用Weibull函数分析单粒莲子热风干燥的水分扩散系数和活化能

为了研究单粒莲子在不同温度(50、60、70、80、90℃)条件下热风干燥的干燥特性、水分扩散系数及活化能,利用Weibull函数及经验模型对单粒莲子干燥过程进行模拟分析。结果表明:Weibull函数和Midilli模型可以很好地拟合单粒莲子的热风干燥过程;尺度参数α随干燥温度的升高而减小(p0.05);干燥温度对形状参数β的影响较大(p0.05);计算得到干燥过程中估算的水分扩散系数为(8.79×10~(-9)~2.45×10~(-8))m~2/s,水分有效扩散系数为(4.73×10~(-10)~1.31×10~(-9))m~2/s,活化能为22.61 kJ/mol,水分扩散系数随温度的升高而增大。该研究为Weibull分布函数应用于莲子干燥提供参考。     

中短波红外和热风干燥对番木瓜干燥特性及品质的比较

本文以干燥特性、色泽、复水性以及抗坏血酸保留率为评价指标,研究了不同干燥温度(60、70、80、90℃)下中短波红外辐射和热风干燥对番木瓜片品质的影响。结果表明:与热风干燥相比,相同温度条件下中短波红外干燥速率更快,所需干燥时间更短;随着干燥温度的升高,两种干燥方式下的水分有效扩散系数均呈升高趋势,番木瓜片中短波红外干燥和热风干燥水分有效扩散系数分别为0.58546×10-10~9.87313×10-10 m2/s、0.01179×10-10~4.88646×10-10 m2/s;番木瓜片中短波红外干燥的活化能32.13 k J/mol低于热风干燥的活化能33.28 k J/mol;此外,中短波红外干燥后番木瓜片的色泽和产品的复水性更好,而番木瓜片的中短波红外干燥抗坏血酸保留率低于热风干燥。综合考虑,试验范围内中短波红外干燥温度为70℃条件下所得产品的品质最好。     

温度模式对鲅鱼热泵干燥品质及动力学特性的影响

为了提高鲅鱼成品品质、缩短干燥时间和降低能耗,该文对鲅鱼恒温干燥和分段式升温热泵干燥加工工艺进行研究。恒温干燥条件分别为10、20、30 ℃,升温干燥条件分别为10 ℃(3 h)~20 ℃(3 h)~30 ℃(end)、10 ℃(6 h)~20 ℃(6 h)~30 ℃(end)、10 ℃(9 h)~20 ℃(9 h)~30 ℃(end)、10 ℃(12 h)~20 ℃(12 h)~30 ℃(end)。试验表明:恒温干燥条件下,不同干燥温度下得到的鲅鱼成品均存在一定的不足;采用阶段升温干燥方式不仅能够显著缩短鲅鱼的干燥时间,还能提高产品品质,得到的鲅鱼成品在质构、安全性、色泽等方面均具有一定的优势。对于恒温干燥,在实验温度范围内,鲅鱼的水分有效扩散系数在2.0429×10-11~4.1947×10-11 m2/s之间,且D_eff随着温度的升高而增大,确定Page模型用来描述鲅鱼的热泵干燥过程(R2大于0.998、RMSE小于0.60%、χ2小于0.004%)。对于升温干燥,鲅鱼的有效水分扩散系数在4.1164×10-11~4.8723×10-11 m2/s之间,确定Two-terms模型用来描述鲅鱼升温热泵干燥的过程(R2大于0.996,RMSE均小于0.81%、χ2均小于0.008%)。通过试验确定最佳的分段升温干燥工艺条件为10 ℃(6 h)~20 ℃(6 h)~30 ℃。     

