坚果类食物清除ROO·的作用

采用一种测定样品清除氧自由基能力的方法,检测一些坚果类食物清除ROO·的作用,结果表明葵花子具有较强的清除ROO·的作用．花生、核桃等次之,栗子、莲子的作用最弱;另外,不同的坚果类食物清除ROO·的作用在水溶相与脂溶相分布也有所不同;相关分析表明坚果类食物脂溶相清除ROO·的能力与其脂肪含量有显著相关关系,水溶相清除ROO·的作用来源尚有待进一步研究     

坚果类食物清除R00的作用

采用一种测定样品清除氧币基能力的方法，检测一些坚果类食物清除ＲＯＯ的作用，结果表明蔡花子具有 的清除ＲＯＯ的作用，花生，核桃等次之，粟子，莲子的作用最弱，另外，不同的坚果类食物清除ＲＯＯ的作用在水溶相与脂溶相分布也有所不同。     

坚果果壳中活性物质体外抗氧化活性研究进展

作为坚果副产物的坚果果壳资源丰富,且富含多糖、多酚、黄酮等功能性成分,具有重要的开发价值。研究表明,坚果果壳提取物具有显著的抗氧化活性,可以清除体内自由基,减缓衰老,是开发天然抗氧化剂的优质资源。本文主要对坚果果壳中抗氧化活性物质体外抗氧化活性研究的重要性、各种研究方法的基本原理及应用情况进行了讨论,为坚果果壳抗氧化物质的开发利用提供参考。      

不同压榨方式澳洲坚果油品质及抗氧化活性比较

采用螺旋热榨、螺旋冷榨与液压压榨方式制备澳洲坚果油,运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其 脂肪酸组成进行分析,并以核桃油为对照,对其色差值、质量指标与总酚含量进行测定;同时,以核桃 油与芦丁标准品为对照,研究其对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、2’-联氨-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸 （2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS）自由基的清除能力及还原力。结果表明： 不同压榨方式澳洲坚果油中,液压压榨澳洲坚果油品质最佳,其评估色泽的L、a 、b值分别为99.78、 －1.44、2.99;质量指标酸价、过氧化值分别为0.648 6 mg/g、0.466 8 mmol/kg;含有5 种不饱和脂肪酸,总质量 分数为83.89%,其中油酸62.66%、棕榈油酸16.75%、亚油酸1.47%;总酚含量为679.11 μg/mL。不同压榨方式澳 洲坚果油的抗氧化活性与其质量浓度呈正相关,对羟自由基与超氧阴离子自由基有较强的清除作用,具有一定的 ABTS＋·清除能力与还原力。其中液压压榨澳洲坚果油对羟自由基的清除能力（半抑制浓度（half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC50）1.31 mg/mL）与还原力（IC50 14.78 mg/mL）优于热榨、冷榨澳洲坚果油,低于芦丁 标准品;对超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力（IC50 0.029 mg/mL）较强,相同质量浓度下优于冷榨澳洲坚果油与芦丁 标准品,低于热榨澳洲坚果油与核桃油;对ABTS＋·的清除能力（IC50 12.88 mg/mL）高于热榨澳洲坚果油与核桃 油,低于冷榨澳洲坚果油与芦丁标准品。相关性分析得出不同压榨方式澳洲坚果油与核桃油中的总酚含量与其清除 羟自由基（R＝0.951 9,P＜0.01）、ABTS＋·（R＝0.910 7,P＜0.01）的能力及还原力（R＝0.939 4,P＜0.01）之 间具有较高的相关性。     

两种方法测定香辛料提取物抗氧化活性的比较

本实验分别采用TBARS(硫代巴比妥酸反应物)法和FRAP(还原能力)法研究七种香辛料95%乙醇提取物的抗氧化作用。结果表明,七种香辛料提取物均有较好的抗氧化和还原能力。TBARS法测定抗氧化能力大小依次为:甘草>迷迭香>肉豆蔻>姜黄>丁香>白豆蔻>桂皮;FRAP法测定还原能力大小为:丁香>桂皮>肉豆蔻>迷迭香>姜黄>甘草>白豆蔻。两种方法得到的活性顺序存在很大差异,表明活性大小与其体系密切相关。     

