番石榴不同部位乙醇提取物的抗氧化、降血糖及酪氨酸酶抑制活性

目的:比较研究番石榴不同部位（根、茎、叶、果实）乙醇提取物抗氧化、降血糖和抑制酪氨酸酶活性。方法:分别采用ABTS法和DPPH法、pNPG法和DNS法、L-DOPA法评价番石榴不同部位抗氧化活性、降血糖活性和酪氨酸酶抑制活性。结果:番石榴不同部位乙醇提取物均具有一定的体外抗氧化、降血糖和酪氨酸酶抑制活性,并呈现一定的量效关系。番石榴各部位中,番石榴根乙醇提取物的抗氧化、降血糖和抑制酪氨酸酶活性均强于其他部位。番石榴根对DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除能力与维生素C接近,清除能力IC₅₀值分别为:(8.45±0.12)、(0.09±0.002) mg/mL,且其对α-淀粉酶和酵母菌来源α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性强于阿卡波糖,抑制活性的IC₅₀值分别为:(0.10±0.02)、(8.74±0.25) μg/mL;而对小鼠小肠来源α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性弱于阿卡波糖;对酪氨酸酶抑制活性弱于维生素C。结论:番石榴根乙醇提取物的抗氧化、降血糖和酪氨酸酶抑制活性最强,表明番石榴根是潜在抗氧化剂和α-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶和酪氨酸酶抑制剂的来源。     

桉叶提取物中抗氧化活性物分离纯化、结构鉴定及其活性的研究

为进一步探索桉叶提取物抗氧化活性的物质基础,本文采用反相硅胶和制备液相等方法对桉叶提取物中高醇组分进行分离纯化得到4个化合物。接着应用~1H-NMR和~(13)C-NMR光谱分析鉴定化合物的结构,最终鉴定出3个化合物,分别为金丝桃苷、番石榴苷和槲皮素-3-O-α-吡喃阿拉伯糖-2"-棓酸盐。最后采用DPPH·、ABTS+·和ORAC三种体外检测体系进行抗氧化活性的研究。在DPPH·和ORAC方法中,番石榴苷的抗氧化能力最强,槲皮素-3-O-α-吡喃阿拉伯糖-2"-棓酸盐的抗氧化能力最低。在ABTS·+方法中金丝桃苷的抗氧化能力最强,番石榴苷的抗氧化能力最低。但与抗氧化剂Trolox相比,三者都表现出更强的抗氧化能力,是有较好发展前景的天然抗氧化剂。本文为桉叶资源的综合开发提供理论指导作用。     

桉叶提取物中抗氧化活性物分离纯化、结构鉴定及其活性的研究

为进一步探索桉叶提取物抗氧化活性的物质基础，本文采用反相硅胶和制备液相等方法对桉叶提取物中高醇组分进行分离纯化得到 4 个化合物。接着应用1H-NMR 和13C-NMR 光谱分析鉴定化合物的结构，最终鉴定出 3 个化合物，分别为金丝桃苷、番石榴苷和槲皮素-3-O-α-吡喃阿拉伯糖-2”-棓酸盐。最后采用 DPPH·、ABTS·+和 ORAC 三种体外检测体系进行抗氧化活性的研究。在DPPH·和 ORAC 方法中，番石榴苷的抗氧化能力最强，槲皮素-3-O-α-吡喃阿拉伯糖-2”-棓 酸盐的抗氧化能力最低。在 ABTS·+方法中金丝桃苷的抗氧化能力最强，番石榴苷的抗氧化能力最低。但与抗氧化剂 Trolox 相比，三者都表现出更强的抗氧化能力，是有较好发展前景的天然抗氧化剂。本文为桉叶资源的综合开发提供理论指导作用。     

