CaO/(Mg-Fe-O)固体碱的制备及其酯交换催化活性研究

采用共沉淀、浸渍及高温焙烧的方法制备了Ca O/(Mg-Fe-O)固体碱催化剂,以蓖麻油转化率为催化剂活性评价指标,采用正交实验考察了制备条件对催化剂酯交换催化活性的影响。得到的优化条件为:Mg/Fe摩尔比3∶1,Ca(Ac)2浸渍液质量分数15%,浸渍时间12 h,焙烧温度800℃,焙烧时间2 h。以优化条件下制备的Ca O/(Mg-Fe-O)固体碱为催化剂,用于蓖麻油和甲醇酯交换反应,蓖麻油转化率可达94.74%。采用TG-DTA、FTIR、BET及XRD技术对催化剂及其前驱体进行了表征。结果表明:当温度超过750℃时,Ca(Ac)2/(Mg-Fe水滑石)几乎不再失重;Ca O/(Mg-Fe-O)固体碱和Ca(Ac)2/(Mg-Fe水滑石)相比,其—OH和CO2-3的红外吸收峰显著下降;负载于Ca O/(Mg-Fe-O)固体碱催化剂介孔中的Ca O起主要催化作用;Ca O/(Mg-Fe-O)固体碱中的Ca O以无定形或微晶的形式高度分散于Mg Fe2O4及Mg O表面。     

CaO/Co-Al-O固体碱的制备、表征及其油脂醇解活性

采用共沉淀、浸渍及高温焙烧的方法制备了Ca O/Co-Al-O固体碱催化剂。采用正交实验考察了制备条件对Ca O/Co-Al-O固体碱油脂醇解活性的影响,得到固体碱催化剂的优化制备条件为:Co与Al摩尔比3∶1、顺加法、Ca(Ac)2浸渍液质量分数0.25、焙烧温度700℃、焙烧时间6 h。以优化条件下制备的Ca O/Co-Al-O固体碱为催化剂,在甲醇与蓖麻油摩尔比9∶1、催化剂与蓖麻油质量比0.04∶1、搅拌速率400 r/min、反应温度65℃、反应时间3 h的条件下,蓖麻油转化率为94.74%。采用TG-DTA、FT-IR、BET及XRD技术对固体碱催化剂及其前驱体进行了表征。结果显示:固体碱催化剂前驱体Ca(Ac)2/Co-Al水滑石TG曲线有3个失重台阶,分别出现在100~200℃、200~300℃及680~730℃;Ca O/Co-Al-O固体碱催化剂的BET比表面积为42.7 m2/g,BJH脱附累积孔容为0.29 cm3/g,BJH脱附平均孔半径为11.4 nm;Ca O/Co-Al-O固体碱中的活性组分Ca O以无定形或微晶的形式高度分散于Co Al2O4及Co3O4表面。     

钙基固体碱催化剂用于花生油酯交换制备生物柴油

将钙基固体碱催化剂CaO和CaO/MgO用于催化花生油与甲醇酯交换制备生物柴油,考察了催化剂的制备条件,优化了CaO和CaO/MgO催化花生油酯交换反应工艺.研究表明,利用廉价碳酸钙作为原料,在800～900℃下N2气氛中煅烧制备的CaO具有比较好的催化活性;而CaO/MgO催化剂比较适宜的制备条件是用22.6%的Ca(Ac)2溶液浸渍MgO载体1次,在600℃下煅烧.CaO/MgO在空气中存放易失去活性,需在800～900℃下N2气氛活化.CaO和CaO/MgO催化剂均可使花生油与甲醇的酯交换反应在醇油摩尔比12:1、催化剂用量2%、反应温度65℃、反应时间2 h的条件下获得80%以上的酯交换转化率.与CaO相比,CaO/Mgo催化剂具有较高的抗水性和抗酸性,以及较好的重复使用性.     

