CAC、欧盟、美国与中国粮食中真菌毒素限量标准的差异分析

真菌毒素是真菌产生的毒性次级代谢产物,危害较大的有黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、单端孢霉烯族毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素和麦角类生物碱等。制定真菌毒素的限量标准是真菌毒素一级预防的主要措施。通过对CAC、欧盟、美国和中国粮食中真菌毒素限量标准的对比分析,找出我国现行食品安全国家标准中有关粮食真菌毒素污染控制指标存在的差异,对修订我国粮食中真菌毒素含量的限量标准提供参考和借鉴。     

粮食中新兴真菌毒素的污染现状及毒理学研究进展

产毒真菌污染粮食等农产品产生有毒有害的次级代谢产物,称真菌毒素,严重威胁食用和饲用产品的质量安全。较为常见的真菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素、镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮等,国内外针对这些主要污染毒素制定了相应的限量标准。近年来,随着真菌毒素研究的发展和检测技术的更新,一些新型真菌毒素不断被发现。将目前尚未被列入常规风险筛查和监管、也尚无相关限量标准的真菌毒素种类,称谓新兴毒素（Emerging toxins）。目前检出频次高、污染较为严重的新兴毒素主要由镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）和链格孢属（Alternaria spp.）等产毒真菌产生。这些新兴真菌毒素通常与主要毒素复合污染,本文将依据现有的风险调查报告与数据,综述粮食中常见新兴镰刀菌和链格孢毒素的污染现状和毒理学研究进展,为真菌毒素的全面风险评估和管控技术研发提供依据。     

中欧粮食中真菌毒素控制的比较研究

真菌毒素的控制与管理涉及粮食的食用安全问题.根据粮食生产气候条件、粮食流通管理模式以及粮食加工利用的特点,不同的国家和地区形成了符合当地具体情况的真菌毒素控制和管理模式.比较研究了中国和欧盟粮食中的真菌毒素最高限量规定,粮食经营者的责任,真菌毒素监控过程中扦样、检测以及超标粮食的定向处理等有关规定.     

国际香辛料真菌毒素限量标准研究现状

香辛料是一种很容易受到霉菌及其产生的真菌毒素污染的植物性农产品。这些真菌毒素的存在对消费者产生了潜在的健康危害。从香辛料真菌毒素污染情况着手，讨论了在我国建立香辛料真菌毒素限量标准的必要性。     

解析《食品中真菌毒素限量》新标准

食品安全国家标准GB 2761—2011《食品中真菌毒素限量》,已于2011年4月20日发布,2011年10月20日实施。新标准不仅代替GB 2761—2005《食品中真菌毒素限量》,也代替了GB 2715—2005《粮食卫生标准》中的真菌毒素限量指标。笔者现就新旧标准的主要差异,特别是新标准采用的检验方法,做一些分析和比较。1.修改了标准名称新标准已修订为食品安全国家标准,是国家强制性标准必须执行,对保障食品安全具有重要性。2.明确了具体范围新标准规定了食品中黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素M1、脱     

国内外水果真菌毒素的限量及检测方法标准分析

水果在采收、运输和贮藏过程中易受到病原微生物污染,产生并积累各种真菌毒素。由于不适宜的加工工艺,这些真菌毒素会迁移至水果加工制品中,进而引起潜在风险。鉴于此,世界各国都积极制定各种标准、法规来控制真菌毒素在水果及其制品中的污染水平。本文综述了近年来我国水果中真菌毒素的现行限量标准及检测方法标准的制修订状况,并与国外相应的标准进行了对比和探讨,分析了在我国建立水果中真菌毒素限量及检测方法标准的紧迫性和重要性,以期为相关检测人员进行水果中真菌毒素检测时选择方法提供依据,同时也为政府部门制定国家标准提供参考。     

我国与国际食品法典委员会(CAC)食品中真菌毒素限量标准的对比分析研究

目的:对比分析我国与国际食品法典委员会(CAC)食品中真菌毒素限量标准的异同。方法:从标准涉及的真菌毒素种类、具体食品种类、限量值三个层面逐级对比。结果:我国标准涉及的真菌毒素种类为7种,CAC标准为4种,二者相同的真菌毒素种类4种;我国标准涉及的食品种类和具体数量稍多于CAC,有18种具体食品为我国单独规定限量;我国真菌毒素限量指标的总数为39个,远远多于CAC的7个;在可比指标范围内,我国全部11个限量指标值均与CAC相同。结论:我国真菌毒素限量标准中所有可比指标值与CAC标准的要求一致。     