提取方法对澳洲坚果油的化学成分及其抗氧化活性影响研究

本文旨在研究不同提取方法(水剂法、压榨法、溶剂法)对澳洲坚果油主要理化性质、活性成分、脂肪酸组成和红外光谱的影响,并采用DPPH自由基清除能力和氧化稳定性来综合评价澳洲坚果油的抗氧化活性。结果表明:三种提取方法得到的澳洲坚果油的理化性质(过氧化值、酸价、皂化值、碘值等)均符合国家食用油标准;与溶剂法和水剂法相比,压榨法得到的澳洲坚果油表现出较好的产品特性,其总酚酸含量((41.82±0.73)mg/100 g)、不饱和脂肪酸含量(83.67%)最高,且其氧化诱导时间((13.87±0.37)h)最长,清除DPPH自由基能力(46.70%)最强。红外谱图显示不同提取方法得到的澳洲坚果油均具有坚果油的特征吸收,且提取方法对其分子结构没有影响;通过分析不同提取方法得到的澳洲坚果油的品质,可为提取高品质澳洲坚果油奠定理论基础,同时也为澳洲坚果油的工业化生产提供了参考依据。      

澳洲坚果青皮多酚提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

以新鲜澳洲坚果青皮为原料,研究了澳洲坚果青皮多酚的提取工艺及抗氧化活性。在单因素实验的基础上,通过4因素3水平的正交实验优化澳洲坚果青皮多酚提取工艺,并以Trolox为对照,研究其对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的清除能力以及总抗氧化能力。正交实验结果表明:提取时间为90 min、料液比为1∶50（g/m L）、提取温度为50℃、乙醇体积分数为40%为最佳提取工艺条件,在此条件下澳洲坚果青皮多酚提取量达到（1027.47±10.76）mg/100 g。抗氧化实验结果表明:澳洲坚果青皮多酚对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的半数清除率IC50分别为4.13、112.94 mg/L,且其总抗氧化能力约为Trolox的1.7倍。由此可知,澳洲坚果青皮多酚具有很强的抗氧化能力,可用于制备天然抗氧化剂。      

用两种方法评价四种食品抗氧化剂的抗氧化活性

分别用DPPH·分光光度法及TBARS法研究了BHT、TBHQ、TP与VE的抗氧化活性。结果显示它们对DPPH·皆有清除作用,清除活性为TBHQ>TP>VE>BHT;对亚油酸的脂质过氧化也都有抑制作用,抑制活性为BHT>VE>TBHQ>TP。不同测试体系中它们表现出的抗氧化活性不同,值得注意。     

水剂法提取澳洲坚果油的化学成分及其抗氧化活性研究

采用水剂法从烘干的澳洲坚果仁中提取仁油,先对其基本理化性质进行分析,再通过红外、气相和液相色谱法对坚果油的红外特性、脂肪酸组成、生育酚、磷脂、甾醇进行分析,并通过测定其氧化诱导时间和清除DPPH自由基的能力来综合评价澳洲坚果油的抗氧化能力。结果表明:水剂法提取的澳洲坚果油的过氧化值、酸价、碘值、皂化值、折光率、水分及挥发物含量分别为0.59 mmoL/kg、0.28 mg KOH/g、74.21g/100g、198.78mg KOH/g、1.466 8、0.36%;红外谱图显示澳洲坚果油具有坚果油的特征吸收;脂肪酸分析发现其不饱和脂肪酸含量为83.45%,其中棕榈油酸和油酸含量分别为17.25%和61.44%;甾醇含量为55.51 mg/100g;总酚酸含量为31.87 mg/100g;磷脂和生育酚均未检出;澳洲坚果油的氧化诱导时间为11.44h,其清除DPPH自由基的能力达89.84%,具有良好的抗氧化能力。     

