真菌激发子对灵芝液体发酵生产多糖和三萜类物质的影响

采用酸解法以3 种食用菌病原真菌(木素木霉、蘑菇轮枝孢和顶头孢)为激发子菌株分别制备相应激发子,以不同浓度和不同时间添加到灵芝发酵培养基中,考察对灵芝多糖和三萜类物质积累的影响。其中顶头孢激发子无论是对灵芝多糖还是对灵芝三萜类物质积累的诱导作用都是三者中最好的,使灵芝多糖和三萜类物质的积累与对照组相比分别提高了6.1 倍和5.2 倍,且最佳作用浓度均为120μg/ml,最佳加入时间分别为灵芝发酵培养的中期(3d)和初期(0d);木素木霉激发子对灵芝多糖和三萜类物质积累的诱导作用次之,其产量分别是对照组的2.7 倍和4.0 倍,最佳作用浓度均为80μg/ml,并且最佳加入时间均为灵芝发酵培养的后期(5d);而蘑菇轮枝孢激发子对灵芝这两种活性物质积累的诱导作用是这3 种激发子作用效果最弱的。另外,3 种真菌激发子对灵芝生物量的积累也都产生了积极的影响,特别是木素木霉激发子以80μg/ml 的浓度在灵芝发酵培养初期加入,可以使生物量的积累比对照增加2.3 倍。研究结果表明,真菌激发子对灵芝多糖和三萜类物质的积累因激发子种类、浓度以及添加时间的不同而产生了不同的影响。     

混合碳源对灵芝多糖发酵及其抗肿瘤活性的影响

为了高效生产活性灵芝多糖,以葡萄糖液体发酵的基本碳源,同时添加两种灵芝多糖的主要单糖组分——半乳糖和甘露糖,研究混合碳源对灵芝生长、多糖合成及其抗肿瘤活性的影响。结果表明,以不同的混合碳源作为灵芝液态发酵的碳源,发现不同比例的单糖碳源对灵芝多糖产量和生物量影响较小。不同的灵芝多糖剂量对皮肤基底癌细胞A431和人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的增殖均有抑制作用,碳源比例对灵芝多糖活性影响较大。葡萄糖和半乳糖以质量浓度比1∶1作碳源时抑制率可达到50%~60%;葡萄糖和半乳糖质量浓度比1∶2作碳源时抑制率可达到75%~85%;葡萄糖和甘露糖质量浓度比1∶1作碳源时抑制率可达到60%~65%;葡萄糖和甘露糖质量浓度比1∶2作碳源时抑制率可达到80%~85%;葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖质量浓度比1∶1∶1作碳源时抑制率可达到80%~85%。初始培养基中半乳糖和甘露糖所占比例大有利于灵芝多糖抗肿瘤活性的发挥。     

灵芝多糖研究综述

灵芝在我国作为药物有2000多年历史，临床和药理研究表明，灵芝具有多种生理活性与药理作用；而灵芝多糖则是其最主要的有效成分，具有抗肿瘤活性功能。该文综述了近年有关灵芝多糖结构、生物学功能、生产及应用等方面的实验研究概述。1、灵芝多糖结构组成多糖结构描述包括：(1)多糖分子量范围，(2)多糖中单糖组成，(3)单糖连接点，(4)单糖和糖苷键构型，(5)重复单元。2、灵芝多糖生物功能灵芝对慢性支气管炎、冠心病、心绞痛、慢性肝炎、神经衰弱、等症均有不同程度疗效；尤其是其还具有免疫调节功能     

部分稀土元素对灵芝多糖和三萜类物质液体发酵的影响

研究5种稀土元素(镧(La)、铈(Ce)、钕(Nd)、镨(Pr)、铒(Er))对灵芝液体发酵生产灵芝多糖产量和灵芝三萜类物质的影响。结果表明：不同的稀土元素在适宜浓度时对灵芝多糖和灵芝三萜的产量均具有一定程度的促进作用。其中稀土元素镨对灵芝胞内多糖、胞外多糖和胞内三萜的生产促进作用最明显,分别在浓度为0.01、0.001mmol/L和0.1mmol/L时,使三者产量分别达到最高的772.56、452.76mg/L和398.49mg/L,分别是对照的4.67、3.05和1.91倍;而对于胞外三萜,0.001mmol/L的镧诱导效果最好,其产量达到610.08mg/L,是对照的2.03倍。可见适宜的稀土元素及浓度可显著提高灵芝多糖和灵芝三萜的生产。     

