果胶类多糖的研究进展

果胶类多糖是植物细胞壁多糖类家族中结构最为复杂的一种，具有优良的胶凝性和乳化性及多种生理功效。详细介绍了果胶类多糖在结构、化学组成及其应用等方面的研究进展。     

苹果果胶的结构、单糖组分和稳定性研究

对苹果果胶的结构、单糖组分及稳定性进行研究.采用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪测定苹果果胶的结构,毛细管气相色谱法测定果胶多糖的单糖组分,粘度法测定果胶在不同浓度的糖、盐、过氧化物存在时粘度的变化.结果表明:苹果果胶中舍有部分甲氧基和少量乙酰基,具有一般果胶结构,果胶多糖中含有8种单糖.葡萄糖和麦芽糖对苹果果胶还原粘度起促进作用,而糊精相反.盐能降低果胶粘度,低浓度的盐作用最显著,过硫酸铵由于改变了果胶液的离子强度和pH,因而能增大果胶粘度.     

提取方法对马铃薯渣果胶多糖组成及分子链构象的影响

采用酸(柠檬酸)、碱(氢氧化钠)、酶(多聚半乳糖醛酸水解酶)3种方法从马铃薯渣中提取果胶多糖,研究不同提取方法对多糖得率、单糖组成、酯化度、分子质量及分子链构象的影响。结果表明:3种提取方法得到的马铃薯渣果胶多糖均以富含半乳糖侧链的鼠李半乳糖醛酸聚糖I(RG-I)结构为主。其中,碱提果胶多糖得率最高(23.1%),其次为酸提(11.7%)和酶提(6.0%)。3种果胶多糖甲酯化度均较低(0～7.5%),而乙酰化度较高,且酸提和酶提马铃薯渣果胶多糖的乙酰化度高于碱提(分别为13.6%,10.7%,6.6%)。分子质量分析结果表明,酶提果胶多糖的分子质量最高(1 706.3 ku),且分布最窄。通过Mark-Houwink-Sakurada方程判断:酶提果胶多糖的分子链形态较为聚集,接近球状构象;酸提果胶多糖介于球状和线团状构象之间;碱提果胶多糖分子链形态最为疏松,呈无规线团状构象。     

果胶结构、提取方法及乳化特性研究进展

果胶是一种重要的酸性大分子多糖物质,具有良好的凝胶性、增稠性和乳化特性,被广泛应用于食品加工业中。果胶的结构及乳化特性会受到提取方法的影响,本文综述了果胶的分子结构及不同提取方法的应用特点,并介绍了影响果胶乳化特性的结构因素(蛋白质、阿魏酸、乙酰基、中性糖侧链、分子量)和环境因素(果胶浓度、油相浓度、pH、盐离子)及果胶与蛋白质结合用于稳定乳化液的研究现状,最后对果胶的研发前景进行展望,以期为果胶的开发和应用提供一定的理论参考。     

改性果胶结构、功能及方法的研究进展

果胶是存在于高等植物初生细胞壁和中胞层中的一种酸性多糖,因天然、无毒且价廉而被广泛地应用于食品与医药工业。但是,果胶由于分子量较大且不同来源果胶结构上的巨大差异而限制了其在食品及医药行业的广泛应用。因此,该文就改性果胶的结构、功能特性以及改性方法进行了详细综述,旨在为改性果胶在食品及医药行业的应用提供理论指导。     

