茶黄素抗菌活性研究进展

茶黄素是红茶发酵过程中儿茶素类组分氧化聚合的产物,是红茶品质优劣的标志性成分之一。茶黄素具有独特的苯骈卓酚酮结构和更多的酚羟基团,具有多种功能活性,在抑菌性能方面有时优于儿茶素和其他多酚类成分。本文梳理了近年来国内外在茶黄素抑菌活性领域的研究进展,从抑菌谱系(细菌、真菌、病毒)、作用机制、应用范畴等方面进行了系统综述和分析总结,发现茶黄素作为天然来源的广谱抑菌剂,在与人类相关的多种致病菌干预方面具有潜在的应用价值。从天然抑菌剂终端价值开发角度对其可能应用途径进行了展望,以期为茶叶次生代谢产物应用技术研究深入开展提供技术依据。     

HPLC同时检测红茶中儿茶素和茶黄素含量

儿茶素和茶黄素作为红茶的主要活性成分对红茶的色、香、味等品质呈现起到重要作用,也是评价红茶品质优劣的重要指标。该研究基于高效液相色谱技术,开发了可同时、快速、准确检测红茶中儿茶素和茶黄素的分析方法。以A相0.1%甲酸-乙腈、B相0.1%甲酸-水为流动相,进样量20μL,经安捷伦SB-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm）分离,在柱温30℃、流速1 mL/min、时间50 min的条件下进行检测,使用外标法定量检测样品含量。结果显示,该方法具有较高的灵敏度（LOD:0.21～11.13μg/mL）,质量浓度范围内与其峰面积的线性关系良好（R²≥0.999 0）,精密度、重复性和稳定性试验的相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation, RSD）均<5%（n=6）,加标平均回收率为98.69%～104.77%,RSD均<3.31%（n=6）。该方法简便、高效、准确,可用于茶叶中儿茶素和茶黄素的定性定量测定。     

不同等级红茶的抗氧化活性及关键成分比较分析

为了分析三个不同等级红茶的抗氧化活性强弱及关键差异成分,该研究检测分析了红茶样品抗氧化活性及主要化学成分的含量。实验结果表明：红茶抗氧化活性随红茶等级的升高呈现出递增趋势,其中特级红茶和二级红茶之间差异达到显著水平（p<0.05）;此外,这五款不同品类红茶间抗氧化活性强弱水平也参差不齐,存在较大差异。检测成分发现,红茶样品内的咖啡碱、多酚、儿茶素、非酯型儿茶素、没食子酸、茶黄素含量随红茶等级升高逐渐增加;而多酚和酯型儿茶素含量变化则与品类间红茶活性变化一致;相关性分析发现红茶的抗氧化活性与多酚、儿茶素、非酯型儿茶素、酯型儿茶素、没食子酸、茶黄素等成分含量具有较强的正相关,其中多酚含量与4种抗氧化活性指标相关性均达到极显著水平（p<0.01）,与T-AOC值和DPPH值相关系数均达到0.9以上。综上可知,红茶的等级会对其抗氧化活性造成影响,多酚及其衍生物是决定红茶等级和抗氧化活性的重要指标。     

英红九号红茶水提物通过调控TNF-α/NF-κB信号通路缓解小鼠的急性酒精中毒

该研究探讨了英红九号红茶水提物（Yinghong NO.9 Black Tea Water Extract,YBTE）缓解小鼠急性酒精中毒作用（Acute Alcoholic Intoxication,AAI）及其机制。采用56°白酒稀释液一次性灌胃方法建立小鼠AAI模型,记录翻正反射消失和恢复时间,检测血清中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）活性以及血清和肝脏中乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）的活性,采用Western blot法测定肝脏中核因子-κΒ（NF-κB）、炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）蛋白表达水平。结果表明,不同剂量YBTE均能延长小鼠入睡时间,也能缩短睡眠时间,其中高剂量组小鼠入睡时间延长到40.89 min（p<0.01）,睡眠时间缩短为166.18 min（p<0.01）。与模型组相比,YBTE可降低血清中ALT和AST的活性,提高血清和肝脏中ADH的活性,其中高剂量组ALT活性下降到22.89 U/L（p<0.01）,AST活性下降到29.58 U/L（p<0.01）,血清ADH提高到43.43 IU/mL（p<0.01）,肝脏ADH提高到7.37 IU/mL（p<0.01）,并能下调肝脏中p-NF-κB p65、TNF-α和IL-1β蛋白表达量。YBTE具有良好的缓解AAI的作用,其作用机制可能是促进酒精代谢和下调TNF-α/NF-κB信号通路。     

