小麦中呕吐毒素含量与质量的关系及其在加工过程中的变化研究

研究检测小麦样品中容重、赤霉病粒、不完善粒、色泽以及呕吐毒素等指标，通过数据分析，得出小麦呕吐毒素含量与赤霉病粒存在一定的正相关，并检测小麦籽粒不同部位呕吐毒素的含量。结果显示，皮层、糊粉层高于胚乳；对小麦进行筛理，去除杂质和赤霉病粒，发现经过筛理小麦中呕吐毒素含量会下降4.6%~22%；对比分析小麦粉和小麦粉馒头中呕吐毒素的含量，发现小麦粉通过蒸煮等加工过程，呕吐毒素含量并不会减少，仍然有较高残留。     

粮食加工品中玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素污染 情况调查

目的初步了解粮食加工品中玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素的污染情况。方法对北京地区和网购的200批次样品进行随机抽检,分别采用液相色谱法、免疫亲和层析净化高效液相色谱法对粮食加工品中的玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素进行了检测。结果初步调查发现玉米碾磨加工品中的玉米赤霉烯酮和小麦粉中的呕吐毒素检出率较高,分别达34%和74%;散装样品中玉米赤霉烯酮含量不合格率和检出率明显高于预包装样品。结论建议监管部门加强对散装玉米碾磨加工品和小麦粉等粮食加工品中毒素指标的监控力度和监测频次,同时针对我国特殊敏感人群加快设定合理限值。     

呕吐毒素常用检测方法对比

<正>呕吐毒素DON又称脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,是单端孢菌素烯烃中的一种。作为一种常见的真菌毒素,呕吐毒素在自然界中广泛存在于小麦等粮谷类农作物中,在世界范围内存在着较高的污染率。小麦一旦被呕吐毒素产毒霉菌株污染,在适宜生长环境(水分活度Aw0.87)中,产毒菌株会迅速生长,产生呕吐毒素,而小麦中的呕吐毒素又会随小麦粉的生产过程带入到面粉中,严重地威胁到人体的健康和安全。     

关于脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(呕吐毒素)的科学解读

近期在食品药品监管总局组织的食品安全监督抽检中,发现个别粮食及粮食制品脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON。也称呕吐毒素）超过食品安全国家标准限量值。小麦粉中DON超标可能是原料小麦受到该毒素污染,企业对原料把关不严导致。1、谷物中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染在世界范围内广泛存在。     

河南省市售小麦粉微生物及真菌毒素污染状况研究

为了解河南省市售小麦粉的安全状况,收集整理河南省市售小麦粉。采用Filmplate~(TM)测试片法测定样品的菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌计数及大肠菌群,采用酶联免疫法(Enzyme–Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay,ELISA)测定样品中呕吐毒素(DON)、黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)及赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)三种常见真菌毒素的含量。结果显示:小麦粉样品受微生物污染面积较广,但程度可控。菌落总数、霉菌酵母菌数、大肠菌群数主要集中范围分别是10~2~10~4、10~2~10~3、10~2~10~3 CFU/g;DON、AFB_1及OTA含量超限率分别为0.00%、13.85%、7.69%,检出率依次为69.23%、52.31%及84.62%,污染程度不同,污染范围均较为广泛。     

小麦粉中细交链孢菌酮酸和腾毒素标准物质的研制

目的 研制小麦粉中细交链孢菌酮酸和腾毒素标准物质。方法 利用天然污染交链孢霉毒素的小麦样籽粒制备,按照规定的定值程序,形成符合国家相关要求的小麦粉中细交链孢菌酮酸和腾毒素标准物质。结果 研制成功2个不同浓度水平的小麦粉中细交链孢菌酮酸和腾毒素标准物质,并获批国家二级标准物质[标准号:GBW(E) 100547和GBW(E) 100548]。结论 该标准物质是目前国际上唯一的天然污染细交链孢菌酮酸和腾毒素的小麦粉标准物质,研制过程为我国开展粮食中新型真菌毒素基体标准物质的研制提供重要方法学借鉴。     

2016—2017年河南省小麦粉中4种交链孢毒素污染情况调查

目的 了解2016—2017年河南省市售小麦粉中4种交链孢毒素的污染情况。方法 采集2016—2017年河南省粮食主产区中9个地市的182份小麦粉样品,按照《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》方法进行检测,对检测数据采用卡方检验和相关性分析进行统计学分析。结果 9个地区的182份小麦粉样品中均检出4种交链孢毒素,其中交链孢酚(AOH)检出范围为0.50～14.21 μg/kg,检出率为10.4%(19/182);交链孢酚单甲醚(AME)检出范围为0.05～38.73 μg/kg,检出率为42.9%(78/182);交链孢菌酮酸(TeA)检出范围为0.50～134.23 μg/kg,检出率为91.2%(166/182);腾毒素(TEN)检出范围为0.05～17.42 μg/kg,检出率为45.6%(83/182)。结论 河南省省内流通环节(农贸市场和商店)小麦粉中均存在交链孢毒素的污染,但污染水平与文献报道相比,处于较低水平。     

