液相色谱-串联质谱检测鱼类及海鲜类调味品中的雪卡毒素

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱分析深海鱼及鱼酱中太平洋雪卡毒素(P-CTX-1,P-CTX-2,P-CTX-3)的方法。用甲醇/正己烷(80/20)溶液对太平洋雪卡毒素(P-CTX-1,P-CTX-2,P-CTX-3)进行提取,C18、硅胶固相萃取柱净化后,采用液相色谱分离,以电喷雾离子源正离子选择反应监测模式进行质谱分析。三种太平洋雪卡毒素(P-CTX-1,P-CTX-2,P-CTX-3)在1.0~20μg/L线性良好,相关系数0.99。虎鳗肌肉空白样品添加太平洋卡毒素的回收率均在70.1%~93.5%(n=6),精密度(RSD)在2.9%~15.3%。鱼肉组织中太平洋雪卡毒素(P-CTX-1,P-CTX-2,P-CTX-3)的检出限均为0.1μg/kg。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定海鳗鱼肉中3种太平洋雪卡毒素

目的建立了一种平行振荡方法萃取海鳗鱼肉中的3种太平洋雪卡毒素(P-CTX-1、P-CTX-2、P-CTX-3),并采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法同时测定P-CTX-1、P-CTX-2、P-CTX-3残留量的分析方法。方法海鳗等样品经甲醇并采用平行振荡方法提取,C18固相萃取柱净化后,采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱分析测定。结果以基质标准曲线外标法定量,线性范围为0.01～50.0 ng/g,相关系数均大于0.999(r≥0.999,n=3),P-CTX-1、P-CTX-2、P-CTX-3的定量限分别为(LOQs,S/N=10)0.009、0.019、0.017 ng/g。以0.05、0.10、0.50 ng/g 3个添加浓度水平进行方法验证,回收率分别为72.9~81.0%、63.0~77.9%、46.3~69.5%,相对标准偏差分别为2.3~2.7%、2.1~12.2%、6.1~15.3%。结论 该方法简便快速、灵敏度高,适用于鱼肉中同时快速检测3种太平洋雪卡毒素。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定海鳗鱼肉中 3种太平洋雪卡毒素

目的 建立了一种平行振荡方法萃取海鳗鱼肉中的3种太平洋雪卡毒素（P-CTX-1、P-CTX-2、P-CTX-3）,并采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法同时测定P-CTX-1、P-CTX-2、P-CTX-3残留量的分析方法。方法 海鳗等样品经甲醇并采用平行振荡方法提取,C18固相萃取柱净化后,采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱分析测定。结果 以基质标准曲线外标法定量,线性范围为0.01?50.0 ng/g,相关系数均大于0.999（r≥0.999,n=3）,P-CTX-1、P-CTX-2、P-CTX-3的定量限分别为（LOQs,S/N=10）0.009、0.019、0.017 ng/g。以0.05、0.10、0.50 ng/g 3 个添加浓度水平进行方法验证,回收率分别为72.9~81.0%、63.0~77.9%、46.3~69.5%,相对标准偏差分别为2.3~2.7%、2.1~12.2%、6.1~15.3%。结论 该方法简便快速、灵敏度高,适用于鱼肉中同时快速检测3 种太平洋雪卡毒素。     

椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种食物中毒的病原分离鉴定

目的通过对食物中毒病原菌的分离鉴定,为查明中毒原因提供科学依据。方法分离鉴定和毒性试验按照国家标准方法 WS/T 12—1996《椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种食物中毒诊断标准及处理原则》和GB/T 4789.29—2003《食品卫生微生物学检验椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种检验》进行。米酵菌酸检测按照GB/T 11675—2003《银耳卫生标准》执行,采用液相色谱-质谱联用法对样品开展检测。结果经VITEK 2 COMPACT全自动微生物生化鉴定仪和基因指纹鉴定仪进行鉴定,4份样品中3份鉴定结果为唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德菌,小鼠毒性试验阳性。4份样品均检测出米酵菌酸。结论本次食物中毒源于食源性椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种污染。     

一例鼠药中毒事件的应急检测

目的对深圳市一起鼠药中毒事件进行应急检测。方法样品经过处理后,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进行测定,确定中毒情况后,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法进行复查,外标法定量。结果血样及药物样品中均检测出毒鼠强,浓度分别为55μg/L、39.2 mg/kg。结论本次食物中毒事件是由于食用了含有毒鼠强的药物所致,市民应加强食品安全意识。     