番石榴叶中广寄生苷和番石榴苷的降糖作用

目的:研究番石榴叶、广寄生苷和番石榴苷的降糖活性和相关性。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法测定不同月份番石榴叶中番石榴苷和广寄生苷的含量;建立降糖脂肪细胞模型,测定不同季节番石榴叶提取物的降糖活性;给药干预后,测定细胞培养液中游离脂肪酸的含量,采用Western blotting法测定脂肪细胞膜葡萄糖转运蛋白4(glucose transporter 4,GLUT4)表达。结果:6—9月份番石榴叶中番石榴苷和广寄生苷的含量较高,同时6—9月份番石榴叶的降糖活性也最好,降糖活性与化合物含量存在正相关性。番石榴叶提取物、番石榴苷和广寄生苷均能显著促进脂肪细胞膜上GLUT4蛋白的表达;番石榴叶提取物、番石榴苷和广寄生苷均能显著抑制游离脂肪酸的释放,降糖活性和抑制脂肪分解也存在正相关性。结论:番石榴苷和广寄生苷两种黄酮苷类化合物是番石榴叶降糖、抑制游离脂肪酸释放的主要活性物质基础。     

山核桃叶提取物的抗氧化活性比较

采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力、还原能力、超氧阴离子清除能力评价不同山核桃叶提取液的抗氧化活性,采用F0lin酚法测定提取液的总酚质量浓度.结果表明,山核桃叶提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性,并以甲醇和蒸馏水提取物的抗氧化活性最强;60%甲醇溶液的提取物具有最高的DPPH自由基清除能力,总酚得率最高,达到(10.63±0.31)mg/g山核桃叶.     

蓝莓叶不同溶剂提取物抗氧化活性研究

研究蓝莓叶不同溶剂提取物中总酚和黄酮的含量以及抗氧化活性.分别用水、甲醇、乙醇、乙酸乙酯、氯仿、石油醚等不同极性溶剂提取蓝莓叶中的活性物质,采用Folin-Cioeaile法、三氯化铝显色法分别测定不同提取物中总酚和黄酮的含量;应用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基和2,2-联氮基双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基清除体系及β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸体系评价其抗氧化活性,考察活性物质含量与抗氧化活性的关系.结果表明,蓝莓叶提取物的抗氧化活性随提取溶剂极性的减小而减小.水提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性,其清除DPPH·和ABTS+·的EC50分别为(12.78±0.10)、(6.35±0.03) μg/mL,抑制β-胡萝卜素淬灭IC50值为(25.33±0.02) μg/mL.含量测定显示水提物中总酚含量最高,为(264.67±0.29)mg/g,而甲醇提取物中黄酮含量最高,为(68.94±0.08)mg/g,相关性分析表明,不同溶剂提取物抗氧化能力差别较大,总酚和黄酮含量与抗氧化能力具有相关性,提示水可作为蓝莓叶抗氧化活性物质提取的优选溶剂,而总酚和黄酮含量可作为蓝莓叶抗氧化提取物的质量评价指标.     

番石榴叶对食品中几种常见细菌的抑菌作用

应用药敏纸片法和试管二倍稀释法,对比研究番石榴叶水提取物和乙醇提取物对食品中4种常见细菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌)的抑菌效果,分析抑菌作用与其总黄酮含量的关系.结果表明:番石榴叶水提取物、乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌均有一定的抑菌活性,总体上,水提取物抑菌活性优于乙醇提取物,水提取物的抑菌效果为金黄色葡萄球菌＞沙门氏菌＞大肠杆菌＞枯草芽孢杆菌;黄酮类化合物是番石榴叶中重要的抑菌物质之一.     

白肉番石榴总黄酮提取工艺优化及体外抗氧化活性分析

对白肉番石榴中总黄酮的提取工艺进行优化,并研究其体外的抗氧化活性。以珍珠番石榴(白肉)的叶、皮为原料,在单因素实验的基础上,以总黄酮提取量为指标,采用正交试验优化获得了番石榴叶、皮中总黄酮的提取工艺。在此基础上提取番石榴果肉中的总黄酮,然后比较番石榴叶、皮、果肉中黄酮的体外抗氧化作用。结果表明,番石榴叶、皮的总黄酮的最优提取工艺略有差异。番石榴叶总黄酮的提取最优工艺为:乙醇浓度50%,提取温度65℃,料液比1∶20 (g/mL),提取时间135 min。番石榴皮总黄酮提取最优工艺为:乙醇浓度60%,提取温度45℃,料液比1∶7 (g/mL),提取时间105 min。在最优条件下番石榴叶、皮总黄酮的提取量分别为(188.66±0.23)、(48.03±0.16) mg/g。番石榴叶、皮、果肉总黄酮在ABTS自由基及羟基自由基清除实验、铁还原力及总抗氧化力测定分析中显示良好的抗氧化活性,其中番石榴叶总黄酮的体外抗氧化能力最强。由此说明番石榴黄酮有望成为一种良好的天然抗氧化剂。     