小麦中呕吐毒素分布特点及去除技术研究进展

呕吐毒素是小麦中主要真菌毒素之一,本文综述了小麦呕吐毒素产生条件、理化性质、分布特点,受呕吐毒素污染的小麦籽粒品质特性,以及小麦中呕吐毒素主要降解方法,对小麦中呕吐毒素的降解(去除)技术进行展望。     

关于脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(呕吐毒素)的科学解读

近期在食品药品监管总局组织的食品安全监督抽检中,发现个别粮食及粮食制品脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON,也称呕吐毒素）超过食品安全国家标准限量值。小麦粉中DON超标可能是原料小麦受到该毒素污染,企业对原料把关不严导致。1、谷物中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染在世界范围内广泛存在脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（Deoxynivalenol,DON）是由产毒真菌产生的一种次级代谢产物,     

小麦粉污染霉菌的分离鉴定及产黄曲霉毒素 能力的研究

目的对污染小麦粉中所含霉菌进行分离和菌株鉴定,并对所分离菌株的产黄曲霉毒素能力进行评价。方法使用马铃薯-葡萄糖琼脂培养基和麦汁琼脂培养基对小麦粉污染的霉菌进行分离和纯化,根据菌落形态、显微形态观察和ITS序列分析结果对分离菌株进行鉴定,采用PCR技术检测黄曲毒霉合成路径的关键基因来判断菌株的潜在产毒能力,最后用高效液相色谱法确认菌株是否产毒。结果共分离出5株菌株,分别鉴定为链格孢霉(NHF1)、橘灰青霉(NHF2)、黑曲霉(NHF3)和米曲霉(NHF4、NHF5),其中2株米曲霉具有潜在的产黄曲霉素的能力,在一定条件下会产生黄曲霉毒素。结论需要加强小麦粉微生物检测,尤其是霉菌污染的检测、管理和控制,全面制定小麦粉中污染微生物的限量标准,尤其是霉菌的限量值。     

闪耀东华

2008年3月24日至4月1日期间,东华时尚周中,场场比赛刺激着所有服装人的眼球、加速着时尚界的血液更新换代、推动着时装事业的革命性发展。尤其是2008第四届“东华&#183;伊泰莲娜杯”首饰设计大赛和“纳薇&#183;东华杯”第四届全国立裁服装造型设计作品大赛的成功举办,更是为我们带来了完美的视觉风暴。     

Effects of oral exposure of pigs to deoxynivalenol (DON) sulfonate (DONS) as the non-toxic derivative of DON on tissue residues of DON and de-epoxy-DON and on DONS blood levels

The Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is of outstanding importance in pig nutrition because of its frequent occurrence in cereal grains at levels high enough to cause adverse effects such as a decrease in feed intake and impairment of the immune system. Thus, simple decontamination procedures would be useful. The present study aimed to examine the effects of wet preservation of triticale contaminated with DON and zearalenone (ZON) with sodium metabisulphite (SBS) on the treatment-related non-toxic derivative of DON (DON-sulfonate, DONS), and on ZON and its metabolites in blood and various physiological specimens of piglets. The uncontaminated control triticale (CON) and the DON-contaminated triticale (FUS) were included in the diets either untreated or SBS treated (CON-SBS, FUS-SBS) and fed to piglets for 28 days starting from weaning. The diet concentrations for DON were 0.156, 0.084, 2.312 and 0.275 mg kg^?1, for DONS were <0.05, <0.05, <0.05 and 1.841 mg kg^?1, and for ZON were <0.001, 0.006, 0.017, and 0.016 mg kg^?1 for each of CON, CON-SBS, FUS and FUS-SBS, respectively. DONS was present in the blood of piglets fed the FUS-SBS at a median concentration of 15.5 ng ml^?1 (3–67 ng ml^?1), while the median DON concentration amounted to 2 ng ml^?1 (0–5 ng ml^?1) at the same time. The median DON concentration in the blood of piglets fed the FUS diet reached a median concentration of 10.5 ng ml^?1 (5–17 ng ml^?1). Moreover, the relative differences between the DON concentrations in other physiological specimens (muscle, liver, kidney, bile and urine) in piglets fed the FUS-SBS and the FUS diet were comparable with the blood DON concentration differences. Although these differences can be taken as an indication for DONS stability after absorption and distribution further studies examining DONS in these other physiological specimens directly are necessary to substantiate this conclusion. Moreover, ZON and α-zearalenol could only be detected in bile and urine where their levels were not influenced by the SBS treatment.     

