红茶萎凋处理温湿度条件对PPO、POD及茶多酚和色素的影响

通过控制不同温湿度进行萎凋,然后在较理想的揉捻、发酵、干燥条件下制成红茶.检测加工期间多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及茶多酚、茶色素含量.研究表明:不同温湿度处理萎凋期间PPO活性与萎凋叶含水量呈显著的正相关,相对湿度(RH)70％萎凋制得的红茶茶黄素含量最高,红茶发酵过程中茶多酚的氧化形成茶色素类与PPO、POD活性关系紧密,并且萎凋叶POD活性与成品茶茶黄素和茶红素含量呈极显著的负相关.     

萎凋叶含水量对四川中小叶群体种工夫红茶品质形成的影响

目的探索萎凋程度对重庆工夫红茶品质形成的影响。方法以四川中小叶群体种为研究对象,分析比较了3个萎凋含水量:处理A(69.59%)、处理B(65.17%)、处理C(59.20%)萎凋叶红茶加工过程中色泽、多酚氧化酶(polyphenylene oxide, PPO)活性变化及对后续揉捻效果、生化成分、工夫红茶成茶品质形成的影响。结果随着萎凋水分的降低,萎凋叶L*, b*值呈下降的趋势, a*值呈上升的趋势, 4～6 h时均出现了与总体趋势相反的波动;加工过程中,各处理L*,b*值均呈下降的趋势,a*值在发酵前呈增高的趋势,干燥后值减小。成茶色泽L*a*b*值则均表现为处理A处理C处理B。加工过程中PPO活性呈先升后降的趋势,随萎凋程度的加重,高峰往后延迟且活性越强,处理C在发酵环节中活性最高。揉捻环节随着萎凋叶含水量的降低成条率越高,扁条率越低,细胞破碎率越高,处理C效果最好。内含物质随着萎凋叶含水量的减少,茶多酚先增后减,氨基酸先减后增,咖啡碱呈先减后增再减式起伏变化;水浸出物、可溶性糖差异不明显;成茶中处理C综合感官品质表现最好。结论萎凋叶含水量在60%左右时,有利于发挥四川中小叶群体种品种优势,加工出的工夫红茶品质良好。     

不同制茶工艺与时间对茶叶中茶多酚含量影响的研究

茶多酚是茶叶中主要的保健成分,通过对萎凋、杀青、揉捻和干燥等制茶工艺中茶多酚含量的测定,研究不同的制茶工艺与时间对茶多酚含量的影响。结果表明,萎凋和揉捻制茶工艺对茶多酚含量影响不明显,而杀青和干燥对茶多酚含量影响显著,随着加工时间延长,茶多酚含量逐渐下降。     

红茶加工过程中纤维素酶和主要品质成分的动态变化

为探究红茶在日光萎凋、揉捻、发酵等加工工序中纤维素酶和主要品质成分的变化规律,本研究以凫早2号(C.sinensis cv.Fuzao2)为原料,测定红茶加工过程中β-葡萄糖苷酶、内切葡聚糖酶及外切葡聚糖酶的活性,同时分析了可溶性糖、儿茶素、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸等主要品质成分含量的动态变化。结果表明,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性、儿茶素总量、氨基酸总量在日光萎凋阶段结束后达到最高值,分别是0.091 U(10 min)-1·mL-1、97.6 mg/g、38.9315 mg/g,揉捻阶段迅速下降后趋于稳定;内切葡聚糖酶活性在日光萎凋开始至发酵结束呈持续上升趋势,从0.19 U(10 min)-1·mL-1增加至0.51 U(10 min)-1·mL-1;可溶性糖含量在揉捻、发酵期间下降迅速,而外切葡聚糖酶活性和咖啡碱含量在红茶加工过程中变化不显著。     

保靖黄金茶1号工夫红茶加工工序对主要滋味物质形成的影响

以保靖黄金茶1号鲜叶为原料,研究工夫红茶萎凋、揉捻、发酵和干燥工序对主要滋味物质形成的影响。结果表明:萎凋工序对干茶中游离氨基酸的形成影响最大,占游离氨基酸总变化的比例为375%,对其他滋味物质的形成影响轻微。揉捻工序可降低茶叶中水浸出物、茶多酚、儿茶素、游离氨基酸和可溶性糖含量,对干茶中茶黄素和茶红素的形成影响大于其他工序,两者含量总变化的工序占比分别为260%和164%。发酵工序可增加茶叶中总黄酮、可溶性糖、没食子酸、茶红素和茶褐素含量,对干茶中可溶性糖和游离氨基酸总变化的工序占比分别为195%和183%。干燥工序可轻微增加茶叶中没食子酸、总黄酮和咖啡碱含量,对干茶中可溶性糖和茶黄素总变化的工序占比分别为148%和98%。     