河鲀中河鲀毒素检测研究进展

河鲀毒素(tetrodotoxin,TTX)是一种毒性极强的天然小分子生物碱,无特效解毒剂,中毒潜伏期短,在水产品质量安全领域受到极大关注。本文总结了河鲀毒素的毒性、相关法规、化学性质和反应特点,并对河鲀毒素检测过程中样品前处理以及检测方法进行了总结,并详细综述了河鲀毒素常用的生物检测法、液相色谱荧光检测法、气相色谱串联质谱法、液相色谱串联质谱检测法和免疫及电化学检测方法应用情况,尤其对免疫检测与电化学技术结合的方法进行了分类分析。最后,本文分析了免疫分析过程中竞争型和非竞争型免疫的区别与优缺点,并对新型电化学免疫快速检测的方法开发进行了展望,以期为检测TTX等小分子化合物的新型检测技术的开发提供参考。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鱼粉中诺氟沙星、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星残留量的不确定度评估

目的：评定高效液相色谱－串联质谱法测定鱼肉中诺氟沙星、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星药物残留量的不确定度。方法：依据GB/T 21312-2007《动物源性食品中14种喹诺酮药物残留检测方法 液相色谱-质谱/质谱法》,建立数学模型,计算各来源对其检测的不确定度影响,从而得出合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果：鱼肉中诺氟沙星、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星残留量测定结果的扩展不确定度分别为36.17,4.86,3.15μg/Kg。结论：影响检测结果的不确定度主要来源于标准曲线拟合、标准溶液配制和样品回收率。     

鱼肉中氟苯尼考标准样品的制备

研究鲤鱼鱼肉基质中氟苯尼考的标准样品制备方法。通过添加氟苯尼考养殖鲤鱼获得样品基质,用液相色谱串联质谱法对样品的均匀性和稳定性进行检测,通过8 家实验室协作定值的方式对标准样品进行定值和不确定度评估,结果表明样品的均匀性良好,稳定性可达36 个月,可以用于水产品中氟苯尼考残留检测质量控制和相关的科研需要。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定毒蘑菇中5种强毒性蘑菇毒素含量

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检测毒蘑菇中α-鹅膏毒肽、β-鹅膏毒肽、γ-鹅膏毒肽、羧基二羟鬼笔毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽5种强毒性蘑菇毒素含量的分析方法。方法样品经甲醇/水(3:7, V:V)混合液超声提取,离心后取上清液过0.22μm微孔滤膜,C18色谱柱分离,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪上采用多反应监测正离子模式测定,外标法定量检测。结果蘑菇样本中检测出α-鹅膏毒肽、β-鹅膏毒肽、γ-鹅膏毒肽和羧基二羟鬼笔毒肽4种蘑菇毒素,浓度分别为164、198、33、2208 mg/kg。结论本方法快速简便、准确,可用于因蘑菇毒素引起的食物中毒应急检测。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测咖啡中黄曲霉毒素和杂色曲霉素

研究咖啡中4种黄曲霉毒素和杂色曲霉素的快速检测方法并对实际样品进行检测。咖啡样品经酸化的乙腈水溶液超声提取后,通过 QuEChERS（quick,easy,cheap,effective,rugged,safe）技术净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,5种真菌毒素在1 μg/L～20 μg/L线性范围内线性关系良好,检出限和定量限分别为0.07 μg/kg～0.4 μg/kg和0.2 μg/kg～1.3 μg/kg。4种黄曲霉毒素和杂色曲霉素的平均加标回收率为88.2%～119.0%（n=6）,相对标准偏差为1.9%～13.2%。建立的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测方法能够对咖啡豆及咖啡粉样品中黄曲霉毒素和杂色曲霉素进行快速、准确、可靠的分析。     

Tetrodotoxin poisoning due to smooth-backed blowfish Lagocephalus inermis and toxicity of L. inermis caught off the Kyushu coast, Japan

Food poisoning due to ingestion of a puffer fish occurred in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, in October 2008, causing neurotoxic symptoms similar to those of tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning. In the present study, we identified the species, toxicity, and toxins using the remaining samples of the causative puffer fish. The puffer fish was identified as smooth-backed blowfish Lagocephalus inermis by nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and cytochrome b gene fragments of muscle mitochondrial DNA. The residual liver sample showed toxicity as high as 1,230 mouse unit (MU)/g by bioassay and TTX was detected by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. We therefore concluded that the food poisoning was due to TTX caused by consumption of the toxic liver of L. inermis. This is the first report that the liver of L. inermis caught in Japanese waters is strongly toxic, with levels exceeding 1,000 MU/g. In this context, we re-examined the toxicity of L. inermis collected off the coast of Japan. Of 13 specimens assayed, 12 were toxic, although the toxicity varied markedly among individuals and tissues. Because the intestine and ovary of L. inermis have been considered non-toxic, it is particularly noteworthy that these organs were determined to be toxic, with a maximum toxicity of 43.6 MU/g and 10.0 MU/g, respectively. Furthermore, kidney, gallbladder, and spleen, whose toxicity has been unknown, were frequently found to be weakly toxic with levels ranging from 10 to 99 MU/g. Therefore, further study is needed to re-examine the toxicity of smooth-backed blowfish L. inermis in the coastal waters of Japan.     