La/CaO/MgO/Al_2O_3固体碱催化剂的制备及表征

以镧、钙、镁、铝的硝酸盐为原料,以尿素为沉淀剂,采用均匀沉淀及高温焙烧的方法制备了La/Ca O/Mg O/Al2O3固体碱催化剂。采用单因素实验考察了制备条件对催化剂活性的影响,得到制备固体碱催化剂的优化工艺条件为:n(La)∶n(Ca)∶n(Mg)∶n(Al)=0.027 0∶4∶2∶2,反应温度120℃,焙烧温度750℃,焙烧时间8 h。将优化条件下制备的La/Ca O/Mg O/Al2O3固体碱用于催化蓖麻油和甲醇的酯交换反应,在n(醇)∶n(油)=9∶1、m(催化剂)∶m(油)=0.04∶1、搅拌速率550r/min、反应温度65℃、反应时间3 h的条件下,蓖麻油转化率可达88.44%。采用Hammett指示剂法、TG、BET、XRD及SEM对催化剂及其前驱体进行了表征。结果表明:La/CaO/MgO/Al_2O_3固体碱的碱强度为7.2~11.2;当温度超过830℃时,La-Ca-Mg-Al水滑石的质量几乎不再随温度变化;催化剂比表面积为50.84 m2/g、孔容为0.107 3 cm3/g,催化剂主要由Ca O、Mg O及Al2O33种晶体组成。     

用于麻疯树籽油醇解的CaO/MgO固体碱催化剂的制备

采用等体积浸渍法制备了CaO／MgO固体碱催化剂，并将谈催化剂用于麻疯树籽油酯交换以制备生物柴油。催化剂的最佳制备条件为：Ca（Ac）2浓度12％、浸渍时间6h、煅烧温度700℃。在实际反应体系中，催化剂粒度为80目时催化活性较高。在优化条件下，采用该催化剂催化麻疯树籽油与甲醇反应生成脂肪酸甲酯，转化率迭到84．37％。     

油脂醇解固体碱催化剂的制备及表征

以硝酸钙、硝酸锌、乙酸镁、乙酸铝为原料,碳酸钠为沉淀剂进行共沉淀反应,先制得钙、镁、锌碳酸盐及氢氧化铝混合沉淀,再经陈化、水洗、干燥、焙烧制得钙镁锌铝固体碱催化剂。将蓖麻油甲醇解反应中的蓖麻油转化率作为活性评价指标,采用正交试验考察了制备条件对催化剂活性的影响,得到制备催化剂的优化条件为:n(Ca)∶n(Mg)∶n(Zn)∶n(Al)=2∶0.5∶0.5∶1,混合溶液p H 8,焙烧温度850℃,焙烧时间7 h。将优化条件下制备的固体碱催化剂用于催化蓖麻油甲醇解反应,蓖麻油转化率达93.2%。采用热重分析、X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜及Hammett指示剂滴定法对催化剂及其前驱体进行了表征。结果显示:催化剂前驱体在700~800℃温区有1个明显的失重台阶,在800℃以后质量基本不随温度变化;固体碱催化剂主要由Ca O、Zn O及Mg O3种晶体构成,其比表面积为44.08 m~2/g、孔容为0.062 65 cm~3/g,特征为多孔连续型蜂窝状结构;固体碱催化剂的碱强度在7.2~15.0之间,总碱位量为14.895 mmol/g。     

Ca/Al复合固体碱催化剂用于生物柴油的制备

生物柴油可以由菜籽油与甲醇在碱催化剂的作用下通过酯交换反应制得.为解决生物柴油酯交换过程中的产物与催化剂分离问题,制备了Ca/Al复合固体碱催化剂,研究了反应条件对反应的影响.结果表明,该体系催化剂是制备生物柴油的良好非均相催化剂.生物柴油的最佳制备条件为:催化剂质量分数为原料油的10%,醇油摩尔比12:1,反应时间9h.催化剂经简单处理后,可重复使用4次且催化活性没有明显降低.所得生物柴油品质良好,基本达到相关标准.     