萎凋通氧量对鲜叶品质生化成分和酶活性动态变化规律的影响

为研究不同萎凋通氧量对鲜叶常规生化成分和酶活性动态变化规律的影响,以一芽二叶茶鲜叶为原料,设置21%O2,40%O2,59%O23个通氧量梯度,对不同含水率的萎凋叶、揉捻叶、发酵叶、足干叶等进行取样,测定茶多酚、氨基酸、黄酮、可溶性糖、咖啡碱、水浸出物及儿茶素组分等含量,多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的酶活性,以及足干叶的茶色素,并对成茶进行感官审评。结果表明,随着制茶过程中鲜叶含水率的逐渐下降,茶多酚、氨基酸、可溶性糖、水浸出物及儿茶素组分等含量呈现下降的趋势,黄酮和咖啡碱含量呈上升趋势;萎凋过程中鲜叶的茶多酚、氨基酸、黄酮等含量均呈前期逐渐下降,后期略有回升的趋势,可溶性糖和水浸出物含量逐渐下降,咖啡碱含量逐渐上升,多酚氧化酶活性呈下降趋势,过氧化物酶活性呈上升趋势;萎凋末期样和足干样的常规生化成分含量与萎凋通氧量呈正相关,而酯型儿茶素组分含量和儿茶素总量以40%O2处理最高,59%O2处理最低;多酚氧化酶活性以59%O2处理最低,其它两个处理无显著差异,过氧化物酶活性与萎凋通氧量呈正相关。成品茶的茶黄素组分和总量、茶红素含量以及感官审评总分均以59%O2处理最优,40%O2处理次之,21%O2处理最低。     

江西紫阳工夫红茶加工工艺参数初探

用幼嫩鲜叶为试验原料,在试制高档红茶过程中,分别对萎凋叶含水量、揉捻时间和加压方式、发酵时间、干燥温度设置不同处理,以探索工艺指标。结果表明,较佳的工艺指标为:萎凋叶的含水量62%左右;揉捻70min,分两次揉,第一次揉捻不加压,第二次揉捻加压与松压交替进行;在室温24℃,相对湿度95%的条件下发酵180min;干燥毛火温度120℃左右,足火温度85℃。     

制茶工艺对白茶品质影响研究进展

白茶加工过程中发生一系列物理化学反应,使得茶叶内部多种生化成分进行交叉转化,形成了独特品质。萎凋作为白茶加工形成的关键工序,对于白茶品质的影响尤为明显。文章综述了近年来制茶工艺影响白茶品质研究现状,分析了萎凋方式和萎凋条件对白茶品质的影响,描述了萎凋过程白茶的外形变化及茶多酚、氨基酸、可溶性糖、咖啡碱、叶绿素、香气物质等生化成分的动态变化规律与白茶品质的关系,分析了揉捻和干燥工序中生化成分变化及其对白茶品质的影响,以期实现白茶加工的精准调控,为生产中提升白茶品质提供借鉴。     

山东日照茶区工夫红茶初制试验研究

试验研究日照工夫红茶初制中适度萎凋、揉捻、发酵时间、适宜毛火温度与时间、足火温度以及干燥设备搭配。结果表明,在一定条件下,萎凋槽萎凋6h后,叶相呈现较明显变化,萎凋10h叶相特征及含水量达到萎凋适度;揉捻90min细胞破损率平均达到87.4%,揉捻叶的条形、色泽均表现良好,碎末率低;发酵160min,坯内温度达到并保持31℃,其色泽、香气优良;采用不同毛火温度、时间组合以及不同足火温度、设备搭配,干燥效果不同,使用80型调速滚筒炒干机120℃炒制20min,茶叶含水量25%左右,摊凉30min,用6CCQ-50型双锅曲毫机100℃炒制15min,摊凉30min,用901烘干机90℃烘至含水量6%左右,感官审评其五项因子均表现优良。     