澳洲坚果叶片酚类物质提取及抗氧化活性研究

以新鲜澳洲坚果叶片为原料,以总酚提取量为考察指标,利用传统溶剂浸提法结合正交试验优化澳洲坚果叶片酚类物质提取工艺条件;以水溶性维生素E(Trolox)为阳性对照,评价其体外抗氧化活性。正交试验结果表明:澳洲坚果叶片酚类物质最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇浓度40%,提取温度60℃,料液比1∶60(g/mL),提取时间25 min,在此条件下,澳洲坚果叶片总酚提取量为1 176 mg/100 g。抗氧化试验结果表明:澳洲坚果叶片总酚与Trolox对DPPH自由基的半数清除率IC50分别为7.23、10.15 mg/L;当澳洲坚果叶片总酚浓度和Trolox浓度均为200 mg/L时,FeSO4当量浓度分别为2.40、1.72 mmol/L。由此可知,澳洲坚果叶片酚类物质具有较强抗氧化活性。     

Phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of Maya nut (Brosimum alicastrum): Comparison with commercial nuts

The goal of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) of Maya nut (Brosimum alicastrum) in comparison with commercially available nuts (i.e. walnut, almond, and peanut). Results indicated that Maya nut had the highest TPCs among these nuts. Maya nut also possessed strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2.2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (p < 0.05) as compared to walnut, almond, and peanut. Five phenolic acids (gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid) and one flavonoid ((-)-epicatechin) were identified and the phenolic content ranged from 6.5 to 326.2 µg/g.     

Aflatoxins in nuts assayed by immunological methods

 Different kinds of raw and processed nuts available in the local retail market were investigated for aflatoxin content. Total aflatoxins and aflatoxin B₁ content were determined by immunoaffinity chromatography with fluorescence detection after reaction with bromine solution and by immunoenzymatic test kits. Of 29 investigated samples, 38% were contaminated. The total aflatoxin content in contaminated samples was between 1.20 μg/kg for peanuts and 5.50 μg/kg for walnuts. The concentration of aflatoxin B₁ found in contaminated samples was between 0.35 μg/kg for cashew nuts and 4.04 μg/kg for walnuts. The mean recovery of total aflatoxins was 95% for the Ridascreen test and 92% for immunoaffinity chromatography with fluorescence detection. For aflatoxin B₁ the mean recovery was 84%. Received: 4 March 1999 / Revised version: 17 May 1999     

Evaluating the in vitro bioaccessibility of phenolics and antioxidant activity during consumption of dried fruits with nuts

Dried fruits and nuts are considered as healthy snacks and they are often consumed together in the Turkish diet. In order to investigate the effect of codigestion of dried fruits (figs, apricots, raisins) together with nuts (almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts), total phenolics (TP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) have been evaluated spectrophotometrically at different phases of simulated gastrointestinal (GI) digestion, using an in vitro model. TP, ABTS and CUPRAC results revealed that for all fruit–nut mixtures, the amount recovered in the dialyzed fraction was lower than the recovery of fruits or nuts alone, indicating an antagonistic effect. On the other hand, DPPH results showed that for fig–walnut, fig–hazelnut and apricot–hazelnut mixtures the quantity recovered in the dialyzed fractions were 35–107% higher than the recovery of fruits or nuts alone, representing a synergistic effect. Similarly, FRAP results also demonstrated a synergistic effect in case of fig–walnut, apricot–walnut and apricot–hazelnut mixtures (10–74% higher recovery). Current study provides valuable insights into the changes taking place during in vitro GI digestion of dried fruits and nuts.     

Comparison of isolation methods for the determination of buckwheat volatile compounds

Five different isolation techniques were combined with gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric determination of aroma compounds from buckwheat: dynamic headspace (DHS) with cryotrapping or sorbent trapping, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE), solvent extraction (SE) and simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE). Optimisation of each technique is presented, as well as comparison of the chemical profiles obtained by them. Solvent extraction with methanol resulted in the isolation of rather polar and less volatile compounds and was deemed least suitable for the odour-active compounds. Only SPME with DVB/CAR/PDMS fibre was suitable for the isolation of highly volatile compounds in a wider polarity range. DHS extracted the smallest number of compounds, but with the comparable chemical profile as obtained by SDE, which was chosen as the most suitable technique to obtain the aroma compounds of cooked buckwheat. The applied isolation techniques are complementary in their ability to extract a representative aroma profile of buckwheat.     