苹果皮果胶多糖的理化性质以及抑制人结肠癌细胞HT-29增殖活性的初步研究

用水、质量分数0.5%草酸铵溶液、0.05 mol/L HCl溶液、1 mol/L KOH溶液从苹果皮中提取得到4种果胶多糖,分别是水溶性果胶多糖(WSP)、盐溶性果胶多糖(CSP)、酸溶性果胶多糖(ASP)和碱溶性果胶多糖(BSP)。测定了它们的总糖、糖醛酸和蛋白含量以及相对分子质量、单糖组成及摩尔比和红外光谱;并初步研究了4种苹果皮果胶多糖对人结肠腺癌细胞系HT-29细胞生长的抑制作用。结果显示:WSP、CSP、ASP和BSP的相对分子质量均大于4.0×105Da;气相色谱测定WSP、CSP、ASP和BSP的单糖组成及摩尔比,4种果胶多糖均含有半乳糖,而CSP所含的半乳糖醛酸含量最多,BSP不含半乳糖醛酸。WSP、CSP、ASP和BSP都能抑制人结肠腺癌细胞系HT-29细胞的增值,CSP的抑制活性最高(35.65%),BSP的抑制活性最低(10.30%),初步分析可能与苹果皮果胶多糖中半乳糖及半乳糖醛酸残基的含量相关。     

不同提取方法对马铃薯果胶多糖组成特性的影响

以马铃薯渣为原料,采用酶法脱除淀粉和蛋白质,分别以盐酸法、柠檬酸法、碱性磷酸盐法和复合盐法从马铃薯渣中提取果胶,经超滤、乙醇沉淀和冷冻干燥得到4种马铃薯果胶多糖。研究不同的提取方法对马铃薯果胶多糖提取率、组成特性的影响。结果表明,碱性磷酸盐法和复合盐法提取果胶得率高(分别为29.89%和21.01%)、半乳糖醛酸含量高(分别为29.71%和31.57%)。碱性磷酸盐法提取果胶的中灰分含量(22.38%)显著高于其他3种果胶多糖(2.09%~2.48%)。4种工艺提取得马铃薯果胶是低甲氧基果胶;蛋白质含量低于3.0%,没有显著差异;中性单糖组成主要包括半乳糖,及少量的阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖和葡萄糖。马铃薯果胶多糖的峰值分子质量在1.65×10~4~1.17×10~6u左右,为非均一多糖,4种方法提取得马铃薯果胶均具有果胶的特征官能团。     

紫薯果胶类多糖的成分分析及稳定性研究

以超声波辅助酶法提取及纯化紫薯果胶类多糖,并对其主要成分及稳定性进行分析。结果表明:所得紫薯果胶类多糖的干燥减量、酸不溶灰分、pH值、总半乳糖醛酸、酯化度、总糖、蛋白质含量分别为4.32%、0.32%、4.22、65.24%、31%、65%、1.02%,符合相关标准。测出所得紫薯果胶类多糖的重均分子量为70745 Da和968 Da。乳酸饮料稳定性试验中,紫薯果胶类多糖添加量为0.20%时,所得发酵乳酸饮料的沉淀率最低,口感好;紫薯果胶类多糖的添加量为0.25%时,稳定性R值最大,且变化小。     

果胶研究与应用进展

果胶是一种天然的植物多糖,结构复杂,功能多样。其作为一种高档天然食品添加剂和保健品,广泛应用于食品、医药保健品和一些化妆品中。近年来,随着人们对营养健康的关注以及在果胶构效关系方面的研究进展,越来越多的研究者将目光转向果胶的研究与应用。本文对果胶的结构、原料来源、提取方法、理化特性及功能应用进行综述,同时介绍目前果胶研究的特点和趋势,以期为我国的果胶研究与应用领域提供有价值的信息。     

提取方法对马铃薯渣果胶结构特征及特性的影响

对酸处理提取(acid-treated extraction,ATE)、酶处理提取(enzyme-treated extraction,ETE)和盐沉析提取(salt-treated extraction,STE)的马铃薯渣果胶抗氧化活性及其特性进行研究,发现3种提取方法中,STE果胶提取率最高。流变特性结果显示,ATE果胶具有最高的初始黏度。结构特征表明,STE多糖呈光滑致密的块状结构;ETE果胶呈不规则褶皱的形状;ATE多糖呈棉絮片状,较其他2种其表面结构松软。3种多糖的单糖组成各不相同,ATE的果胶主要由葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖以及少量的鼠李糖和木糖组成;ETE的果胶主要的单糖组成为葡萄糖和半乳糖;STE的果胶主要的单糖组成为葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖。ATE果胶(51481 Da)分子质量最大,其次为ETE果胶(14593 Da)、STE果胶(11669 Da)。抗氧化特性显示,ATE果胶表现出较高的清除DPPH自由基的能力,STE具有较高的清除·OH和·O₂^-的能力。     