灵芝酒浸提过程中主要功能成分的变化及抗氧化作用研究

以灵芝子实体超细粉为原料,用不同体积分数的乙醇溶液浸提,对灵芝酒浸提过程中主要功能成分的变化规律及其抗氧化作用进行了研究。结果表明:灵芝酒中总皂苷、总多糖和总蛋白质3种主要活性成分的质量浓度均随浸提时间的延长而增加,其中总皂苷、总多糖的质量浓度在第35天左右达到峰值,之后略有下降,总蛋白质质量浓度在第30天左右达到峰值,之后开始降低;灵芝酒的DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS自由基清除率在第35天左右达到最大值,其抗氧化能力与总皂苷质量浓度、总多糖质量浓度和总蛋白质质量浓度均呈正相关;浸提用酒度数不同,制得灵芝酒的活性成分质量浓度不同,其抗氧化能力也不同,其中70°酒能较好地提取灵芝中3种主要活性成分,制得灵芝酒的抗氧化能力最强。因此,70°酒最适宜用来浸提灵芝酒,最佳浸提时间为35 d左右。     

黑灵芝多糖对丙烯酰胺诱导小肠上皮细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

目的：研究黑灵芝多糖对丙烯酰胺（acrylamide,AA）所致的小肠上皮细胞氧化损伤的保护作用。方法：构建AA诱导小肠上皮细胞（intestinal epithelial cells,IEC）-6氧化损伤型,采用噻唑蓝比色法检测黑灵芝多糖对IEC-6氧化损伤的保护作用;同时测定细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase,LDH）的漏出量,以及测定细胞中超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）及丙二醛（malondialdelyde,MDA）水平。结果：与正常对照组相比,不同质量浓度的黑灵芝多糖对细胞增殖影响无显著性差异。与模型（AA）组相比,不同质量浓度的黑灵芝多糖溶液能够明显减轻AA对细胞的毒害作用,提高细胞生存率,降低细胞培养液中LDH的释放;降低MDA含量,提高细胞SOD和GSH-Px活性。结论：黑灵芝多糖可以通过提高细胞内抗氧化酶系的活性和抗氧化物质GSH-Px活性从而有效地减弱AA诱导的小肠上皮细胞氧化损伤。     

3种不同产地灵芝子实体粗多糖体外抗氧化活性比较研究

采用2,2'-联氮基双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基清除法、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除法、羟基自由基清除法和铁氰化钾法4种方法,分别对3种不同产地(安徽金寨、吉林通化、吉林蛟河)灵芝子实体粗多糖的体外抗氧化活性进行评价。结果表明,3种灵芝子实体粗多糖均具有抗氧化能力。安徽金寨灵芝子实体粗多糖对ABTS自由基、DPPH自由基的清除能力最强,其对应EC50值分别为1.50 mg/m L和2.09 mg/m L,同时也具有最强的总还原力;吉林通化灵芝子实体粗多糖对羟基自由基的清除能力最强,其EC50值是2.13 mg/m L;吉林蛟河灵芝子实体粗多糖的体外抗氧化活性均最低。因此,不同产地灵芝子实体粗多糖的抗氧化活性不同。     

灵芝子实体和孢子粉纯化多糖体外抗氧化活性研究

为研究同源灵芝子实体和灵芝孢子粉纯化多糖的体外抗氧化活性,利用DEAE-650离子交换树脂,对提取获得灵芝子实体粗多糖(GLP)和灵芝孢子粉粗多糖(GLSP)进行分离纯化,GLP水洗脱得到GLP-1,0.2 mol/L NaCl洗脱得到GLP-2,GLSP水洗脱得到GLSP-1,0.2 mol/L NaCl洗脱得到GLSP-2。分别考察了4种纯化多糖的ABTS+自由基清除能力、DPPH自由基清除能力、羟基自由基清除能力和还原能力,结果表明,不同灵芝纯化多糖的抗氧化能力不同,GLP-2的4种抗氧化活性均最高,四种抗氧化能力最高,分别为98.09%、75.88%、81.55%和0.728。     

黑灵芝多糖对阿霉素大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨黑灵芝多糖对阿霉素(ADR)大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用。方法:腹腔注射ADR,建立心肌损伤模型,随机分为正常对照组、黑灵芝多糖高中低剂量组、ADR模型组,观察大鼠生理状况,检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及线粒体膜电位、丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果:与ADR模型组相比,黑灵芝多糖显著改善ADR引起体质量下降,提高CAT、GSH-Px、SOD活性和线粒体膜电位,降低LDH、CK活性和MDA含量。结论:黑灵芝多糖对ADR心肌损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制与降低心肌氧化应激、提高抗氧化防御、保护线粒体有关。     