Aflatoxin contents of stored and artificially inoculated cereals and nuts

Aflatoxin contents of cereals and nuts, collected from local markets of NWFP, were determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The seeds of these crops were also inoculated with Aspergillus flavus and the aflatoxin content and its relation with the proximate composition of seeds was studied. The effect of storage for different durations of time (2–3 and 12–18 months) on the aflatoxin content of seeds was also assessed. Aflatoxin content of cereals (wheat, maize and rice) ranged from 14 to 45 μg/kg, and that of nuts (almond, walnut and peanut) varied from 5 to 17 μg/kg. The aflatoxin content was within the safe limit (50 μg/kg) recommended by FAO. The aflatoxin content of inoculated seeds was significantly (p < 0.05) increased over control (un-inoculated seeds). This was positively related (r = 0.65) to moisture content of the seeds. However, negative correlation (r = −0.50) existed between aflatoxin and ash contents of the seeds. Protein, fat and total carbohydrate (NFE) contents were not much affected by inoculation. Prolonged storage for 18 months (1.5 years) significantly (p < 0.05) increased aflatoxin contents of seeds compared to short storage periods (2–3 months). It was concluded that aflatoxin content of food should be monitored to ensure food safety. Prolonged storage of cereal and nuts in warm humid condition should be avoided to minimize the risk of aflatoxin contamination.     

Total antioxidant capacity of spices, dried fruits, nuts, pulses, cereals and sweets consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays

With the aim to expand the Italian total antioxidant capacity (TAC) database, the TAC values of 11 spices, 5 dried fruits, 7 sweets, 18 cereal products, 5 pulses, and 6 nuts were determined using three different assays and considering the contribution of bound antioxidant compounds in fiber-rich foods (i. e. cereals, legumes, and nuts). Among spices, saffron displayed the highest antioxidant capacity, whereas among dried fruits, prune exhibited the highest value. The TAC values of all the chocolates analyzed were far higher than the other sweet extracts measured. Among cereal products, whole meal buckwheat and wheat bran had the greatest TAC. Among pulses and nuts, broad bean, lentil and walnuts had the highest antioxidant capacity, whereas chickpeas, pine nuts and peanuts were less effective. The contribution of bound phytochemicals to the overall TAC was relevant in cereals as well as in nuts and pulses. The complete TAC database could be utilized to properly investigate the role of dietary antioxidants in disease prevention.     

测定稻谷中α-淀粉酶活性的两种方法的比较

采用碘比色法和降落数值法分别测定稻谷中α-淀粉酶活性,对测定结果进行了比较分析。实验结果表明：两种方法都可以测定α-淀粉酶活性,两者的测定结果差异显著,但两者测定结果呈显著直线相关性,说明降落数值的高低能间接的反映α-淀粉酶活性的大小;从变异系数来看,后者的变异程度较低,其精密度较高,前者引起的误差因素较后者多;后者较前者简便快速,重复性好等优点。通过分析研究比较,降落数值法是分析测定大量样品α-淀粉酶活性的最佳方法。     

保健食品中总汞测定方法的比较

摘要：目的 验证测汞仪直接固体进样测定保健食品中总汞的结果可靠性。方法 采用测汞仪固体直接进样和原子荧光光谱法两种方法对保健食品中的总汞进行测定。结果 几种不同浓度加标的保健食品测汞仪测定的总汞结果与原子荧光法测定结果相符,回收率在88%～116%之间、RSD<10%。结论 测汞仪直接固体进样测定保健食品中总汞的方法具有准确、快捷、运行成本低、无环境污染等优点,和现有国标原子荧光法测定同一样品,测定结果具有可比性,方法具有可推广性。