茶黄素药理作用及其作用机制研究进展

茶黄素最早是于红茶的发酵过程中发现的,一类由多酚类物质经氧化聚合反应而形成的具有苯并卓酚酮结构的色素。它能够显著改善茶汤的色泽以及茶汤滋味的强度和鲜爽度,是评价红茶质量的重要指标。同时,茶黄素还具有高效的抗氧化、抑菌、抗病毒、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗心血管疾病等药理作用。本文综合国内外最新研究进展,对茶黄素的药理活性和作用机制进行了综述。     

湖南红茶品质特征分析及其等级判别模型的构建

本研究对26个湖南省特级、一级和二级工夫红茶样品进行感官审评与理化分析,对茶多酚、游离氨基酸等重要品质成分进行单因素方差分析、主成分分析以及判别分析,并构建其等级典型判别函数模型。结果表明:在特级红茶中,关键品质成分茶多酚、游离氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶黄素含量最多,一级红茶次之,二级红茶最少。在不同等级的湖南红茶中,游离氨基酸、茶氨酸、表没食子儿茶素（EGC）含量无显著性差异,而表儿茶素（EC）、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）、茶黄素-3-没食子酸酯（TF-3G）、茶黄素-3’-没食子酸酯（TF-3'G）含量具有显著（P<0.05）性差异。建立的典型判别模型对不同等级湖南红茶的分类具有较好的准确性,其自身验证法的准确率达100%,交互验证法的准确率达84.62%。通过对湖南不同等级工夫红茶的品质化学特征的分析及典型判别模型的构建,本研究为湖南红茶的等级划分提供了一种合理的量化方法。     

骏眉工艺红茶化学成分及其抗氧化活性研究

目的 探索骏眉工艺加工的红茶化学成分特点和抗氧化活性,方法 搜集了不同产区和嫩度的骏眉工艺红茶样,以及全国各产茶区的对照红茶产品,分析了茶叶中茶多酚、儿茶素、茶黄素和聚酯型儿茶素成分的含量及其总抗氧化活性。结果 骏眉工艺红茶具有较高的茶多酚、儿茶素、茶黄素、聚酯型儿茶素A（theasinensins A, TSA）含量,19个骏眉工艺红茶的茶多酚、儿茶素、茶黄素、TSA含量的均值分别为15.67%、4.50%、0.75%和0.38%,高于24个对照红茶的10.95%、1.75%、0.59%和0.21%。骏眉工艺红茶具有较高的抗氧化活性,19个骏眉工艺红茶的抗氧化活性均值比24个对照红茶均值高57.0%。结论 本研究为探索骏眉工艺红茶化学成分特点及后续的产品品质提升提供了一些理论基础。     

不同发酵方式对古茶树鲜叶制备工夫红茶品质的影响

以古茶树鲜叶为原料制备功夫红茶，采用感官评价、电子舌技术和高效液相色谱法（HPLC）探究不同发酵方式（变温发酵、恒温发酵和常温发酵）对功夫红茶感官品质、滋味、理化成分、汤色成分及游离氨基酸含量的影响，并结合化学计量学和滋味活性值（TAV）分析不同发酵方式所制红茶品质的差异。结果表明，以变温发酵（30℃1 h+25℃2 h）制得红茶感官品质最优，具有滋味甜醇回甘、香气甜香带花香、汤色红亮、较好的甜味、鲜味感官特征。不同发酵方式制得红茶在滋味成分含量方面差异较大，变温发酵茶样中18种游离氨基酸总量显著高于其他红茶样。TAV和主成分分析（PCA）结果表明，表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）、表儿茶素没食子酸酯（ECG）、表没食子儿茶素（EGC）、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（GCG）、没食子儿茶素（GC）、茶黄素-3-没食子酸酯（TF-3-G）、脯氨酸、茶黄素（TFs）、谷氨酸、茶氨酸、组氨酸和咖啡碱是红茶滋味品质的重要贡献化合物，其中TFs、谷氨酸、ECG、品质指数[（10TFs+TRs）/TB]和茶黄素-3’-没食子酸酯（TF-3’-G）是变温发酵茶样品质较优的关键指标。     