Composition,characteristics, and in-vitro physiological effects of the water-soluble polysaccharides from Cassia seed

The popular beverage ingredients Cassia obtusifolia and Cassia tora were found to have considerable amounts of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPs) (58.5 and 55.9/100 g of dried extract). The composition, characteristics, and in-vitro physiological effects of these polysaccharides and their possible health benefits were investigated. The major polysaccharide components in the WSP of C. obtusifolia were possibly pectic polysaccharides and hemicellulose, while C. tora WSP was mainly composed of arabinoglucan and pectic polysaccharides. These WSPs had inhibitory effects on the activities of α-amylase and pancreatic lipase, while they rendered an increase in protease activity. These WSPs also had the ability to bind bile acids and reduce the amount of cholesterol available for absorption. This suggested that these WSPs had potential application as herbal ingredients in beverages. Further investigations on their in-vivo hypocholesterolaemic effects and intestinal functions using animal-feeding experiments are under way.     

Cell Wall Composition of Olives

Cell walls of olives (Olea europaea L.), Hojiblanca and Manzanilla, were isolated and fractionated into polysaccharides, and compositions compared. Pectic and hemicellulosic fractions were purified by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, and neutral sugar and uronic acid composition determined. Differences occurred between cultivars and seasons: Manzanilla had higher pectic polysaccharides and lower xylans. Hojiblanca showed similar but lesser differences. Arabinans were the main neutral pectic polysaccharides with arabinose > 80%. Homogalacturonans and rhamnogalacturonans were > 50% of the acidic pectic fractions. Degree of esterification and molecular weights were related to extracting solvent. Xyloglucans and galactoglucomannans were neutral hemicelluloses with molecular weights ? 260 kD. Glucuronoarabinoxylans had higher molecular weights (up to 400 kD). Acidic xylans were important in the pulp.     

Naturally fermented black olives: Effect on cell wall polysaccharides and on enzyme activities of Taggiasca and Conservolea varieties

Black olives of Taggiasca (Ta) and Conservolea (Co) varieties were processed according to the Greek style method in order to investigate the effect of this type of table olive processing on cell wall composition. Naturally black processing involves the storage in brine of fully ripe olives for several months, allowing a spontaneous fermentation by a mixed flora followed by fermentation by the lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. The smaller fruits of Ta variety are richer in pectic polysaccharides, accounting for half of total cell wall polysaccharides (12 mg/fruit), whereas in Co they accounted for one third (23 mg/fruit). Fresh Co olives had higher proportion of glucuronoxylans and xyloglucans (33%), whereas these polysaccharides accounted for 22% in Ta. The processing did not cause significant variations in the cell wall polysaccharide composition of Ta fruits, although pectic polysaccharides became more soluble in aqueous solutions. Conversely, processed Co olives had slightly higher amounts of galacturonan-rich pectic polysaccharides than the unprocessed fruits, suggesting that the long stage in brine might have contributed to the stabilisation and/or the biosynthesis of new polysaccharides. The changes caused by processing on cell wall polysaccharides appear to be closely related to the activity and availability of cell wall degrading enzymes.     