番石榴叶黄酮的微波提取及其抗氧化作用研究

以番石榴叶为原料,采用微波技术优化番石榴叶中黄酮类物质的提取工艺,并研究番石榴叶黄酮对油脂的抗氧化作用。试验结果表明,番石榴叶中黄酮类物质的最佳微波萃取工艺参数是:微波提取时间10 min,微波功率400 W,料液比1∶30,乙醇体积分数50%。在此提取条件下,番石榴叶中总黄酮的提取率为134.46 mg/g。番石榴叶黄酮提取物对植物油脂具有一定的抗氧化作用,可作为植物油脂的天然抗氧化剂。     

厚朴叶不同极性溶剂萃取物总酚含量及体外抗氧化活性研究

为研究厚朴叶抗氧化活性成分,测定厚朴叶90%乙醇提取物及其石油醚、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、甲醇萃取物和萃余相浓缩物的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除活性、2,2-联氮基-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulonic acid),ABTS]自由基清除活性和总还原力,并与抗氧化剂2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol,BHT)、抗环血酸(VC)的抗氧化活性比较;同时测定厚朴叶乙醇提取物和不同极性部位中的总酚含量。结果发现:乙酸乙酯萃取物总酚含量最高,为(178.56±11.32)mg GAE/g,其含量高于正丁醇萃取物和90%乙醇提取物。厚朴叶乙醇提取物和不同极性部位均具有一定抗氧化活性,其中乙酸乙酯萃取物的抗氧化活性最强,DPPH自由基清除活性接近VC,显著高于BHT,其EC50为(86.27±0.02)μg/mL;对ABTS+自由基的清除活性接近VC和BHT;对Fe3+还原力较BHT低,但显著高于正丁醇萃取物。厚朴叶乙醇提取物和不同极性部位的抗氧化性与总酚含量呈显著相关性。采用薄层色谱-生物自显影法定性检测抗氧化活性,其结果与3种抗氧化测定方法的结果一致。综上,厚朴叶乙酸乙酯萃取物具有良好的抗氧化活性,可用于进一步分离抗氧化活性物质,具有发展为天然抗氧化剂的潜力。     

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) test demonstrates antiradical activity of Dorstenia psilurus and Dorstenia ciliata plant extracts

Plants of the Dorstenia genus, used in traditional medicine and as food ingredient in Africa, are rich in polyphenolic compounds which can be involved in prevention of disease and food spoilage through their antioxidant activity. The antiradical activities of extracts of Dorstenia psilurus. D. ciliata and a phenolic compound (6-prenylapigenin) from D. ciliata were evaluated with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) test. D. psilurus chloroform and D. ciliata ethyl acetate extracts were shown to exhibit antiradical activities, with slow kinetic action. The efficient concentrations at different kinetic times "EC50,t" for the D. ciliata extract: 699, 479, 311 and 251 g/kg after 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively, were always much lower than for the D. psilurus extract: 2341, 2312, 1672 and 1281 g/kg at the same times. The antiradical activity of 6-prenylapigenin was weak compared to the extracts. These results suggest the antioxidant activities of Dorstenia extracts and might help to understand their traditional use. We propose "EC50, t", calculated on the curves obtained with DPPH test, as a parameter to screen and compare antiradical activities of plant extracts with slow kinetic behaviour.     

Antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from three cultivars of guava leaf

In order to obtain basic data required for utilization of guava leaf as a functional substance, the antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from 3 cultivars of guava leaf (‘Apple color’, ‘Ruby’, and ‘Safeda’) were examined. The total phenolic contents of the aqueous extracts ranged from 257.38 to 293.25 mg/g gallic acid equivalents. DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ferric thiocyanate (FTC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays indicated that the aqueous extract of the ‘Ruby’ cultivar was the most potent radicalscavenger and reducing agent compared to the other 2 cultivars. Therefore, this study verified that aqueous extract from the ‘Ruby’ cultivar possessed strong antioxidant activity that correlated to its high level of phenolics, particularly gallic acid. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of the ‘Ruby’ cultivar of guava leaf may be utilized as an effective source of functional food materials, including natural antioxidants.     

Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of different parts of guava (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Psidium guajava</Emphasis> L.)

The antioxidant and the tyrosinase inhibitory activities of 4 different solvents (acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water) for preparation of extracts from guava (branch, fruit, leaf, and seed) were evaluated by measuring total phenolic contents (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, reducing power (RP), and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The extracts of branch and leaf showed relatively higher antioxidant properties than those of fruit and seed. The highest TPC (141.28 mg/g gallic acid equivalents), DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀=34.01 μg/mL), ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀=3.23 μg/mL), and RP (IC₅₀= 75.63 μg/mL) were found in acetone extract of leaf, while water extract of seed had the lowest antioxidant activity. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of ethanol extract from guava leaf was 69.56%, which was the highest activity among the extracts. These results indicate that useful bioactive substances exist in the guava branch as well as leaf extracts.     

In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibition of Intestinal Glucose Transport by Guava (Psidium Guajava) Extracts

1 Scope

Known pharmacological activities of guava (Psidium guajava) include modulation of blood glucose levels. However, mechanistic details remain unclear in many cases.

2 Methods and results

This study investigated the effects of different guava leaf and fruit extracts on intestinal glucose transport in vitro and on postprandial glucose levels in vivo. Substantial dose‐ and time‐dependent glucose transport inhibition (up to 80%) was observed for both guava fruit and leaf extracts, at conceivable physiological concentrations in Caco‐2 cells. Using sodium‐containing (both glucose transporters, sodium‐dependent glucose transporter 1 [SGLT1] and glucose transporter 2 [GLUT2], are active) and sodium‐free (only GLUT2 is active) conditions, we show that inhibition of GLUT2 was greater than that of SGLT1. Inhibitory properties of guava extracts also remained stable after digestive juice treatment, indicating a good chemical stability of the active substances. Furthermore, we could unequivocally show that guava extracts significantly reduced blood glucose levels (≈fourfold reduction) in a time‐dependent manner in vivo (C57BL/6N mice). Extracts were characterized with respect to their main putative bioactive compounds (polyphenols) using HPLC and LC‐MS.

3 Conclusion

The data demonstrated that guava leaf and fruit extracts can potentially contribute to the regulation of blood glucose levels.     

Inhibitory effects of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf extracts and its active compounds on the glycation process of protein

Hyperglycaemia causes increased protein glycation and the formation of early glycation products and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which are major factors responsible for the complications of diabetes. This study investigated the ability of guava leaf and compounds to inhibit glycation process in an albumin/glucose model system and compared the potency of these extracts with Polyphenon 60 which is a commercial polyphenol product extracted from green tea and with the standard antiglycation agent, aminoguanidine. The results showed that the inhibitory effects of guava leaf extracts on the formation of α-dicarbonyl compounds were over 95% at 50 μg/ml. Phenolic compounds present, namely gallic acid, catechin and quercetin exhibited over 80% inhibitory effects, but ferulic acid showed no activity. The guava leaf extracts also showed strong inhibitory effects on the production of Amadori products and AGEs from albumin in the presence of glucose. The phenolic compounds also showed strong inhibitory effects on the glycation of albumin, especially quercetin exhibited over 95% inhibitory effects at 100 μg/ml. According to the results obtained, guava leaf extracts are potent antiglycation agents, which can be of great value in the preventive glycation-associated complications in diabetes.     