Ca-Zn-Al-O固体碱的制备、表征及其油脂醇解催化活性

以硝酸钙、硝酸锌、硝酸铝为原料,以尿素为沉淀剂,采用均匀沉淀法制备了催化剂前驱体Ca-Zn-Al类水滑石,再高温焙烧制得Ca-Zn-Al-O固体碱催化剂。以一定条件下蓖麻油和甲醇的酯交换反应为探针反应,蓖麻油转化率为催化剂活性评价指标,采用单因素实验考察了催化剂制备条件对催化剂活性的影响。得到制备催化剂的最佳工艺条件为:n(Ca)∶n(Zn)∶n(Al)=2∶1∶1,反应温度120℃,焙烧温度850℃,焙烧时间7 h。将该催化剂用于蓖麻油和甲醇的酯交换反应,在醇油摩尔比9∶1、催化剂与油质量比0.04∶1、反应温度65℃、搅拌速率550 r/min、反应时间3 h的条件下,蓖麻油转化率可达94.5%。采用TG、BET及XRD对催化剂及其前驱体进行了表征。结果表明:Ca-Zn-Al类水滑石在25~800℃温区,随温度升高其质量一直下降,在800~900℃温区,其质量几乎为定值;催化剂BJH脱附累积比表面积为27.36 m~2/g,BJH脱附累积孔容为0.050 45 cm~3/g;Ca-Zn-Al-O固体碱主要由CaO、ZnO两种晶体组成。     

Ca-Mg-Zn-O催化剂的制备、表征及其蓖麻油醇解的催化活性评价

采用共沉淀及焙烧的方法制备了Ca-Mg-Zn-O固体碱催化剂。采用正交试验考察了制备条件对Ca-Mg-Zn-O固体碱油脂醇解催化活性的影响,得到的优化条件为:n(Ca):n(Mg):n(Zn)=1:1:2、焙烧温度800℃、焙烧时间5 h。以优化条件下制备的Ca-Mg-Zn-O固体碱为催化剂,在醇/油摩尔比9:1、催化剂/油质量比0.04:1、搅拌速率550 r/min、反应温度65℃、反应时间3 h的条件下,蓖麻油转化率达到96.3%。采用TG-DTA、FTIR、XRD、BET技术及Hammett指示剂法对催化剂及其前驱体进行了表征,结果为:Ca-Mg-Zn碱式碳酸盐TG曲线有3个失重台阶,分别出现在200~350℃、450~550℃及680~750℃温区;Ca-Mg-Zn-O固体碱催化剂由ZnO、MgO及CaO 3种晶体构成,其BET、比表面积为5.91m~2/g,BJH脱附累积孔容为0.009 8 cm~3·g~(-1),BJH脱附平均孔半径为3.50 nm,碱强度在7.2~11.2之间。     

BaFe12O19@（CaO-CaAl12O19）磁性固体碱催化甘油制备碳酸甘油酯

以九水硝酸铁、硝酸钡为原料采用溶胶凝胶法得到BaFe_(12)O_(19)前驱体,焙烧浸渍勃姆石溶胶后分散于Ca(NO_3)_2·4H_2O溶液,采用沉淀法合成了磁性固体碱催化剂BaFe_(12)O_(19)@(CaO-CaAl_(12)O_(19))。对其进行了磁滞回线、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、CO_2-TPD表征。将制得的磁性固体碱催化剂应用于甘油和碳酸二甲酯的酯交换反应,考察反应条件对产物收率的影响。结果表明:催化剂有较强的碱强度且活性位包裹均匀、有较好的磁性;在m(Ca(NO_3)_2·4H_2O)∶m(BaFe_(12)O_(19)@AlOOH)=5∶1、反应温度85℃、反应时间2.5 h、n(甘油)∶n(碳酸二甲酯)=1∶5、催化剂用量5%条件下,甘油转化率达到99.43%,碳酸甘油酯收率达到99.38%。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.