不同品种英德红茶的品质比较分析

本研究以四种常见英德茶叶品种(A、B、C、D)为研究对象,通过检测茶叶中茶多酚、氨基酸、水溶性糖、茶黄素、抗氧化活性等营养指标以及茶叶质量感官评定,对四种茶叶之间的品质进行对比分析。结果表明:四种红茶茶多酚含量在14.53%~21.98%,水浸出物含量在29.57%~38.56%,氨基酸含量在2.85%~3.04%,茶黄素含量在1.57%~3.75%,其中A号茶叶的茶多酚和水浸出物含量显著(p<0.05)高于C号和D号;C号茶叶的氨基酸含量显著(p<0.05)高于A号和B号;A号茶叶的茶黄素含量最高3.75%,B号茶叶的含量最低为1.57%;四种红茶儿茶素含量在9.95%~16.98%,其中具有茶汤滋味的没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯占总含量的5.98%~9.21%;四种红茶提取物中D号的抗氧化能力最高,C号的抗氧化能力最低,且抗氧化活性与多酚类物质具有相关性。人工感官审评结果说明,四种红茶样品的滋味分属性特征不同,C号茶样在滋味、香气、叶底3个分属性上优于其他三种茶叶,其次是A号茶叶。总体来说,四种英德红茶尽管在生化成分含量和感官审评上具有差异,但均表现出英德红茶汤色红亮、甜香浓郁的特征品质,A号、C号茶叶具有更好的茶叶品质。     

活性多糖调控食物过敏的反应机制

食物过敏（FA）的发生具有多因性,过敏机制具有复杂性和综合性,是长期以来困扰人类健康的一个重要的食品安全问题。活性多糖因来源广泛,具有免疫调节、抗癌、抗肿瘤等生物活性而受到食品、医药、生物等领域的广泛关注。本文以食物过敏的作用机制为切入点,汇总食物过敏和活性多糖的关联性研究,分析活性多糖调节食物过敏的作用途径,旨在为开发低过敏食品、药物、饲料等提供参考。     

ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF THEAFLAVINS AND EPITHEAFLAVIC ACID FROM TEA CATECHINS AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

A number of in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that black tea polyphenols have significant biological activities, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anticancer activity. The theaflavins have received attention as one of responsible components for biological activities of black tea. However, little information is available for the biological activity of individual theaflavins and minor components in black tea. In the present study, theaflavins and epitheqflavic acid were synthesized from their parent flavan-3-ols catechins using an enzymatic oxidation method and employing crude polyphenol oxidase from banana fruit. The compounds were isolated using column chromatographic methods, and their structures confirmed by ¹H-NMR and APCI-MS. The peroxyl radical scavenging activities of theaflavins and epitheaflavic acids were measured using a modified ORAC method. The results indicated that theaflavins have higher peroxyl radical scavenging activity than EGCG. The hierarchy of radical scavenging activity of theaflavins, epitheaflavic acid and related compounds were in the order of: theaflavin-3, 3'-digallate ∼ theflavin-3-gallate ∼ theaflavin-3'-gallate ∼ theaflavin > epitheaflavic acid > EGCG > purpurogallin.     

Catechins depletion patterns in relation to theaflavin and thearubigins formation

The determination of the depletion pattern of catechins in black tea processing is important in achieving optimum tea quality. This study investigated catechins (unoxidised di- and trihydroxylated) depletion patterns in relation to theaflavin and thearubigin formation. It was during the process of green leaf fermentation at selected temperature and time combinations. The tea leaves were obtained from three clones (6/8, 303/577 and 311/287) within the Tea Research Foundation of Kenya. The results were showed that unequal depletion rates of di- and trihydroxylated catechins led to a decline in total theaflavin and an increase in thearubigins levels. An equitable decline in both groups of catechins corresponded to a subsequent rise in theaflavins content. The decline in the catechins levels was much faster at higher temperatures resulting in a shorter fermentation time to achieve a peak of the theaflavins content. Clone 311/287 had the highest mean theaflavins content (26.99 μmol/g) and the least mean percent thearubigins (15.02%) level. Theaflavins content correlated positively with liquor brightness determined by a spectrophotometer and tea tasters (r = 0.7221, p < .0001). The thearubigins content was however found to relate negatively with liquor brightness. It was concluded that the experimental conditions tested form a good basis for clonal specific processing conditions that can be utilised in manufacturing quality black tea.     