Antioxidant Activity of Pink-Flesh Guava (Psidium guajava L.): Effect of Extraction Techniques and Solvents

The effect of commonly used techniques and solvents in the antioxidant activities of pink-flesh guava fruit were studied. The extraction techniques compared were homogenization, shaking, sonication, magnetic stirring, and maceration for 1, 2, and 3 days. The solvent systems used were methanol, ethanol, and acetone at three different concentrations (50%, 70%, and 100%) and with 100% distilled water. The antioxidant activity of the fruit was evaluated using Folin–Ciocalteu index, ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging capacity. Ultrasonic and homogenization were the best techniques to extract the antioxidant from guava fruit. Homogenization technique was found to be the most convenient exhaustive and time-saving extraction technique. Results showed that the extracting solvent significantly (P < 0.05) altered the antioxidant property estimations of pink-flesh guava fruit. Pure solvents were inefficient extraction media for antioxidant. Enhanced extraction yields were obtained from solvent containing higher water concentrations and 50% acetone is a recommended solvent for extracting antioxidants compounds from pink-flesh guava fruit. High correlations between phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of pink-flesh guava extracts were observed. High levels of antioxidant activities were detected in pink-flesh guava, indicating that the fruit may serve as an excellent dietary source of natural antioxidants.     

Factors influencing antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of guava leaf extract

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of certain factors on the yield, antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC) of guava leaf extract. The effects of pretreatment of leaf sample prior to extract, extraction method, and the leaf age were investigated. Folin-Ciocalteau was used to determine the TPC. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and equilibrium concentration (EC) were used for evaluation of AA. Results indicated that ultrasonication is the most suitable method for guava leaf extraction as it yielded the extract with the significantly highest TPC and AA. Blanching followed by ice water cooling (BCD) was suggested for the pretreatment process of guava leaves. The study of leaf maturity demonstrated that the highest activity was from the young leaves. Hot water was the best solvent to extract the active principles. The extract of BCD pretreated young leaves, extracted by hot water exhibited the highest TPC and AA with the TEAC and EC values of 24.30 ± 0.50 and 20.41 ± 0.67 mM/mg, respectively. These values are 1.88 and 8.72 times higher than the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and 1.75 and 1.21 times higher than vitamin E, respectively. It was concluded that pretreatment and drying process, method of extraction and leaf maturity played important roles on the bioactive compounds and their antioxidant power of guava leaf extract.     

Antiatherogenic effect of guava leaf extracts inhibiting leucocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase activity

Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the critical steps for the development of atherosclerosis and leucocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase, highly expressed in macrophages, has been suggested to play an essential role in this process. In the present study, we show that guava leaf extracts inhibited, not only the leucocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase activity, but also LDL oxidation, mediated by the enzyme-overexpressing macrophage-like J774A.1 cells. Oral administration of guava leaf extracts to apoE-knockout mice at 100 mg of dry extracts/kg of body weight, once a day for 16 weeks, significantly reduced the area of atherogenic lesions developed in the aorta and aortic sinus. The major components inhibiting leucocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase contained in guava leaf extracts were identified as ethyl gallate and quercetin. The inhibitory effects of guava leaf extracts on the leucocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase activity, as well as on cell-mediated LDL oxidation, might be involved in the antiatherogenic effect of the extracts.     

抗氧化肽HDHPVC和HEKVC的反应动力学及抗氧化能力评价方法

研究抗氧化肽His-Asp-His-Pro-Val-Cys(HDHPVC)、His-Glu-Lys-Val-Cys(HEKVC)和谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基的反应动力学特性。3种抗氧化肽的二级反应动力学常数k2、抗氧化还原能力(antiradical power,ARP)及化学计量数等结果表明,其清除DPPH自由基能力的排列顺序为HEKVCHDHPVCGSH。通过比较3种抗氧化肽在稳定状态及固定30 min反应时间条件下清除DPPH自由基能力检测方法的差异,发现3种抗氧化肽均属于慢反应动力学行为,固定30 min反应时间所测得的半数有效浓度(median effective concentration,EC50)比稳态条件下测得值偏大3~5倍。该研究表明HDHPVC和HEKVC是一种优良的天然抗氧化肽。