中国及欧盟粮油食品真菌毒素限量及减控措施对比

粮油食品质量安全关系到国计民生。目前,真菌毒素已成为威胁粮油食品质量安全的主要风险。欧盟的限量标准以严格著称。近几年,我国农产品出口欧盟最大阻碍之一为真菌毒素超标。本文对中国和欧盟真菌毒素限量标准的真菌毒素种类、食品分类及限量进行梳理,发现欧盟有限量标准的真菌毒素种类多于我国,并且欧盟在制定限量的过程中,考虑的因素比较全面,包括了食品品类、加工工艺以及食用人群等,限量有严有松,在保障食品安全的同时,也充分考虑了生产企业等的利益,通过对这些差异的分析,本文为我国现有的粮油食品质量安全标准的制修订提供了建议。在真菌毒素防控措施方面,本文充分对比了相关标准的相同点及差异点,并提出了进一步提高中小型粮油企业自检等建议,为推动中欧标准体系协同提供参考。     

粮食中真菌毒素检测技术研究进展

主要介绍了国家标准对粮食中几种真菌毒素的限量规定,综述了真菌毒素常用的检测分析方法以及最新检测技术的研究应用进展,以期为同行提供参考。     

真菌毒素检测与限量标准的现状与问题分析

真菌毒素是一类由丝状真菌在适宜条件下产生的有毒次级代谢产物, 极易污染粮谷类食品、食用油及乳制品等, 具有肝毒性、肾毒性、致畸性、致癌性、免疫抑制及破坏生殖系统等毒性, 对人体危害极大, 是继农药残留、兽药残留、重金属污染后, 影响农产品质量安全的又一类关键风险因子, 极大的制约了我国农产品的出口贸易, 同时也造成了我国食品安全的又一问题。本文重点介绍了农产品中真菌毒素的类型品种、毒性特点以及不同检验方法的适用范围、限量及检出限, 阐述了真菌毒素限量标准的研究进展和标准内容, 通过比对国内外真菌毒素的研究种类和进展, 分析目前真菌毒素污染现状及存在的问题, 提出应对策略, 对真菌毒素污染检测的发展进行了展望, 对今后保障饮食安全提供科学依据。     

The fate of mycotoxins during secondary food processing of maize for human consumption

Mycotoxins are naturally occurring fungal metabolites that are associated with health hazards and are widespread in cereals including maize. The most common mycotoxins in maize that occur at relatively high levels are fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone, and aflatoxins; furthermore, other mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A are frequently present in maize. For these toxins, maximum levels are laid down in the European Union (EU) for maize raw materials and maize-based foods. The current review article gives a comprehensive overview on the different mycotoxins (including mycotoxins not regulated by EU law) and their fate during secondary processing of maize, based on the data published in the scientific literature. Furthermore, potential compliance with the EU maximum levels is discussed where appropriate. In general, secondary processing can impact mycotoxins in various ways. Besides changes in mycotoxin levels due to fractionation, dilution, and/or concentration, mycotoxins can be affected in their chemical structure (causing degradation or modification) or be released from or bound to matrix components. In the current review, a special focus is set on the effect on mycotoxins caused by different heat treatments, namely, baking, roasting, frying, (pressure) cooking, and extrusion cooking. Production processes involving multiple heat treatments are exemplified with the cornflakes production. For that, potential compliance with FB maximum levels was assessed. Moreover, effects of fermentation of maize matrices and production of maize germ oil are covered by this review.     

Distribution of Fusarium mycotoxins in UK wheat mill fractions

The EU has set maximum limits for the Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON). The maximum permitted level decreases from unprocessed wheat, through intermediary products, e.g. flour, to finished products such as bakery goods and breakfast cereals. It is, therefore, important to understand the effects of processing on the mycotoxin distribution in mill fractions. Between 2004 and 2007, samples were taken at commercial flour mills at various points in the milling process and analysed for trichothecenes and ZON. Samples with a range of mycotoxin concentrations harvested in 2004 and 2005 were processed in a pilot mill and the mycotoxins in the different mill fractions quantified. In the commercial samples, DON was the predominant mycotoxin with highest levels detected in the bran fraction. Analysis of the pilot mill fractions identified a significant difference between the two years and between mycotoxins. The proportion of DON and nivalenol in the mill fractions varied between years. DON and nivalenol were higher in flour fractions and lower in bran and offal in samples from 2004 compared to samples from 2005. This may be a consequence of high rainfall pre-harvest in 2004 resulting in movement of these mycotoxins within grains before harvest. There was no significant difference in the distribution of ZON within mill fractions between the two years. For DON, higher concentrations in the grain resulted in a greater proportion of DON within the flour fractions. Understanding the factors that impact on the fractionation of mycotoxins during milling will help cereal processors to manufacture products within legislative limits.     