A reliable technique to identify superior quality clones from tea germplasm

Variations in the substrate level and enzyme activity of prominent south Indian tea germplasm were studied. The content of polyphenols, catechins (substrates) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) showed variation, which influenced the final black tea quality. The enzyme PPO occurs in tea shoots and catalyzes the reactions between catechins to form theaflavins in the presence of oxygen. The catechins mainly epicatechin (EC), epigallo catechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallo catechin (EGC) get mixed with PPO during the oxidation process to form quality constituents like theaflavins (TF), thearubigins (TR) and high polymerized substances (HPS). Theaflavins and their fractions such as simple theaflavin, theaflavin monogallate, (TFMG), theaflavin digallate (TFDG) in black tea are the essential quality constituents that are responsible for the liquor characteristics where as TR and high polymerized substances impart colour to the liquor. As oxidation of macerated leaves proceed through different stages of tea manufacture, a decline in PPO activity, polyphenol and catechin contents were observed. Data revealed that the oxidation reaction was faster during the initial stages of oxidation. During the period, oxygen consumption was higher and declined thereafter. Ratio between the enzyme (PPO) and its substrate (catechins) were used to characterize the quality potential of tea clones. An attempt has also been made to categorize prominent tea clones as high, moderate and average quality clones based on their enzyme substrate ratio. Theaflavin content (oxidation product) of different tea clones suggests that the ratio between PPO and catechins forms an important criterion which determines black tea quality. Results obtained were compared with standard clones of known high quality (CR-6017) and moderate quality (SA-6). The study reveals that the enzyme substrate ratio can be used to identify superior quality clones from the existing tea germplasm.     

The relationship between some chemical parameters and sensory evaluations for plain black tea (Camellia sinensis) produced in Kenya and comparison with similar teas from Malawi and South Africa

Reliable and accurately measurable chemical parameters that can be used to estimate black tea quality are desirable in trade, research and breeding programmes. Using plain Kenyan black tea from 11 cultivars, which gave some significant differences in their plain black tea quality parameters, the individual theaflavins composition, total theaflavins, thearubigins, theaflavin digallate equivalent, total colour and brightness were determined. The parameters were regressed against sensory evaluation scores of two tasters A and B. The theaflavin digallate equivalent (TDE) showed the strongest relationship (r = 0.71 (P ? 0.01) and r = 0.80 (P ? 0.001)) for A and B′, respectively. The simple (non gallated) theaflavin and thearubigins did not show significant relationships with sensory evaluation. Of the liquor characteristics, there were significant relationships between liquor brightness and sensory evaluation by A and B (r = 0.58 (P ? 0.06) and r = 0.59 (P ? 0.05)), respectively. In consequence, TDE and brightness can be used in tea breeding programmes as quality indicators or to estimate plain black tea quality potential in the tea trade. Optimising their levels can also help to produce good quality Kenyan black teas during processing. Comparison of these results with work published earlier indicates that, of the individual theaflavins, theaflavin-3,3′-digallate correlates best with tea taster scores for the 11 Kenyan cultivars, whereas the simple theaflavin correlates best with tea tasters’ scores for 40 Malawian cultivars. However, the derived parameter, TDE correlates very well with tea tasters’ scores for all of the above cultivars.     

不同茶树品种悬浮发酵对茶黄素形成的影响

以同一嫩度的英红9号、福鼎大白、金观音、槠叶齐4 个差异性较大品种的鲜叶为原料进行悬浮发酵实验,开展茶树品种、酶源类型（多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活性等）、儿茶素组分（含量、配比等）对茶黄素形成影响的研究,结果表明：PPO活性/POD活性比值以福鼎大白最高,英红9号和金观音次之;简单儿茶素总量（total simple catechin,TSC）和酯型儿茶素总量（total ester-type catechin,TETC）均以英红9号最高,福鼎大白和金观音次之,槠叶齐最低;各儿茶素组分除没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯和儿茶素没食子酸酯外均呈前期迅速下降、后期平稳的趋势,儿茶素剧烈消耗期在发酵前30?min;茶黄素组分形成量均呈先升后降的趋势,峰值点在发酵15?min和30?min,不同品种不同茶黄素组分峰值时间和高度不同;整体上,以最高儿茶素底物含量和第2高PPO活性/POD活性比值的英红9号品种茶黄素的形成量显著最多,最高PPO活性的福鼎大白和金观音品种可最快形成茶黄素,但较高活性的POD和较低含量的儿茶素,导致茶黄素的形成量较低,而具有最低PPO活性/POD活性比值和最低含量的儿茶素底物的槠叶齐品种形成茶黄素的能力最差。即PPO活性/POD活性比值越大,儿茶素底物含量越大,TETC/TSC比值越大,形成茶黄素的能力越强。     