桃片超声渗透-红外辐射干燥特性及能耗研究

超声波的空化效应可提高渗透过程中传质效率。为研究桃片超声渗透-红外辐射干燥特性及干燥能耗,进行了超声渗透后红外60、70、80℃干燥试验,得到干燥特性曲线,建立干燥动力学模型;同时,对干燥过程的能耗进行了分析。结果表明:超声可增加桃片渗透脱水速率和固形物渗入率,超声渗透时间选择30 min(T_1)及60 min(T_2)为宜;Verma et al.模型较好拟合了桃片超声渗透-红外辐射干燥规律,未经渗透、T_1及T_2渗透处理桃片在60、70、80℃干燥条件下水分有效扩散系数分别为8.8789×10~(-9)~1.3011×10~(-8)、7.1213×10~(-9)~1.0393×10~(-8)、6.6771×10~(-9)~8.7785×10~(-9) m~2·s~(-1~;随着温度升高,干燥所需能耗降低;经超声渗透脱水后,干燥所需能耗增加。不同条件下,干燥能耗均在干基水分含量0.3左右急剧增加,可作为水分转换点,利用其它干燥方式,如变温压差膨化干燥,达到节约能耗、提高产品品质的目的。试验结果为桃片红外辐射干燥工艺参数优化及开发新型果蔬脆片提供参考。     

不同干燥技术下胡萝卜丁的干燥特性及品质研究

为缩短干燥时间,找到一种胡萝卜丁的最适干燥技术,改善干燥品质;将红外联合热风干燥、真空脉动干燥以及分阶段温湿度控制热风干燥三种技术应用于胡萝卜丁的干燥,筛选出了各种技术下的最佳干燥参数,研究了胡萝卜的干燥特性,分析了各技术下胡萝卜丁的湿基含水率、脱水速率和水分有效扩散系数的变化;比较三种最佳参数下干燥后胡萝卜丁的色泽、VC含量、复水性和表面微观结构。结果表明,最佳参数为:红外联合热风干燥70℃,1.22~1.69 m/s;真空脉动干燥70℃,真空保持时间和常压保持时间比15 min∶5 min;分阶段温湿度控制热风干燥70℃,50%10 min。水分有效扩散系数介于7.09×10~(-10)~9.04×10~(-10) m~2/s之间;真空脉动干燥处理下的VC含量、复水性、色泽略优于其他两种方式。     

基于Weibull分布函数的花椒真空干燥动力学特性

为了缩短花椒真空干燥时间,提高其干制品品质,降低能耗,选取真空度V(0.02、0.04、0.06MPa)和干燥温度T(50、60、70℃)进行全面试验。对花椒尺度参数α、形状参数β、有效扩散系数D_(eff)及几何参数R_g进行研究,利用Weibull分布函数对数据进行拟合,计算花椒真空干燥平均干燥活化能E_a,通过加权评分法对各干燥条件下干制品品质进行综合评价。研究表明,干燥温度(T)和真空度(V)与干燥时间均呈正相关性;花椒形状参数β值为1.336 9~1.613 2,接近于1,即干燥特性曲线严格服从指数分布;有效水分扩散系数D_(eff)值为0.715×10~(-8)-2.244×10~(-8)m~2/s,不同干燥条件下,几何参数R_g值均接近于1,即估算有效系数D_(cal)与试验所得有效扩散系数D_(eff)非常接近,有效水分扩散系数线性拟合方程拟合度较高。对花椒真空干燥活化能Ea求解,其值为24.36 k J/mol,易于干燥;花椒色泽受温度影响较大,温度越低所得△E*值越小,即色泽变化越小,破壳率μ与干燥温度和真空度均呈正相关性。     

食用槟榔热风干燥特性及动力学模型

本文采用Fick第二扩散定律与槟榔干燥的数学模型研究了食用槟榔在不同干燥温度下的热风干燥特性、水分有效扩散系数、表观活化能等参数与干燥动力学方程之间的相互关系。结果表明:槟榔在70℃与75℃的干燥曲线有显著性差异(p0.05),槟榔热风干燥是内部水分扩散控制的降速干燥过程;槟榔水分扩散系数变化范围:青果Deff=6.45×10~(-9)~1.17×10~(-8) m~2/s,烟果Deff=7.47×10~(-9)~1.21×10~(-8) m~2/s;干燥表观活化能:青果Ea=30.32 kJ/mol,烟果Ea=23.38 kJ/mol。单项扩散模型与Page模型的常数项系数受温度影响显著(p0.05);单项扩散干燥模型为描述食用槟榔的最佳数学模型(青果:R2avg=0.97,RMSEavg=0.023;烟果:R2avg=0.98,RMSEavg=0.025);65℃~85℃热风干燥条件下的干燥模型可表述为:MR青果=(2×10~(-4)T2-0.037T+2.54)exp-(3×10~(-5)T3-0.0064T2+0.51T-13.06)t;MR烟果=(3×10~(-4)T2-0.062T+3.67)exp-(-4×10~(-4)T2+0.061T-2.027)t,可为其干燥工艺的控制提供技术依据。     