Lipophilic toxin profiles associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in scallops, Patinopecten yessoensis, collected in Hokkaido and comparison of the quantitative results between LC/MS and mouse bioassay

Lipophilic toxins associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in scallops, Patinopecten yessoensis, collected in Hokkaido, Japan were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Pectenotoxin-6 (PTX6) and yessotoxin (YTX) were the dominant toxins in the scallops, although the percentages of these toxins were different depending on the production area or the sampling period. The quantitative results obtained for the scallops in LC/MS and in mouse bioassay (MBA) were compared. Fifty of the 55 samples found to be exceeding the local quarantine level (0.025 MU/g whole meat) in Hokkaido by LC/MS were quantified by MBA as being below the quarantine level. It is suggested that this discrepancy is due to poor detection of YTX by MBA. These results indicate that LC/MS is a better method than MBA in terms of sensitivity and accuracy to quantify known lipophilic toxins, including YTX.     

一起牛奶中脱氢乙酸钠中毒事件调查分析

目的对疑似牛奶中毒事件进行流行病学调查分析,查明引起食物中毒原因,为类似突发应急食物中毒事件处置提供参考。方法根据现场流行病学调查,采用高效液相色谱等方法对样品进行检测,综合分析判定食物中毒原因。结果本次食物中毒事件发病28人,送检的牛奶样品中检出脱氢乙酸钠,含量为1.70和1.71 g/kg,未发现含有其他毒物。结论本次中毒事件是由牛奶中违规添加高浓度脱氢乙酸钠引起。     

舟山海域麻痹性贝类毒素污染情况及其2种检测方法比较

目的检测舟山东极与嵊泗枸杞2个海域养殖贻贝中的麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poison,PSP),比较小鼠生物测定法与酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)的测定结果。方法采用小鼠生物测定法与酶联免疫吸附法检测贝类中的麻痹性贝类毒素,并将2者的检测结果进行比较分析。结果 2种检测方法检测的麻痹性贝类毒素含量结果基本一致。5月份东极岛海域的厚壳贻贝中检出PSP((500±3.2)MU/100 g),超标率为5%;嵊泗枸杞海域贝类PSP含量较低,未超出安全食用标准。2个海域的紫贻贝PSP含量均未超出安全食用标准。结论小鼠生物法与ELISA方法的评价结果基本一致,其检测出的PSP结果可以为摄入PSP风险评估提供数据支撑。由于ELISA方法的检测成本较高,因此可采用小鼠生物法进行麻痹性贝类毒素风险监测。     

Toxicity of puffer fish cultured in netcages

During 1990 to 2003, the toxicity of the liver in 4,515 specimens of the puffer fish Takifugu rubripes (torafugu) cultured in netcages or on land were investigated by means of mouse bioassay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Other tissues (skin, muscles, gonads, etc.) were also investigated in some of them. All the livers and other parts examined were found to be non-toxic. The peak corresponding to tetrodotoxin (TTX) was not detected in the samples by LC/MS analysis for TTX (< 0.1 MU/g). These results show that puffer fish fed on a non-toxic diet in netcages do not become intoxicated.     

Contamination of shellfish from Shanghai seafood markets with paralytic shellfish poisoning and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins determined by mouse bioassay and HPLC

This paper reports the results of investigations of shellfish toxin contamination of products obtained from Shanghai seafood markets. From May to October 2003, 66 samples were collected from several major seafood markets. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in shellfish samples were monitored primarily by a mouse bioassay, then analysed by HPLC for the chemical contents of the toxins. According to the mouse bioassay, eight samples were detected to be contaminated by PSP toxins and seven samples were contaminated by DSP toxins. Subsequent HPLC analysis indicated that the concentrations of the PSP toxins ranged from 0.2 to 1.9 µg/100 g tissues and the main components were gonyautoxins 2/3 (GTX2/3). As for DSP, okadaic acid was detected in three samples, and its concentration ranged from 3.2 to 17.5 µg/100 g tissues. Beside okadaic acid, its analogues, dinophysistoxins (DTX1), were found in one sample. According to the results, gastropod (Neverita didyma) and scallop (Argopecten irradians) were more likely contaminated with PSP and DSP toxins, and most of the contaminated samples were collected from Tongchuan and Fuxi markets. In addition, the contaminated samples were always found in May, June and July. Therefore, consumers should be cautious about eating the potential toxic shellfish during this specific period.     