白叶1号红茶加工中香气组分的迁移机理研究

以白叶1号作为白茶典型代表进行红茶加工，并在鲜叶、萎凋、揉捻、发酵初期、发酵中期、发酵末期、干燥7个点取样，同时选择祁门红茶、宜兴红茶作为对比，做香气组分分析。结果表明：白叶1号在萎凋时，细胞膜通透性增加，酶活性增大，糖苷类前体物质水解成苯甲醇、水杨酸甲酯等芳香物质。茶叶经揉捻后，细胞破碎，酶促反应加剧，氨基酸与糖类、脂类物质偶联，氧化成醇、醛、酮类芳香物质，干燥中后期，氨基酸与糖类发生美德拉反应和Strecker降解反应，生成焦糖香的呋喃、吡咯类等芳香物质。     

Fate of imidacloprid and acetamiprid residues during black tea manufacture and transfer into tea infusion

The objective of this paper is to investigate the loss/stability of neonicotinoids (imidacloprid and acetamiprid) residues during the manufacture of black tea and to study the transfer of these pesticides from made tea to its infusion. For orthodox black tea, the manufacturing process involves leaf harvesting (plucking two leaves and a bud), withering, rolling, fermentation (oxidation), and drying. Initial withering and final drying resulted in the loss of pesticide residues, but no significant reduction in residue levels resulted from the rolling and fermentation steps. The drying process resulted in a residue transfer of 64–70% and 69–74% of the initial level, whereas the brewing process resulted in a residue transfer of 37–39% and 45–49% of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, respectively, from dried tea into the infusion. The decrease in acetamiprid levels during drying was also significant (8–13%), whereas the total loss during the manufacturing process ranged from 26 to 31%. Further, brewing for longer periods (an extended brewing time) resulted in higher transfer (up to 44% for imidacloprid and 53% for acetamiprid) of pesticides to tea infusion. Further, the extent of pesticide leaching depends on its water solubility, partition coefficient, and the brewing time.     

How manufacturing processes affect the level of pesticide residues in tea

Tea (both green and black) is consumed throughout the world, both for pleasure and therapeutic purposes. Most people will be unaware of their involuntary exposure to residues of pesticides lingering in processed tea and so possibly transferring into infusions of tea. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of green tea and orthodox black tea manufacturing processes on the fate of pesticides sprayed onto tea bushes (Camellia sinensis). The fates of residues of dimethoate, quinalphos, dicofol and deltamethrin in these two different types of tea manufacturing processes were compared. For black tea, the manufacturing process involves leaf harvesting, withering, rolling, fermentation and drying; and for green tea, leaf harvesting, microwave heating, rolling and drying. The two processes resulted in the same concentration factor of plant material into the dried commodity, while the decreases in residue levels were different for different pesticides. Initial microwave heating and dehydration in the green tea manufacturing process resulted in greater loss of pesticide residues than did withering and dehydration in black tea; no significant reduction in residue level resulted from the rolling and fermentation steps in black tea. Residue levels in both green and black teas were reduced during final drying. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

极品白茶太姥银针加工技术

本文简述了太姥银针的创制历史、品质特点,总结了太姥银针鲜叶采摘方法、鲜叶加工和毛茶加工技术。太姥银针鲜叶加工主要分萎凋和干燥两道工序,毛茶加工分抖筛、风选、平圆筛、拣剔、包装、装箱工序。     

Chemistry and Biological Activities of Processed Camellia sinensis Teas: A Comprehensive Review

Tea is a typical processed beverage from the fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] or Camellia assamica [Camellia sinensis var. assamica (Mast.) Kitamura] through different manufacturing techniques. The secondary metabolites of fresh tea leaves are mainly flavan‐3‐ols, phenolic acids, purine alkaloids, condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, saponins, flavonols, and their glycoside forms. During the processing, tea leaves go through several steps, such as withering, rolling, fermentation, postfermentation, and roasting (drying) to produce different types of tea. After processing, theaflavins, thearubigins, and flavan‐3‐ols derivatives emerge as the newly formed compounds with a corresponding decrease in concentrations of catechins. Each type of tea has its own critical process and presents unique chemical composition and flavor. The components among different teas also cause significant changes in their biological activities both in vitro and in vivo. In the present review, the progress of tea chemistry and the effects of individual unit operation on components were comprehensively described. The health benefits of tea were also reviewed based on the human epidemiological and clinical studies. Although there have been multiple studies about the tea chemistry and biological activities, most of existing results are related to tea polyphenols, especially (‐)‐epigallocatechin gallate. Other compounds, including the novel compounds, as well as isomers of amino acids and catechins, have not been explored in depth.     