Correlation of theaflavins content and valuations of kenyan black teas

Correlation between theaflavins content and tasters' valuations of Kenyan black teas generally give positive but statistically non-significant correlation coefficients. In 105 correlations using 12 samples each, only eight analyses gave statistically significant (P?0.05) correlations. Theaflavins contributed positively towards valuations but Kenyan black plain teas have high and possibly above optimum theaflavins content. Consequently other factors appear to play major roles in tea pricing, for example the generally higher prices realised by Kenyan black plain teas compared to Malawi black plain teas can only be partly attributed to the higher theaflavins content of the Kenyan teas.     

二醇基键合硅胶制备色谱分离纯化茶黄素类及其稳定性

以茶黄素混合物为原料,通过二醇基键合硅胶制备色谱分离纯化获得高纯度(纯度＞95%)的茶黄素(95.6%)、茶黄素-3-没食子酸酯(95.2%)、茶黄素-3’-没食子酸酯(99.8%)和茶黄素双没食子酸酯(96.3%)4种单体。通过改变溶液体系条件,考察温度、pH值和溶液组成对茶黄素单体稳定性的影响。结果表明：维持较低pH值(2.5～4.5)、控制低温贮存和增大茶黄素添加量,即可将茶黄素维持在一定的稳定性质量浓度范围内,有利于保证产品质量和延长货架期。     

Preventive effects of black tea theaflavins against mouse type IV allergy

BACKGROUND: Tea (Camellia sinensis L.), one of the most popular beverages, contains various beneficial constituents. We investigated the preventive effects of black tea theaflavins, theaflavin‐3‐gallate (3‐TF) and theaflavin‐3,3′‐digallate (TFDG), on oxazolone‐induced type IV allergy in male ICR mice. RESULTS: Percutaneous administration of both 3‐TF and TFDG at 0.2 mg ear^?1 showed significant preventive effects against mouse type IV allergy. Oral administration of these agents at 50 mg kg^?1 body weight also showed significant preventive effects against mouse type IV allergy. Oral administration of 3‐TF and TFDG at a dose of 50 mg kg^?1 body weight prevented the increases in levels of some proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin‐12 (IL‐12), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), in the sera and/or ears of mice with type IV allergy. Lowering of serum antioxidant activity in mice with allergic symptoms was also prevented by oral administration of these theaflavins at a dose of 50 mg kg^?1 body weight. The anti‐allergic mechanisms of action of theaflavins involve inhibition of the fluctuations of cytokines and maintenance of antioxidant status in allergic mice. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the theaflavins as well as catechins contribute to the anti‐allergic effects of black tea. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of the taste contribution of theaflavins in black tea infusions using the taste activity concept

The contribution of theaflavins to the astringent taste of black tea infusions has been investigated. The major benzotropolons theaflavin, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3,3-digallate, and theaflavic acid were synthetically prepared by enzymatic oxidation of binary mixtures of the corresponding flavan-3-ols, purified by high-speed countercurrent chromatography, and then sensorially evaluated by means of a comparative duo test. The sensory analysis revealed that the theaflavins imparted a mouth-coating, astringent, and long-lasting oral sensation at the very back of the throat, and demonstrated the theaflavins to have by far lower oral thresholds than the astringent catechins; for example, the threshold concentration of theaflavin (0.016 mmol/L) is by a factor of 33 and 58 lower than those of its precursors epigallocatechin and epicatechin, respectively. In order to study the importance of these theaflavins as contributors to tea astringency, these benzotropolons were quantified in tea infusions and taste activity values were calculated from the quotient of their concentration in tea and their taste detection thresholds. Relating the taste activity values of the individual theaflavins to the overall astringency of the teas revealed that the theaflavins accounted for less than 0.1% of the overall astringency of the teas investigated. In consequence, the theaflavin concentration seems not to be a suitable measure for taste quality of tea infusions.