黑灵芝多糖对氧化应激所致心肌细胞损伤的影响

目的：研究黑灵芝多糖(PSG-1)对氧化应激所致大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞损伤的影响。方法：采用过氧化氢(H2O2)作用于心肌细胞,建立氧化应激损伤模型,观察细胞搏动频率,MTT 法测定细胞存活率;比色法测定细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及丙二醛(MDA)的含量,流式细胞仪检测细胞内的活性(ROS),蛋白印迹检测细胞SOD 的蛋白表达。结果：PSG-1 预处理可减少MDA 含量,ROS 产生及LDH 的漏出,增加心肌细胞搏动频率、细胞存活率和SOD 活性及蛋白表达并且呈剂量依赖性。结论：PSG-1 对心肌细胞氧化应激损伤具有保护作用,其保护作用可能与降低MDA、ROS 的含量,增强SOD 活性及蛋白的表达有关。     

Mineral contents of some southern Italian wines. II. Determination of Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb, Ba

Following our study of the mineral contents of some Southern Italian wines, this work reports on the detection of 12 elemental components. The elements were determined using ICP-AES, flame atomic emission or absorption spectroscopy. The values determined for Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Rb, Sr and Ba were within the usual ranges for wines (average values for these elements were: 0.010, 26.2; 94.4; 888; 94.0; 3.30, 0.82 and 0.11 mg/l respectively). All the wines contained low levels of As, the concentrations of which were always under 0.20 mg/l, the maximum level permitted by E.E.C. standards. The measuring of Co, Ag, and Sb led us to ascertain, in all the wines, concentrations lower than 0.01 mg/l for Co and Ag and below the instrumental detection level for Sb (0.06 mg/l). In a previous study wines from D.O.C. areas of Southern Italy were analysed by the technique of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), for 14 minerals. This paper deals with further investigation of the mineral composition of the same wines for different metal constituents, analysed by ICP-AES, flame atomic emission, or atomic-absorption spectroscopy (two techniques). The first technique was applied to the detection of Co, As, Sr, Ag, Sb, and Ba. The alkaline metals Li, Na, K, and Rb were determined by flame atomic emission, a technique which possesses better detection limits for these elements. For Mg and Ca the atomic absorption methods were applied.     

Isolation,Composition, Structure,Properties, Modifications,and Uses of Yam Starch

Starch is the major carbohydrate in yam tubers and can amount up to 80% of the dry matter. The starch quality determines the quality of food and industrial products made from yam tubers. This review summarizes the present knowledge of the isolation, composition, structure, property, modifications, and uses of starches from diverse yam species. Compared with other tuber and root starches, there is a lack of systematic information on the yam starches. This hinders the further development of yams as sustainable crops as well as the value‐added processing of the starches. Therefore, suggestions on how to better understand and utilize these starches are provided.     

Survey of trace elements (Al,As, Cd,Cr, Co,Hg, Mn,Ni, Pb,Se, and Si) in retail samples of flavoured and bottled waters

Concentrations of eleven trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Si) were measured in 39 (natural and flavoured) water samples. Determinations were performed using graphite furnace electrothermetry for almost all elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Si). For Se determination hydride generation was used, and cold vapour generation for Hg. These techniques were coupled to atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The trace element content of still or sparkling natural waters changed from brand to brand. Significant differences between natural still and natural sparkling waters (p < 0.001) were only apparent for Mn. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to search for significant differences between flavoured and natural waters. The concentration of each element was compared with the presence of flavours, preservatives, acidifying agents, fruit juice and/or sweeteners, according to the labelled composition. It was shown that flavoured waters generally increase the trace element content. The addition of preservatives and acidifying regulators had a significant influence on Mn, Co, As and Si contents (p < 0.05). Fruit juice can also be correlated to the increase of Co and As. Sweeteners did not provide any significant difference in Mn, Co, Se and Si content.     

