新疆甜瓜农药残留膳食风险评估

以两年度新疆主产区127个甜瓜样品为研究对象,在完成甜瓜中60项农药残留分析的基础上,通过慢性、急性膳食暴露评估,对其膳食风险水平进行评估,同时采用英国兽药残留委员会兽药残留风险排序矩阵,探讨高风险残留农药种类。结果显示:甜瓜样品中检出苯醚甲环唑、毒死蜱、啶虫脒、多菌灵等10种农药残留,检出率在0.79%～22.05%;残留农药的慢性膳食摄入风险值和不同人群的急性膳食摄入风险值均远低于100%,毒死蜱、苯醚甲环唑和虫螨腈风险得分分别为24.03,18.12,18.05,高于其他种残留农药,样品存在农药残留的现象;但其膳食风险不高,毒死蜱、苯醚甲环唑和虫螨腈为高风险残留农药,需加强关注。     

河北产区桃农药残留风险评估

目的 明确河北产区桃中农药残留水平和风险状况。方法 在河北省采集70份桃样品进行农药残留检测与分析,对检出农药残留行急性和慢性膳食摄入风险评估,并利用风险排序矩阵对农药残留风险大小进行排序。结果 70批次桃样品共检出农药残留33种,农药残留检出率为100%,个别样品存在农药残留超标现象,超标农药为多菌灵和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐。桃中检出农药的慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)在0.00%～1.06%之间,急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD )在0.00%～11.34%之间。根据农药残留风险排序结果,高风险农药共有5种,其中毒死蜱和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐检出率较高,分别为45.7%和18.6%。结论 河北地区桃样品中农药残留检出率较高,但94.3%的样品中农药残留量符合国家限量标准,桃中农药残留急性和慢性膳食摄入风险均处于较低水平,其中,多菌灵、毒死蜱和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐是桃中应重点关注的风险因子。     

主产区杨桃中农药残留风险评估

目的 明确主产区广西、广东、福建及海南杨桃中农药残留状况,评估其农药残留风险,为杨桃安全生产及农药最大残留限量制修订提供科学依据。方法 对在主产区采集的70份杨桃中105种农药残留进行检测,并对检出的农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)、急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)进行评估及风险排序。结果 在70份杨桃中共有53份样品检出农药残留,检出率为75.7%；检出的农药共有18种,检出最多的前三位是多菌灵、甲基毒死蜱、啶虫脒,检出率分别为42.8%、17.1%、15.7%；检出农药的慢性膳食摄入风险均值为2.03%；急性膳食摄入风险均值为5.89%,所有农药残留风险值均低于100%,风险很低。杨桃中高风险农药是灭多威、3-羟基克百威、三氯杀螨醇3种。结论 主产区杨桃中农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均很低,在杨桃安全生产和消费、质量安全监管中应对高风险农药重点关注,建议加快对杨桃中使用农药的登记和最大残留限量的制修订。     

不同产地西瓜农药残留分析与膳食风险评估

为明确不同产地西瓜农药残留状况,区分不同产区残留农药不同之处,本研究以新疆、山东、广西80个西瓜样品为研究对象,明确其60种农药残留水平的基础上,通过英国兽药委员会兽药残留风险排序方法对三产地西瓜残留农药进行排序、比较,并通过急性、慢性膳食摄入风险对其安全水平进行评估。结果显示:三产地共检出11种农药残留,新疆、山东、广西西瓜中残留农药种类分别为6、7、8种,且残留水平不同,检出农药风险得分也不同,其中广西检出的农药三唑磷、敌敌畏、咪鲜胺、苯醚甲环唑(24.60、24.60、18.30、18.15),山东检出的农药苯醚甲环唑、丙溴磷(18.50、18.10),新疆检出的农药农药苯醚甲环唑(18.20)风险得分相对较高。对检出农药进行急性、慢性膳食摄入风险结果显示西瓜中所有残留农药其%ADI、%ARf D值分别在0.01%～1.53%、0.03%～23.30%之间不等,其结果远小于100%。三地区样品中检出农药残留种类、残留水平、风险得分不同,需要根据产区重点关注相应农药,但残留农药水平属于安全限量内。     

广东省部分地区市售龙眼中农药残留现状与膳食暴露评估

目的 调查广东省10个城市市售龙眼中农药残留现状并开展膳食暴露评估,为龙眼生产的合理用药及龙眼中农药残留限量的修订提供参考依据。方法 随机采购来自广东省10个城市的200份龙眼样品,对其中的50种农药残留进行检测。统计分析农药残留数据,采用风险熵值进行龙眼膳食暴露风险评估。结果 200份龙眼样品中,检出农药20种,其中检出率最高的农药为多菌灵,高达33.00%(66/200)。84.00%(168/200)的样品检出农药残留,27.50%(55/200)的样品检出2种及以上多种农药残留。检出的20种农药的慢性膳食暴露量占每日允许摄入量的比例(%ADI)均低于9.00%,在0.00%～8.56%之间;急性膳食暴露量占急性参考剂量的比例(%ARfD)均低于100.00%,在0.02%～70.00%之间。根据残留风险得分,检出残留的20种农药可划分为高风险(5种)、中风险(7种)、低风险(8种)3类。结论 广东省10个城市龙眼中农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均较低,正常食用龙眼不会对居民健康造成不良影响。     