Physical and chemical changes in developing strawberry fruits

Strawberry fruits of thevariety Red Gauntlet were harvested at 7 day intervals after petal fall. Changes in fruit weight, percentages survival on the plant, chlorophyll: carotenoid and anthocyanin, titratable acid, pH of extracts and sugar content were measured. Also changes in soluble and total pectic polysaccharides in alcoholinsoluble residues of harvested fruits were followed during development. Fruit growth was not exponential and in later stages of growth the falling survival rate was correlated to fruit softening. Net synthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments took place up to 28 days and anthocyanin synthesis commenced 28 to 35 days after petal fall. The sugar content of berries increased with time and titratable acid concentrations increased slightly during development, falling in ripening fruits. The specific viscosity of soluble pectic polysaccharides fell from 28 days after petal fall. There was net synthesis of polyuronide but not neutral polysaccharide during the development of fruits and the amount of insoluble pectic polysaccharide became small and relatively constant compared with the amount of soluble polysaccharide by 21 days after petal fall. Fruits undergoing senescence lost almost all their insoluble pectic polysaccharides. The developmental processes taking place in growing fruits, especially with respect to changes in cell wall structure, and the relevance of results to fruit storage are discussed.     

Isolation and characterization of colloidal soluble polysaccharides in raspberry juice

Depending on the preparation method, the colloid content of raspberry juices treated with pectolytic enzymes, can be up to 2.5 g/L. Analysis of the polysaccharides shows that there are in particular, arabinans, arabinogalactans type II and rhamnogalacturonans. While the content of arabinans could be reduced by the action of arabinases, the arabinogalactans and rhamnogalacturonans were not degraded by conventional pectic enzymes. Besides these cell-wall polysaccharides, it was possible to isolate a high molecular-mass beta-glucan, which is thought to originate from Botrytis cinerea. Technical problems in juice clarification or filtration may be caused by this beta-glucan or the high content of residual pectic substances.     

Cocoa bean carbohydrates: roasting-induced changes and polymer interactions

Roasting induced change to carbohydrates and cell wall polysaccharides was investigated in three varieties of cocoa beans. The concentrations of glucose and fructose decreased after roasting but levels of the non-reducing sugars, sucrose, raffinose, stachyose and verbascose, were not markedly affected. Approximately 10% of the arabinose content of the polysaccharides was degraded but, overall, the pectic and hemicellulosic polymers remained intact after roasting. The degree of esterification and acetylation of the pectic polysaccharides were unaffected by roasting. Roasting did promote an interaction between polysaccharides, proteins, polyphenolics and Maillard products. This led to the formation of insoluble complexes which co-purified with, and augmented, the levels of cell wall material isolated from roasted compared to unroasted beans. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to the role that “Klason lignin” plays in the formation of these chemical amalgams during roasting.     

Structure of pectic polysaccharides isolated from onion Allium cepa L. using a simulated gastric medium and their effect on intestinal absorption

The polysaccharide fraction extracted with simulated gastric juice from onion bulbs contained a mixture of galactan with short-length sugar chains, pectic polysaccharides and evident content of proteinaceous material. Galacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan were the main constituents of the linear regions of the sugar chains of the pectic polysaccharides. The ramified regions included rhamnogalacturonan-I. NMR data revealed that the side chains of the ramified region contained mainly 1,4-linked β-d-galactopyranose residues and lesser content of 1,3-linked β-d-galactopyranose and 1,5-linked α-l-arabinofuranose residues. Furthermore, the proteinaceous material was determined to be partly linked to the sugar chains.     

The isolation and analysis of cell wall material from the alcohol-insoluble residue of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

Cell wall material (CWM) was isolated from the wet ball-milled alcohol-insoluble residue of cabbage by treatment with Pronase, phenol-acetic acid-water and 90% aqueous dimethyl sulphoxide to remove precipitated proteins, starch and other intracellular compounds. Some solubilisation (mainly of pectic material) occurred during the purification stages. Methylation analysis of the cold water-soluble polysaccharides showed that the main neutral glycosidic linkages in descending order of concentration, were: non-reducing terminal arabinose groups, 5-linked arabinose and 4-linked galactose. The CWM contained a high level of arabinose-containing pectic polysaccharides. The main linkages present in the non-cellulosic polysaccharides were 4-linked galacturonic acid, non-reducing terminal arabinose groups and 5-linked arabinose; doubly branched arabinose residues were also present. Sequential extraction of the CWM by aqueous inorganic solvents yielded further information on the types of polysaccharides present. The general structural features of the CWM are discussed in the light of these results.