粮食中真菌毒素污染现状及控制

真菌毒素是一些真菌次级代谢产物,通过污染粮食,进而危及人和动物安全。该文综述粮食中真菌毒素污染现状和现今控制真菌毒素污染的技术研究进展,为控制粮食真菌毒素体系建立提供依据。     

国内外粮食中真菌毒素采样标准对比及分析

真菌毒素广泛存在于粮油等食品中,危害人类和动物的健康。由于粮油等食品中真菌毒素的污染分布不均匀,因此科学、合理、经济的采样(扦样)计划尤为重要。梳理了国内外粮食的采样标准,并对每个标准适用范围、是否适合真菌毒素、各个采样环节规定进行比较分析。国际采样标准就不同的食品类别或真菌毒素(污染物)的各个采样环节的要求进行了系统阐述,涵盖了粮食中真菌毒素的采样要求。目前国内没有系统的针对粮食中真菌毒素采样标准。通过对国内外相关标准的研究,为提出符合我国种粮散户多、运输工具规格不同、大中小粮仓乃至高大平房仓等不同储运环节粮食中真菌毒素的科学、有效、公正的采样方案提供了一定的参考。     

吸附法消减真菌毒素的研究进展

真菌毒素是存在于粮食、饲料、食品中常见的污染物之一,严重威胁着人类的健康;同时制约了饲料业、养殖业和食品工业的发展,对农业经济造成了巨大的损失。目前研究的热点是利用吸附法对粮食及其深加工产品中的真菌毒素进行脱除。本文对常见的真菌毒素的种类、危害以及消减方法进行了简要的概述,重点综述了近年来国内外研究较多的活性炭和硅铝酸盐吸附剂,旨在为粮食及其产品中真菌毒素的吸附消减方法提供参考。     

Mycotoxin Contamination of Rice in China

Mycotoxin contamination in rice is generally lower than in other cereals such as corn or wheat. However, over 65% of the population in China consumes rice as a staple food. Due to the diversity of the climate across China, the southern region is characterized by high temperatures and humidities, especially in rainy season. Such conditions are optimal for the growth of fungi. The accumulative and transferrable characteristics of fungi mycotoxins pose a great potential threat as confirmed by high incidences of liver cancer in the Yangtze delta region. Major mycotoxins identified in China are aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, as well as fumonisins. The contents of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) in rice are varied among different provinces and regions and generally less than 5 μg/kg. Although high incidences of positive aflatoxins samples have widely been detected, few samples were detected as exceeding the national's maximum residue limit (10 μg/kg). Limited information is available on risk assessment of human health hazards of mycotoxins in rice, children should be paid more attention to due to their having the highest mycotoxins exposure level, although the risks are generally at low levels from rice. Mycotoxins are mainly distributed in the outer layer of the paddy rice (also called rough rice, referring to whole rice grain with the hulls), and the AFB₁ content in bran is 8.4 times greater than that in brown rice (hulled rice). Further investigation should focus on isolation and identification of mycotoxins‐producing fungal strains, especially unknown mycotoxigenic fungal strains determination. Infection resistant rice breeding of mycotoxigenic fungal species may be a fundamental approach to guaranteeing rice safety in China.     

Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals harvested from Hungarian fields

The Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and T-2 frequently contaminate grain crops in Middle and Eastern Europe. In this survey, 116 cereal samples (maize, wheat, barley and oat) were examined for DON, ZEN and T-2 mycotoxins. Samples were collected from different areas in two Hungarian regions (North and South Transdanubia). The method of analysis was indirect competitive ELISA. Maize was the most contaminated grain regarding DON (86%), ZEN (41%) and T-2 (55%) toxins. The average results of the deoxynivalenol and zearalenone tests of maize proved to be significantly higher than those of barley or oat. DON was the most represented Fusarium mycotoxin followed by T-2 and ZEN. The examination of these mycotoxins would be necessary at a larger scale as to re-evaluate permissible levels, so increase of the monitoring programme would be advisable for the future.