Analysis of cheese for histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophane

A method is described for determining the content of selected biologically active amines (histamine, tyramine, tryptamine) and amino acids (histidine, tyrosine, tryptophane) in cheeses by high performance liquid chromatography. The amines and amino acids were quantified by employing a counter ion-containing mobile phase and by comparing peak areas of high performance liquid chromatography charts for sample cheeses versus standard cheeses containing known amounts of added amines based on dual injections of samples and standards. Recovery of amines and amino acids varied from 87.5 to 111%. Histamine, which has been associated with food poisoning in concentrations of 185 mg/100 g in Swiss cheese and 180 to 500 mg/100 g in fish, was found in concentrations above 500 mg/100 g in Swiss cheese. The high performance liquid chromatography analytical method should be useful for screening to detect cheese samples containing toxic amounts of histamine and for research studies designed to determine the cause and effect relationships for histamine production in cheese.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

In Vitro Digestion of Raw,Roasted, and Pressure-Flaked Corn, ,

We compared raw, roasted, and pressure-flaked com in dry matter and starch digestion studies in vitro. For dry matter digestion, incubations were 1, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. Dry matter digestion was increased in hours 1 through 24 by processing. Digestion in the 48-h period was decreased by processing which suggests that processing may increase the ease of utilization but not total utilization. Roasting decreased 48-h dry matter digestion more than pressure flaking. Starch digestion with incubations 1, 4, 24, and 48 h favored processed corn at all hours except 4. The 48-h observations from both studies indicate that while processing enhances starch utilization, it impairs utilization of other components in the grain. Prediction equations for dry matter and starch digestion for each corn treatment from length of incubation period and squared length of incubation period had multiple correlations of .96 or greater.     

The effect of storage of canned juices on content of the metals Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sn, Al, Cd, Sb and Ni

The increase in concentration of iron, copper, zinc, lead, antimony, aluminium, cadmium, tin and nickel over a 2 year's time of juices of peach (prunus persica), pear (pyrus communis), apricot (prunus vulgaris) and apple (malus pumila) was determined. The results show a considerable increase in Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn and Sn with time, while the change in Al, Cd, Ni and Sb is negligible.     

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium were determined in samples of meat, liver and kidney from pigs and cattle from Swedish slaughterhouses. The results have been compared with those reported from other investigations carried out in recent years. For zinc, copper, manganese and selenium, the mean levels found in the different tissues were very similar to those reported in previous studies. The mean levels of chromium and nickel were found to be in the range less than 0.010-0.015 mg/kg, regardless of the type of tissue. Cobalt levels ranged from 0.001 to 0.043 mg/kg, the highest levels being in the liver samples. The mean levels of aluminium were between 0.024 and 0.068 mg/kg. Tissues from cattle contained approximately twice as much aluminium as tissues from pigs. Analytical quality assurance was carried out by analysing standard reference materials. A great effort was made to minimize and check contamination. This may partly explain the fact that the levels of chromium, nickel, and aluminium found in the present study are among the lowest reported.     

The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle

Summary The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium were determined in samples of meat, liver and kidney from pigs and cattle from Swedish slaughterhouses. The results have been compared with those reported from other investigations carried out in recent years. For zinc, copper, manganese and selenium, the mean levels found in the different tissues were very similar to those reported in previous studies. The mean levels of chromium and nickel were found to be in the range <0.010–0.015 mg/kg, regardless of the type of tissue. Cobalt levels ranged from 0.001 to 0.043 mg/kg, the highest levels being in the liver samples. The mean levels of aluminium were between 0.024 and 0.068 mg/kg. Tissues from cattle contained approximately twice as much aluminium as tissues from pigs. Analytical quality assurance was carried out by analysing standard reference materials. A great effort was made to minimize and check contamination. This may partly explain the fact that the levels of chromium, nickel, and aluminium found in the present study are among the lowest reported.

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Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren von schwedischen Schweinen und Rindvieh

Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Gehalt an Zink, Kupfer, Mangan, Selen, Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt und Aluminium in Fleisch, Leber und Nieren vom Schwein und Rind aus schwedischen Schlachthäusern bestimmt. Diese Ergebnisse wurden mit denen anderer Untersuchungen verglichen. Die Durchschnittswerte für Zink, Kupfer, Mangan und Selen in verschiedenen Geweben waren ungefähr die gleichen wie in früheren Untersuchungen; die für Chrom und Nickel lagen alle im Intervall <0,010 bis zu 0,015 mg/kg, unabhängig von der Art der Gewebe, und die für Kobalt zwischen 0,001 und 0,043 mg/kg, mit den höchsten Werten in der Leber. Für Aluminium ergaben sich Durchschnittswerte zwischen 0,024 und 0,068 mg/kg, wobei die Gewebe vom Rind ungefahr doppelt so viel Aluminium enthalten wie die Gewebe vom Schwein. Die analytische Qualitätskontrolle wurde mit Referenzmaterial durchgeführt. Viel Arbeit wurde zur Minimierung und Kontrolle der Kontamination aufgewendet. Das kann zu einem Teil erklären, daß die Werte von Chrom, Nickel und Aluminium unserer Untersuchung zu den niedrigsten bisher veröffentlichten Werten gehören.