莲子转筒传导干燥特征及其粉体的糊化特性

本文采用以热传导为主的旋转电加热筒干燥莲子,考察了不同干燥温度(60、70、80、90℃)、不同转速(0.5、1、1.5 r/min)下莲子转筒传导干燥特征和干莲子全粉糊化特性。结果表明,莲子转筒干燥过程一直处于降速干燥段;干燥温度显著影响莲子转筒干燥过程(p≤0.05),试验转速对干燥过程无显著影响(p0.05)。莲子转筒干燥过程可以用Cavalcanti-Mata模型准确模拟(R~20.999,E%5.00%,RMSE0.01);干燥有效扩散系数在3.94×10~(-10)～1.00×10~(-9) m~2/s之间,并随着干燥温度的升高而增大。莲子转筒干燥过程显著影响莲子全粉糊化特性。转筒干燥温度升高,莲子全粉峰值粘度、最终粘度均出现显著降低趋势(p≤0.05)。60℃转筒干燥莲子全粉的峰值粘度、最终粘度分别为1676.33、2228.00 c P;90℃转筒干燥后,其值分别为1268.00、1909.33 c P。60℃转筒干燥莲子表面疏松、多孔,90℃转筒干燥莲子因淀粉凝胶化,表面结构致密,微观结构发生改变。相比热风烘箱穿流干燥,莲子转筒传导干燥降低了干燥不均匀度(最大值为4.59%),有利于均匀干燥。本研究为确定莲子高品质转筒干燥工艺以及干莲子粉后续加工过程提供了技术支持。     

加应子变温干燥特性和最佳干燥工艺研究

以加应子为样品,结合加应子缓苏特性,研究了样品的变温干燥特性和样品的最佳干燥工艺.实验设计了变温干燥实验和变温缓苏实验,并通过正交实验进行分析和验证.实验结果表明:高温区(80℃,0.72h)、中温区(60℃,2.32h)、低温区(40℃,6h)组合下,其L*为27.63,收缩率12.37%,感官分值为7.63,各个理化感官指标均为最佳,又通过极差分析和效应曲线分析,得出次优化组合,即高温区(80℃,0.72h)、中温区(70℃,1.84h)、低温区(40℃,6h)组合的实验数据,得出L*为27.43,收缩率12.70%,感官分值7.50,能耗6071 kJ,该组合有更低能耗的特点;通过变温干燥同恒温干燥对比得知,将变温干燥和缓苏后干燥相结合,可以获得最佳的产品品质.干燥实验结果可知:变温缓苏干燥样品的理化感官和能耗指标均优于对照变温干燥样品,其中高温区80℃缓苏2h;中温区60℃缓苏2h;低温区40℃的干燥产品具有最佳的理化感官品质,从而提出加应子干燥的最佳工艺.     

草鱼鱼片的微波干燥特性

为完善草鱼等淡水鱼的深度加工工艺和干燥工艺,对草鱼鱼片的微波干燥和热风干燥特性进行了研究,并确定最佳干燥模型。结果表明:当微波功率从200 W上升到800 W时,有效水分扩散系数从0.995 4×10~(-9)m2/s上升到2.344 3×10~(-9)m~2/s;当热风干燥温度由60℃上升到80℃时,有效水分扩散系数从4.001 4×10-10m~2/s上升到7.291 2×10-10m~2/s,但值仍低于微波干燥时的水分扩散系数值。采用常见的食品薄层干燥模型对实验数据进行拟合,通过比较相关系数R2、残基平方和RSS和卡方χ2得出,Page模型对草鱼鱼片的微波干燥拟合度最高,Two term模型对草鱼鱼片的热风干燥过程拟合度最高。     

Review of techniques to manufacture micro-hydrogel particles for the food industry and their applications

