响应面法优化酶解工艺在甘薯压差膨化工艺中的应用

采用中温α-淀粉酶酶解甘薯片中的甘薯淀粉以降低甘薯淀粉含量。应用响应面法优化酶解条件,并将获得的最佳酶解条件应用于甘薯压差膨化工艺中,目的在于获得一种效果较好的甘薯压差膨化工艺。响应面法优化中温α-淀粉酶酶解甘薯片中淀粉的最佳酶解条件是:料液比1∶4,pH为6.3,酶解温度66℃,酶解时间60min,酶添加量为0.95%;甘薯压差膨化的工艺条件是:压力差0.4MPa,切片厚度为2~3mm,膨化温度100℃,停滞时间10min,抽空温度90~95℃,抽空时间2h。在此条件下获得的甘薯脆片其品质高于未经酶解的甘薯脆片。     

干燥工艺对甘薯淀粉回生率影响

以甘薯淀粉为原材料,以甘薯淀粉回生率为指标,研究常温、太阳晒、真空减压、干燥箱和微波干燥等不同干燥工艺对甘薯回生抗性淀粉生成率影响。结果表明,各干燥最佳工艺参数为:常温下大气温度为16℃～19℃、大气湿度为68%～80%时,老化后甘薯淀粉5 d达至恒重,回生率由3.5%提高到4.5%,提高28.5%;阳光照射下,大气温度为23℃～36℃、大气湿度为42%～74%时,老化后甘薯淀粉5 d达至恒重,回生率由3.5%提高到4.7%,提高34.2%;真空干燥箱温度为120℃、真空度为0.08 MPa时,甘薯淀粉回生率最大,为14.62%,比空白提高3.1倍;干燥箱温度为90℃时,甘薯淀粉回生率最大,为12.24%,比空白提高2.5倍;微波温度为45℃时,甘薯淀粉回生率最大,为7.12%,比空白提高1倍;相比之下,真空干燥有利于甘薯淀粉回生。     

不同处理方式对紫甘薯全粉面品质的改良效果

本研究通过考察紫甘薯全粉面蒸煮损失率、微观结构、流变学特性及抗性淀粉含量的变化,探讨加工过程中蒸制、老化和冷冻等处理条件对紫甘薯全粉面品质的影响。结果表明,经蒸制、老化或冷冻处理后,挤压制备紫甘薯全粉面的蒸煮损失率、抗性淀粉含量、微观结构及流变学特性均发生了变化。在老化时间为2~4h时,紫甘薯全粉面中抗性淀粉含量从3.01%增加至4.02%,老化时间的进一步延长则对抗性淀粉含量无显著影响;在蒸制时间为3~5 min范围内,抗性淀粉含量由3.41%增加至4.82%,而在5min~11min范围内则从4.82%降至2.40%。处理方式对紫甘薯全粉面表面微观结构变化影响显著,适宜的蒸制、老化或冷冻处理可以改善紫甘薯全粉面的微观结构,但处理时间过长反而导致其结构被破坏。未经处理的紫甘薯全粉面其储能模量和损耗模量得值均明显高于经过不同处理的紫甘薯全粉面,且其储能模量均明显高于损耗模量,弹性模量占主导地位。因此,适宜的蒸制、老化和冷冻等处理可以有效改善紫甘薯全粉面的整体品质。     

促进玉米直链淀粉回生的甘薯淀粉晶种的筛选及表征

通过向四次回生的玉米直链淀粉中添加草酸侵蚀的四次回生的甘薯淀粉、甘薯直链和甘薯支链淀粉晶种(质量分数:1%),研究甘薯淀粉晶种对玉米直链淀粉回生的影响。结果表明,甘薯淀粉晶种明显促进了玉米直链淀粉回生长晶,其中甘薯直链淀粉晶种使得玉米直链淀粉回生率达到59.5%,比不添加晶种提高了19.3%。可见吸收光谱研究表明,甘薯淀粉晶种及长晶后的玉米直链淀粉均保持了双螺旋结构。X-射线研究表明草酸侵蚀后甘薯淀粉、甘薯直链淀粉、甘薯支链淀粉均为A+B型。将其分别添加到玉米直链淀粉中并长晶后的样品,结构均为B型。DSC研究表明,甘薯支链淀粉晶种具有最高的吸热焓,说明其晶体含量最高。三种晶种分别促进玉米直链淀粉长晶后的结构较为相似,晶体含量也较相近。该研究为提高淀粉的回生率、研究回生淀粉结晶结构提供良好的技术支持。     

不同品种甘薯制汁特性的比较

为了筛选出适宜制备甘薯汁的原料品种,选取了15个品种甘薯作为研究材料,对它们的基本制汁性能进行了研究,包括水分、淀粉、可溶性糖、还原糖、总酸、总蛋白质含量及酶解后的出汁率含量。结果表明,这15个品种甘薯的水分含量为52.5%~80.3%,淀粉含量为11.1%~18.1%,可溶性糖含量为1.76%~13.56%,还原糖含量为0.11%~1.24%,总酸含量为2.46~6.99 g/kg,蛋白质含量为0.88%~2.95%,出汁率为39.8%~77.9%。以出汁率及淀粉含量为主要评价指标,XN 1448-5出汁率最高,淀粉含量最低,水分含量较高,可溶性糖及蛋白质含量较高,因此认为XN 1448-5是这15个品种中制备甘薯汁的最佳品种。     

