies taking into account the portion of food ingested. In addition, we calculated the antioxidant compounds content (phenolic content, ascorbic acid, vitamin E and carotenoids) contained in each food ingested to evaluate better their impact in Plasma Antioxidant Capacity. Intervention studies are grouped by the length of intervention and type of food ingested. Results reported in literature reveal that the increment in Plasma Antioxidant Capacity largely depends on analytical method used.     

乌贼墨抑制海洋鱼体腐败菌活性成分的分离

对乌贼墨中抑制海洋鱼体腐败菌活性成分进行了分离,并初步探讨了抑菌成分的理化特性。结果表明:乌贼墨粗提物经DEAE-纤维素和Sepharose 4B分离后获得具有较高活性的抑菌活性物质,分子量约为83589u,对四种海洋鱼体腐败菌（气单胞菌、黄杆菌、芽孢杆菌、肠杆菌）的平均抑菌率为62.36%。经紫外扫描（UV）和红外光谱（IR）分析,抑菌物质的主要成分为多糖。      

2016~2017年上海市嘉定区食品中食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解嘉定区食品中食源性致病菌的污染情况。方法 2016~2017年嘉定区食品中微生物及其致病因子监测共采集12大类样品433件, 检测460件样品, 并根据《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》中的方法进行检测。结果 监测样品中有49件样品检出食源性致病菌, 总检出率10.65%。其中, 蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率最高(32.09%), 其次分别为金黄色葡萄球菌(1.27%)、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(0.62%)、沙门氏菌(0.23%)。检出食源性致病菌较多的前4位食品品种分别为冷面、即食非发酵豆制品、即食发酵豆制品、即食凉面(粉、皮)。结论 根据本研究显示本区食品中存在食源性致病菌的污染, 应加强重点食品在各个环节的监管, 继续加强食品安全宣传教育。     

Organotin compounds in the liver tissue of marine mammals from the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea

Butyltins (BTs) and phenyltins (PhTs) were determined in the livers of marine mammals found by-caught or stranded along the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea. During the investigation an original analytical method was developed. Butyltin compounds were detected in all the liver samples, whereas phenyltins were not detected in any of the samples. The total concentrations of BTs ranged from 43.9 to 7698 ng(Sn) x g(-1) dry weight. Age-related trends to accumulate BTs in immature porpoises were found. At the same time there were no male-female differences in BTs concentrations observed. No statistically significant spatial distribution differences were found between the locations corresponding to the open Baltic Sea waters and inside the Gulf of Gdańsk, which is characterized by high maritime activity. In comparison to butyltin levels in marine mammals from other geographic regions, the samples analyzed indicate a significant degree of tributyltin pollution along the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea. On the basis of a literature review, higher BT levels are usually found in waters close to highly industrialized areas, such as Japan, Hong Kong, and the United States.     

Trends in monitoring residues of pharmacologically active group B substances in products of animal origin in Lithuania from 1999 to 2008

Monitoring data of group B pharmacologically active substances in the Republic of Lithuania during the period 1999–2008 are presented. Peer review is based on data taken from residue-monitoring plans of the years 1999–2008 and the National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute reports on analyses performed in various foods. The data were analysed with the SPSS statistical package. Analysis of group B pharmacologically active substances residues monitoring results from the years 1999–2008 revealed that 25,030 samples were tested to detect 421 (1.68%) non-compliant samples in three groups of substances: antibacterials, anthelmintics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Most residues (88.3%) were found in milk, and were far less in beef, pork, sheep and goat meat.     

2017—2019年舟山市19类市售食品中微生物及其致病因子监测结果分析

目的 了解舟山市19类市售食品中微生物及其致病因子的污染状况,为食品安全风险监测、预警提供基础数据。方法 2017—2019年共采集1 246份食品样品,依据《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》要求,对样品进行食品微生物及其致病因子检测。结果 共243份样品检出微生物及其致病因子,总检出率为19.50%(243/1 246)。其中生畜肉中沙门菌检出率为41.67%(30/72),双壳贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌检出率为31.58%(48/152),鲜(活)海鱼中异尖线虫检出率为27.00%(27/100),冷制作糕点面包中金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为16.25%(13/80)。不同包装类型中,散装食品微生物及其致病因子检出率高于预包装食品,差异有统计学意义(χ²=92.333,P<0.05)。农贸市场检出率最高,为32.54%(150/461),其次为网店(25.44%,29/114)和小型餐馆(23.88%,16/67)。结论 2017—2019年舟山市19类市售食品中存在不同程度的微生物及其致病因子污染,外卖配送餐、生畜肉、双壳贝类产品中微生物及其致病因子污染较为严重,建议重点加强对这三类食品的卫生监督,防止食源性疾病的发生。     