长春市市售蔬菜农药残留污染特征及膳食风险评估

调查长春市市售蔬菜的农药残留水平,并评估其对人体健康的潜在风险。2021年在长春市地区共采集352个蔬菜样本,采用液相色谱串联质谱法和气相色谱串联质谱法对76种农药残留分析,并评估慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险。结果表明,蔬菜样品中, 183个样品(51.99%)未检出农药残留, 169个样品(48.01%)含有农药残留, 16个样品(4.55%)残留超过最大残留限量(MRLs)。共检出28种不同农药残留, 10种农药残留超过MRLs。检出频率前三位的农药残留为腐霉利、啶虫脒、多菌灵。在韭菜、芹菜、菠菜、茄子、豇豆、葱中发现超过MRLs的样本。4个季度中,农药超标风险为第一季度>第四季度>第三季度>第二季度。膳食摄入风险评估结果显示:养乐果的%ADI为108.33%,慢性摄入风险不可接受;克百威的%ARfD为291.67%,急性摄入风险不可接受。其余各类农药的急性和慢性膳食摄入风险值均小于100%。长春市市售蔬菜中农药残留检出率较高,但超标率较低,整体合格率高,但存在不同程度慢性和急性摄入风险,建议相关部门加大监测和监管力度。     

河北省设施黄瓜农药残留风险评估

目的 明确河北省设施黄瓜农药残留状况和居民的膳食摄入风险情况。方法 对采自主产区的90份设施黄瓜样品进行农药残留检测,分别通过%ADI 和%ARfD 进行农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险评估和急性膳食摄入风险评估,借鉴英国兽药残留委员会兽药残留风险排序矩阵进行风险排序。结果 检测的87种农药中有26 种农药检出残留,检测的90份样品的阳性样品比率为100.0%。不同人群慢性膳食摄入风险(ADI%)在0.00%～17.58%之间,急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)在0.06%～54.29%之间。根据残留风险得分,高风险农药有3种,即阿维菌素、联苯菊酯和毒死蜱。结论 河北省设施黄瓜农药残留检出率较高,仅有1个样品农药残留超标。农药残留对居民的膳食摄入风险均很低,没有健康风险。建议优先登记盐酸吗啉胍等抗病毒药物在黄瓜上的使用,并制定盐酸吗啉在黄瓜上的MRL值。     

芒果果实中农药残留分布及慢性膳食摄入风险

为掌握常用农药在芒果果实中的残留分布情况及其对慢性膳食摄入风险的贡献大小。采用气相色谱和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定样品中42个常用农药残留。采用点评估方法计算检出农药对儿童和成人的慢性膳食摄入风险的贡献份额,采用相对效能因子法计算农药的累积风险。44.1%的全果样品和35.5%的果肉样品中检出农药残留。吡虫啉在全果和果肉中的检出率最高,分别为21.6%和19.6%。按照我国制定的最大残留限量标准(MRL),吡唑醚菌酯、噻虫胺、吡虫啉和苯醚甲环唑在全果和果肉中均存在超标现象,在全果和果肉中的超标率分别是6.9%/1.0%、5.9%/1.0%、3.0%/2.0%、2.0%/2.0%。不套袋品种(台农和贵妃)农药检出率和超标率高于套袋品种(金煌)。所有检出农药的残留水平基本符合全果的残留量高于果肉的残留量。对于内吸性较强的农药(如新烟碱类农药和三唑类农药等),少部分芒果样品果肉中的残留量高于全果或者只在果肉中有检出。果肉中同时检出4种及以上农药的样品比例为7.9%,小于全果中的比例(20.6%)。所有检出农药对成人和儿童的%ADI均远远小于100%,且三唑类和新烟碱类农药的累积风险也极小。通过芒果摄入的农药残留对慢性膳食摄入风险的贡献极低。     

设施栽培草莓中农药残留膳食风险评估

以北京、河北、山东、安徽和辽宁五个设施栽培草莓主产区的120个样品为研究对象,进行88种农药残留分析及膳食摄入风险评估,利用风险排序矩阵对检出农药进行风险排序,并计算最大残留限量估计值。结果表明,120个草莓样品中农药检出率为100%,共检出50种农药,其中23种农药在我国或国际食品法典委员会制定了草莓中最大残留限量值,均未超标;检出农药的慢性和急性膳食摄入风险分别为0.0005%~33.02%(平均值1.39%)和0.01%~72.51%(平均值5.51%),均小于100%;根据农药风险得分排序,检出的农药可划分为4类,其中高风险农药仅有1种,为水胺硫磷,中风险农药有6种,占12.5%,以低风险以下农药为主(41种),占85.4%;建议尽快制定或修订草莓中阿维菌素、敌敌畏和多菌灵等45种农药的最大残留限量值。     

西安市猕猴桃主产区农药残留风险评估

目的通过对西安市猕猴桃进行系统的农药残留情况及膳食暴露风险分析,明确猕猴桃农药残留风险状况。方法对2018年西安市周至县14个猕猴桃主产乡镇共200批次样品进行农药残留定量检测分析,用每日允许摄入量和急性参考剂量进行慢性膳食摄入风险评估和急性膳食摄入风险评估,利用猕猴桃大份餐、每日允许摄入量和人均参考体重计算最大残留限量估计值。并参照兽药残留风险排序矩阵方法(英国兽药残留委员会)对农药和样品进行风险排序。结果 200个猕猴桃样品中有137个样品检出了农药残留,未有超标农药和禁用农药检出;在检出的14种农药中,慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均值远远小于100%;将14种检出农药按照风险得分分为Ⅲ类,第Ⅰ类为高等风险农药,共1种;第Ⅱ类为中等风险农药,共0种;第Ⅲ类为低等风险农药,共有13种;以风险指数排序,低风险样品占35.5%,极低风险样品占64.5%,检出农药残留种类为3个以上的样品有占比5.5%,检出农药残留种类为1～2个的样品占比61.5%,未检出农药残留有66个样品,占比33%。结论西安市周至县猕猴桃农药残留处于低风险状态,但仍然要加强日常监管工作。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.