秦皇岛市一起野生蘑菇中毒事件的调查和确证

目的 调查分析秦皇岛市一起食用野生蘑菇中毒事件,鉴定毒蘑菇种类,总结调查处置经验,提出防控措施,为野生蘑菇中毒患者的救治和预防提供借鉴。方法 运用现场流行病学调查、形态学鉴定和蘑菇毒素检测方法对中毒事件进行综合判断分析。结果 秦皇岛市4名村民食用自采野生蘑菇后全部出现恶心、腹痛、腹泻、多汗、寒颤等症状。在医院接受催吐、洗胃、给予阿托品及其他对症治疗,患者预后良好。经形态学鉴定和毒素检测后判定为一起由食用丝盖伞属蘑菇引起的食物中毒。结论 这是河北省首次报道由丝盖伞属蘑菇引起的中毒事件,中毒原因系受网络误导,食品安全防范意识差导致的误食。因此应加强食品安全宣传教育,提升民众防范意识,预防采食野生蘑菇中毒。     

The problem of selective determination of PSP toxins in mussels

Levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish are routinely determined by mouse bioassay. In order to improve the qualitative and quantitative determination of PSP toxins, chromatographic techniques with fluorescence detection have been developed. These HPLC methods and the HPLC/MS coupling were used to determine a second PSP toxin which was found, in addition to saxitoxin, in canned Spanish mussels. These canned mussels were rejected in 1986 by the German food control because PSP concentrations were too high. It has been shown that these samples contained mainly dc-saxitoxin.     

LC-MS/MS analysis of palytoxin analogues in blue humphead parrotfish Scarus ovifrons causing human poisoning in Japan

Since 1953, a total of 27 human poisoning cases caused by the consumption of blue humphead parrotfish, Scarus ovifrons, have been reported in Japan. Characteristic symptoms are severe muscle pain associated with rhabdomyolysis. Although it is believed that palytoxin, which is one of the most potent non-protein marine biotoxins, is the most likely causative toxin in blue humphead parrotfish poisoning, palytoxin has not been proven conclusively as the causative toxin because of lack of a reliable and sensitive analytical method for palytoxin. In 2011, human poisoning cases caused by the consumption of blue humphead parrotfish occurred in Miyazaki and Tokyo. In our present study, an LC-MS/MS method for palytoxin and its analogues in the blue humphead parrotfish samples causing the human poisoning cases in 2011 was developed and the samples were analysed by using the newly developed LC-MS/MS method. Palytoxin and its analogues were not detected in the samples from the food poisoning cases. The LC-MS/MS findings therefore do not support the recently accepted hypothesis that palytoxin is the causative agent in blue humphead parrotfish poisoning in Japan.     

Toxin composition and toxicity dynamics of marine gastropod Nassarius spp. collected from Lianyungang, China

Consumption of nassariid gastropods often leads to poisoning incidents in some coastal provinces in China. To elucidate the pattern of toxicity dynamics and origin of toxins, samples of gastropod Nassarius spp. were collected from late May to early August 2007 from Lianyungang, Jiangsu province, where the poisoning incidents have been frequently reported. Toxicity was first screened with the mouse bioassay method, and tetrodotoxin and its analogues (TTXs) were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an ion-trap mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS(n)). The toxicity of nassariid N. semiplicatus showed an 'M'-shaped pattern of fluctuation during the sampling season. Two peaks of toxicity appeared in late May and late July. The maximum toxicity was recorded on 24 May, with the value of 846 mouse unit (MU) g(-1) of tissue (wet weight). TTX and its analogues trideoxyTTX, 4-epiTTX, anhydroTTX and oxoTTX were detected in the nassariid samples. TrideoxyTTX but not TTX was the major toxin in all the samples. No paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) was detected in the sample with the maximum toxicity by HPLC-FLD analysis. Variation of TTX content in the tissue of nassariid gastropods correlates well with the dynamics of toxicity. It is suggested that TTXs are the major toxins corresponding to the toxicity of the nassariids, and May and July are the high-risk seasons for consumption of nassariids, which is critical for the management of poisoning incidents.