Microgels are ‘soft’ microscopic cross-linked polymeric particles that are being increasingly exploited in a variety of industries for rheology control, encapsulation and targeted delivery. They are valued because of the ability to tune their functionality to address specific applications in oil recovery, coatings, drug delivery, cosmetics, personal care and foods. Food microgels are typically biopolymer hydrogels in the form of microspheres, nanospheres (also called nanogels), spheroids and fibres. The utilisation of engineered microgels in foods has so far been limited, despite their great potential to address several needs in the food industry, including: satiety control, encapsulation of phytonutrients and prebiotics, texture control for healthier food formulations (e.g. reduced fat products), and targeting delivery to specific areas in the digestive tract. We review the scientific and patent literature on the utilisation and manufacturing methods for producing microgels with an emphasis on micro-hydrogels for food applications.     

12—A CRITIQUE OF SOME HYPOTHESES RELATING TO THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE HIGH-SULPHUR PROTEINS OF WOOL

Joubert and Burns prepared a large number of fractions from the high-sulphur proteins of wool and estimated their molecular weights and amino-acid compositions. Their data have been re-examined in order to look for statistically significant interrelations between amino acids and between the proportion of various amino acids and molecular weight. Statistical analysis of the data is also used to examine the credibility of some hypotheses concerning the mechanism of keratin biosynthesis and to provide further evidence for the existence of families of proteins within the high-sulphur fractions of wool.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of     

The Latest Data about Development of Chinese Printing Industry in 2013

In the 2014 China（Shanghai）International Printing Week,Director Wang Yanbin released the latest data about development of Chinese printing industry in 2013.According to statistics,in 2013,the total output value of Chinese printing industry exceeded 1trillion Yuan for the first time,reaching 1.03985 trillion Yuan.There were 105,000 printing enterprises in China,employees were 3.415 million.The total asset was 1.06247 trillion Yuan;     

The State Council Issued "Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"

正On December 2nd,2013,the State Council issued the notification of"Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"(hereafter referred to as"notification").It is pointed out in the"notification"that in order to further deepen reforms in investment systems and administrative examination and approval systems,simplify administrative procedures and delegate powers to lower levels,earnestly     

China textile machinery: taking off in progress

正Among the 1600 exhibitors who take apart in the ITMA ASIA+CITME2014 2/3 are Chinese manufactures.If the numerous figures failed to attract your attention,the increase of quality should draw your focus.To adopt the demand of developing textile machine market,domestic textile machinery enterprises now follow the slogan of"technology drives development"to enhance product competitiveness.Our domestic sellers will showcase product ranging from spinning,weaving,dyeing and printing,     

Top Ten News of China's Paper Industry 2013

On December 24th, 2013, the meeting on the selection of top 10 news of China＇s paper industry 2013 sponsored by 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 was held in Beijing. The yearly selection of the top l0 news, which began in 2000, has become a brand activity widely recognized in the industry thanks to the support from the authorities at all levels and public participation.     

National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the "13~(th) Five-Year Plan"

In Apri Commi major p Plan＂ （h 2014, the National Development and Reform ssion issued an announcement for selection of reliminary research projects for the ＂13th Five-Year ereafter referred to as ＂The Announcement＂）     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the latest scientific     

Contamination of animal feed and food from animal origin with mineral oil hydrocarbons

Oils and fats used for the production of animal feed can become contaminated with mineral oil material originating from gas oils (C₁₈-C₃₅) or synthetic oils (poly alpha olefins, C₂₅ to beyond C₄₅). An important cause is assumed to be the discharge of waste oils, such as motor oil and hydraulic oils. Mineral oil material was analysed by on-line LC-GC-FID directly in the fat or in a raw extract from animal feed or foodstuffs. In Switzerland in summer/autumn 1999 concentrations in oils and fats for feed production were often found to be between 100 and 1000mg/kg. In the feeds, the average concentration was around 100mg/kg with values ranging up to a maximum of 1000mg/kg; few samples were free of contamination. In animal body fat, the average concentration determined in summer 1999 was 25mg/kg, with a maximum of 150mg/kg, although in samples from December 1999, contamination was substantially lower. In the fat phase of eggs, the average concentration was 30mg/kg, with a maximum of 80mg/kg. Paraffin oil is used for feed production, which may account for part of the contamination problem (e.g. eggs).