A review on coffee leaves: Phytochemicals,bioactivities and applications

Abstract

Coffee leaves have a long history for use as ethnomedicine and tea beverage by locals from countries where coffee plants grow. Recently, attentions have been paid to their health benefits to human beings because of abundant bioactive components in coffee leaves. However, the researches related to the bioactivities, applications, and the impacts of processing methods on the phytochemical composition and activities of coffee leaves are scarce. The reviews specific to coffee leaves in these aspects are rare too. Due to the growing interests to coffee leaves, in this review, the chemical compositions in coffee leaves and the influence of environmental conditions and processing methods on them were summarized. Furthermore, various applications of coffee leaves, including ethnomedicine, coffee leaf tea, therapeutic agent, packaging material, tobacco substitute, organic fungicide, personal hygienic products, and animal feed et al. were presented. The future prospects of coffee leaves are also discussed. In conclusion, coffee leaf is a very promising resource in the areas of food and industry, especially, in the beverage industry. The researches in understanding impacts of the processing methods on the phytochemicals, enzymes, bioactivities, and flavor of coffee leaves are highly needed.     

黄茶品质化学成分及闷黄工艺影响研究进展

黄茶属于轻发酵茶，是“中国传统六大类茶叶”之一。黄茶有“黄叶、黄汤、黄底”的特点，口感温和、甘甜。其因品种与加工技术不同，外形和叶底有明显差别；叶绿素的破坏和茶色素的生成使黄茶汤色通常呈黄汤明亮；香气成分以酮类、醛类、醇类、烃类和杂环类为主；滋味以儿茶素和咖啡因的苦味和糖类带来的甜味为主。黄茶的加工主要分为摊放(萎凋)、杀青、揉捻、闷黄、干燥，其中闷黄是形成黄茶独特感官品质的关键步骤。本文将黄茶的内含物和加工工艺对黄茶感官品质(包括色泽、香味和滋味)的影响进行归纳，以期为黄茶内含物的作用机制探索、黄茶加工工艺的优化研究以及黄茶应用发展提供参考。     

花香型红茶加工过程中香气成分变化分析

为了解花香型红茶的香气成分在加工过程中的变化,本研究以黄山群体种一芽二、三叶的茶鲜叶为材料,通过传统加工工艺制得普通工夫红茶,通过萎凋、摇青、揉捻、发酵、干燥的制作工序,制得花香型红茶。利用顶空固相微萃取法和气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析其香气成分及组成比例,并探讨其变化规律。结果表明：花香型红茶与普通工夫红茶在香叶醇、水杨酸甲酯、α-毕橙茄醇、香叶基丙酮等成分上存在显著区别,其中水杨酸甲酯、反-2-己烯基己酸等在摇青叶中大量生成,苯甲醛、香叶醇等在发酵阶段相对含量大量增加,3,7-二甲基-1,5,7-辛三烯-3-醇、反,反-2,4-壬二烯醛、（Z）-己酸-3-己烯酯等在成品茶干燥阶段相对含量增加;在花香型红茶的加工过程中,反-2-辛烯醛、苯乙醛等物质的相对含量发生了较大变化,反,反-2,4-壬二烯醛、反-2,4-癸二烯醛、（Z）-己酸-3-己烯酯、反-2-己烯基己酸等物质相对含量逐渐升高,香叶醇、水杨酸甲酯、α-毕橙茄醇等物质相对含量逐渐降低。     

广东岭头单丛茶嫩采鲜叶加工技术

本文介绍广东省乌龙茶区的主栽品种岭头单丛茶,鲜叶采摘标准由采摘中开面至大开面改为采摘小开面至中开面,以及相应的加工技术。广东岭头单丛茶嫩采鲜叶加工技术分为萎凋、摇青、杀青、揉捻、烘焙、拣剔、炖火等七个工序。其中摇青工序前期需均匀轻碰、松放、薄摊,发酵程度相对较轻,后期发酵时间延长,摇青次数增多,发酵程度相对较重。