Identification of long-chain perfluorinated acids in biota from the Canadian Arctic

Recently it was discovered that humans and animals from various urban and remote global locations contained a novel class of persistent fluorinated contaminants, the most pervasive of which was perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Lower concentrations of perfluorooctanoate, perfluorohexane sulfonate, and heptadecafluorooctane sulfonamide have also been detected in various samples. Although longer perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) are used in industry and have been detected in fish following a spill of aqueous film forming foam, no studies have been conducted to examine the widespread occurrence of long-chain PFCAs (e.g., CF3(CF2)xCOO-, where x > 6). To provide a preliminary assessment of fluorinated contaminants, including PFCAs, in the Canadian Arctic, polar bears, ringed seals, arctic fox, mink, common loons, northern fulmars, black guillemots, and fish were collected at various locations in the circumpolar region. PFOS was the major contaminant detected in most samples and in polar bear liver was the most prominent organohalogen (mean PFOS = 3.1 microg/g wet weight) compared to individual polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, chlordane, or hexachlorocyclohexane-related chemicals in fat. Using two independent mass spectral techniques, it was confirmed that all samples also contained ng/g concentrations of a homologous series of PFCAs, ranging in length from 9 to 15 carbons. Sum concentrations of PFCAs (sum(PFCAs)) were lower than total PFOS equivalents (sum(PFOS)) in all samples except for mink. In mink, perfluorononanoate (PFNA) concentrations exceeded PFOS concentrations, indicating that PFNA and other PFCAs should be considered in future risk assessments. Mammals feeding at higher trophic levels had greater concentrations of PFOS and PFCAs than mammals feeding at lower trophic positions. In general, odd-length PFCAs exceeded the concentration of even-length PFCAs, and concentrations decreased with increasing chain length in mammals. PFOS and PFCA concentrations were much lower for animals living in the Canadian Arctic than for the same species living in mid-latitude regions of the United States. Future studies should continue to monitor all fluorinated contaminants and examine the absolute and relative toxicities for this novel suite of PFCAs.     

1999-2014年全国重大食物中毒通报资料的汇总与分析

分析总结食物中毒发生规律,为社会性预防食物中毒提出相应策略。利用近十六年国家重大食物中毒通报统计数据进行统计学分析。结果表明,第三季度为重大食物中毒高发季节,中毒人数占总人数的42.50%;微生物性食物中毒人数最多,化学性食物中毒为重大食物中毒高死亡类型,死亡人数占总死亡人数的42.58%;集体食堂食物中毒人数最多,家庭食物中毒为重大食物中毒死亡率最高的发病地点,死亡人数占总死亡人数的80.58%。食物中毒形势依然严峻,预防食物中毒需要加强管理、监督指导和宣传教育。     

2017~2018年辽宁省食品中食源性致病微生物监测结果分析

目的 了解辽宁省食品中食源性致病微生物在每个季度的污染及其分布情况,发现不同季度食品中存在的安全隐患,为食源性疾病的预防工作提供参考。方法 2017-2018年辽宁省共采集3477份样品,按照《国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》对食源性致病微生物进行检测分析。结果 各致病微生物的检出率在第一季度中诺如病毒的检出率最高为17.65%,第二季度中蜡样芽胞杆菌的检出率最高为16.92%,第三季度副溶血性弧菌的检出率最高为19.05%,第四季度副溶血性弧菌的检出率最高为12.62%。各卫生指标菌中2017年菌落总数在第二季度的合格率最低为96.10%,大肠菌群计数第二季度的合格率最低为97.03%,大肠埃希氏菌计数第三季度的合格率最低为93.52%;2018年菌落总数在第一季度的合格率最低为91.67%,大肠菌群计数在第三季度的合格率最低为93.48%,大肠埃希氏菌计数第二季度合格率最低为91.67%。结论 2017-2018年致病微生物的检出率在第一季度中诺如病毒的检出率最高,第二季度中蜡样芽胞杆菌最高,第三季度和第四季度均是副溶血性弧菌最高;两年间卫生指标菌的合格率在四个季度中均呈现出,第一和第四季度的合格率较高,而第二和第三季度的合格率相对较低的趋势。     

2015~2018年红河州农产品中杀菌剂残留监测结果分析

目的 了解2015~2018年红河州监测的18种农产品杀菌剂残留污染水平。方法 采集4种类共计161份农产品样品, 依据《国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》规定的标准操作程序, 对18种杀菌剂残留进行检测。结果 样品总检出率为58.4%(94/161), 超标率为3.73%(6/161); 18种杀菌剂中检出率最高为二硫代氨基甲酸酯(以CS2计), 其次为多菌灵; 食用菌中杀菌剂检出率高, 二硫代氨基甲酸酯(以CS2计)存在超标情况。结论 红河州市售农产品中存在一定程度的杀菌剂残留污染, 同一件样品多种杀菌剂同时检出的情况比较普遍, 应引起相关部门重视。     