不同提取方法对甘薯淀粉性质的影响

以甘薯为原料,采用重力沉降法、酸浆法、碱法和纤维素酶法提取淀粉,并对其性质进行研究,为甘薯淀粉的提取及应用提供依据。采用这4种方法提取淀粉的提取率分别为67.91%、68.76%、77.29%和53.20%;重力沉降法所得淀粉纯度为92%,小于其他3种方法提取的甘薯淀粉(均大于98%);酸、碱和纤维素酶均对淀粉颗粒均有一定的破坏作用。酸浆法提取的甘薯淀粉糊透明度较其他方法高,纤维素酶法提取的甘薯淀粉糊透明度、白度和碘蓝值较其他方法低,碱法得淀粉白度和碘蓝值略高于酸浆法和重力沉降法。纤维素酶法提取过程中直链淀粉减少,而不与碘结合的多糖增加。碱法提取的甘薯淀粉的峰值黏度最小,纤维素酶法提取的甘薯淀粉的糊化温度较其他方法略高,且最不易老化。     

不同基因型甘薯直链淀粉含量差异研究

研究快速测定甘薯淀粉中直链淀粉含量的方法,分析不同基因型甘薯直链淀粉含量差异。结果显示,该法测定直链淀粉与表观直链淀粉呈高度相关性（r=0.9992）,在取样0.50g、不脱脂的情况下,5份甘薯样品的直链淀粉含量与脱脂后的测定结果相比,误差小于或接近2%,接近国标允许的误差范围（GB8648-87）,表明该法适合于甘薯直链淀粉含量测定。不同品种甘薯直链淀粉含量存在一定差异,变幅为14.22%～35.12%,其中以黄心型变异系数最大,最有可能筛选到高直链淀粉品种或低直链淀粉品种。     

果胶协同干热变性对甘薯淀粉分子结构的影响

本文利用扫描电镜、紫外光谱、粒度分析仪等分析手段研究果胶浓度、干热温度和干热时间对甘薯淀粉分子结构的影响。结果表明:经过不同时间干热处理,淀粉与果胶共混的颗粒随着时间的延长而形成小团块且逐渐增多、变大;甘薯淀粉与果胶共混干热后,添加不同浓度果胶的淀粉分子链间的聚合度减小(由未添加果胶的620~626 nm降低到浓度为0.05%的603~608 nm),随着温度的增加和时间的延长可使淀粉分子间的聚合度增大,紫外光谱的最大吸收波长均发生蓝移现象;淀粉颗粒中位径、大颗粒体积分数随着果胶浓度、温度、时间的增加而增大,在干热时间为3 h时淀粉颗粒的中位径最大(为15.47μm),大颗粒体积分数最大可达到6.27%,比在1 h时的大颗粒体积分数高出1.81%;淀粉与果胶共混物的直链淀粉的溶出量随着果胶浓度(0.01%~0.04%)、干热温度和干热时间(1~4 h)的增加而得到更好的抑制。果胶协同干热处理对开发新型甘薯变性淀粉具有重要意义。     

单波长比色法测定甘薯直链淀粉含量

对单波长比色法测定甘薯直链淀粉含量的条件进行了优化和分析,并对部分甘薯资源进行了测定。结果表明:与马铃薯和玉米相比,甘薯直、支链淀粉-碘复合物吸收曲线存在一定的差异;在620 nm波长下,单波长比色法用于甘薯直链淀粉含量鉴定和评价的准确性和精密度较高;测定的35份甘薯资源直链淀粉质量分数的变幅为10.35%~20.72%,平均16.67%。这些结论可为探索更加准确、简便、快捷地测定甘薯直链淀粉含量的方法和甘薯淀粉品质改良提供参考。     

β-淀粉酶酶解甘薯淀粉条件分析

麦芽糖可以诱导枯草芽孢杆菌产生中温α-淀粉酶,甘薯淀粉的β-淀粉酶酶解产物主要为麦芽糖。应用高效液相色谱示差折光检测法对不同酶解条件下甘薯淀粉β-淀粉酶酶解产物进行分析。结果表明,液化酶加入量为5~10U/g干淀粉时,酶解产物中葡萄糖的含量最高可达0.94%±0.048%,其含量较低,不会对枯草芽孢杆菌产α-淀粉酶具有阻遏作用。酶解最佳条件为液化酶加入量5U/g干淀粉,β-淀粉酶最佳加入量为200U/g干淀粉,酶解最佳温度为60℃,最佳酶解时间为28h时,此条件下甘薯淀粉酶解产物中麦芽糖含量达75.8%±1.7%。甘薯淀粉β-淀粉酶酶解产物可以诱导β-淀粉酶酶解产物枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产中温α-淀粉酶。研究对枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产中温α-淀粉酶碳源优化具有重要意义。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.