2016~2018年文山州市售食品食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解文山州食品中食源性致病菌的污染状况, 找到可能引起食源性疾病的高风险食品。 方法 根据《云南省食品安全风险监测》实施方案的要求采集样品, 按照《食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》中规定的标准操作程序进行样品检验, 并对数据进行分析。结果 535份样品检出食源性致病菌143株, 总检出率26.73%, 其中, 副溶血性弧菌检出率最高(55.00%), 其次, 产气荚膜梭菌(28.57%), 变形杆菌(13.09%), 霍乱弧菌(10.00%), 创伤弧菌(10.00%), 沙门氏菌(9.23%), 弯曲菌(6.84%), 单增李斯特菌(5.06%), 蜡样芽胞杆菌(4.78%), 金黄色葡萄球菌(3.78%)。结论 文山州所售食品中存在不同程度食源性致病菌污染, 政府应制定有针对性的食品安全工作策略并认真落实监督管理。     

Role of dense shelf water cascading in the transfer of organochlorine compounds to open marine waters

Settling particles were collected by an array of sediment trap moorings deployed along the Cap de Creus (CCC) and Lacaze-Duthiers (LDC) submarine canyons and on the adjacent southern open slope (SOS) between October 2005 and October 2006. This array collected particles during common settling processes and particles transferred to deep waters by dense shelf water cascading (DSWC). Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlorobenzenes (CBzs)--pentachlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene--and hexachlorocyclohexanes were analyzed in all samples. The results show much higher settling fluxes of these compounds during DSWC than during common sedimentation processes. The area of highest deposition was located between 1000 and 1500 m depth and extended along the canyons and outside them showing their channelling effects but also overflows of dense shelf water from these canyons. Higher fluxes were observed near the bottom (30 m above bottom; mab) than at intermediate waters (500 mab) which is consistent with the formation and sinking of dense water close to the continental shelf and main displacement through the slope by the bottom. DSWC involved the highest settling fluxes of these compounds ever described in marine continental slopes and pelagic areas, e.g., peak values of PCBs (960 ng · m(-2) · d(-1)), DDTs (2900 ng · m(-2) · d(-1)), CBzs (340 ng · m(-2) · d(-1)) and lindane (180 ng · m(-2) · d(-1)).     

海洋生物中抗病毒活性物质的研究进展

概述了国内外从海洋生物中已发现的抗病毒活性物质及其研究进展。      

Role of speciation in organotin toxicity to the yeast Candida maltosa

Assessment of organometal pollution requires an understanding of the various processes that influence the bioavailability and toxicity of the contaminant. Organotins may exist as both cationic species and neutral hydroxides in aqueous solution, with the formation of chloride species in the presence of Cl-. Although these species have different chemical properties, there is very little information on the influence of speciation on organotin and microbial cell interactions. Tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) interactions with the yeast Candida maltosa were investigated between pH 3.5 and 7.5 and in up to 0.5 M NaCl at pH 5.5. Toxicity increased with both pH and NaCl concentration and the mechanisms of interaction depended on the species present in solution. TBT and TPT interacted by different mechanisms, as evidenced by action on membrane fluidity. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between toxicity and overall octanol-water distribution ratio (D(OW)) of organotin compounds. Triorganotin cations are less toxic than triorganotin hydroxides, which are in turn less toxic than triorganotin chlorides. These findings underline the importance of speciation effects on organotin interactions in the environment.     

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and health effects in children: results from the 1991 National Health Interview Survey

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on the health of children in the United States. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study of children who participated in the 1991 National Health Interview Survey. PARTICIPANTS: 17448 children residing in the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of respiratory illnesses and all illnesses, and the morbidity due to these illnesses, in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke in the home daily compared with those in children not exposed in the home. Our analyses controlled for age, socioeconomic status, race, family size, sex, season, and region of the country. RESULTS: Children who were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke had a higher incidence of acute respiratory illnesses (relative risk (RR) = 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95 to 1.26) and all chronic respiratory diseases (RR = 1.28, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.65) than children who were not exposed, although both CIs included unity, and chance cannot be ruled out as being responsible for these findings. Children who were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke had, on average, 1.87 more days of restricted activity (95% CI 0.20 to 3.54), 1.06 more days of bed confinement (95% CI 0.20 to 1.92), and 1.45 more days of school absence (95% CI 0.40 to 2.50) per year than children who were not exposed. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in the home, which is completely preventable, is an important predictor of increased morbidity in children.