臭氧对不同基质中呕吐毒素的降解效果研究

为了研究臭氧对不同基质中呕吐毒素（DON）的降解效果及其规律，本研究采用臭氧来处理不同状态下DON纯品和赤霉病小麦，并初步探究了小麦组分对臭氧降解DON效果的影响。结果表明，臭氧可以在短时间内降解水溶液中的DON纯品和固态DON纯品，在处理浓度为10 mg/L、处理时间为60 s时，DON的降解率可达90%；臭氧可以有效降解小麦中的DON，料液比对小麦中DON的降解效果具有显著影响，当小麦粉与水的料液比为1:6时，臭氧可将初始含量为1.82 mg/kg的全麦粉中DON含量降解至国家标准限量 (1 mg/kg)以下。此外，在臭氧降解小麦中的DON时，小麦麸皮、淀粉和蛋白均对其降解效果有着明显的阻碍作用，且蛋白的阻碍作用最大。由此可知，臭氧可以显著降解不同状态下的DON纯品，对小麦各组分中的DON有较好的降解效果，并且臭氧对DON纯品的降解效率要显著高于赤霉病小麦，说明小麦各组分对臭氧降解DON有一定影响，其中蛋白的影响效果最为明显。不同基质中的DON的臭氧降解效果不同，且该降解效果受臭氧处理浓度和处理时间、样品与臭氧接触面积、样品水分含量等因素的影响。     

粮食中呕吐毒素的物理消减方法研究进展

呕吐毒素是广泛存在于粮食中的一种真菌毒素，其化学性质稳定，耐高温，对人类和动物的健康有比较严重的危害性。粮食中呕吐毒素的物理消减方法主要包括谷物加工法、吸附剂吸附法、射线辐照法和热处理法等方法。与化学脱毒法相比，物理脱毒法的成本低，处理过程中不会产生新的化学物质,且有助于减少粮食和饲料中现有的呕吐毒素。该文分析了粮食中呕吐毒素产生的原因、危害和污染现状，总结了粮食中呕吐毒素物理消减方法的研究进展，分析了各种消减方法的优缺点，并提出未来物理消减方法的研究方向和发展趋势，为进一步开发自动化、规模化、简便化和低成本高效率的物理消减方法提供参考。     

Cross-reactivity features of deoxynivalenol (DON)-targeted immunoaffinity columns aiming to achieve simultaneous analysis of DON and major conjugates in cereal samples

Immunoaf?nity columns (IACs) are a well-established tool in the determination of regulated mycotoxins in food and feed commodities. However, they also have the potential to become attractive pre-concentration and clean-up materials for the determination of masked (also called modified) mycotoxins, which have been recognised as important contributors to the toxicological hazard deriving from fungal spoilage of goods. However, the information available in the literature concerning the cross-reactivity of DON-IACs against the major conjugates (DON-3-G, 15-AcDON and 3-AcDON) is incomplete and often contradictory. We have carried out a detailed characterisation of the cross-reactivity of the four main IACs brands against DON and its conjugates as well as an assessment of the competition among the analytes. Only one IAC enabled the simultaneous analysis of all relevant DON forms while two missed 15-AcDON and the fourth one missed DON-3-G and 3-AcDON. In the case of the multivalent IAC, the analytes modified at the C-3 position compete for the antibody binding with preference for 3-AcDON (less spatially hindered) while DON-3-G has the more-hindered access to the active sites. Taking into consideration the levels of DON conjugates existing in real samples, the cross-reactivity of one DON-IAC allows a quantitative analysis of all of these analytes. Important but rather neglected aspects such as the continuous supply of IACs with identical characteristics, and of columns which are strictly blank, are also addressed in this paper.     

受污染小麦呕吐毒素分布研究

采用受自然污染呕吐毒素(DON)程度不同的4种小麦,通过检测实验磨制粉得到的不同出粉点样品,以及整麦粉碎得到的全麦粉的DON含量,研究小麦DON毒素的分布情况。结果表明:受污染小麦的DON毒素主要分布在不完善粒和小麦皮层中,在小麦胚乳中从外到里呈递减分布。因此,小麦重力分级工艺是去除轻质小麦、降低面粉DON含量的有效方法之一。     

Characterization and application of isotope-substituted (13C15)-deoxynivalenol (DON) as an internal standard for the determination of DON

The powerful combination of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (MS) is often limited by matrix effects during ionization in the MS ion source. The use of fully isotope-substituted (¹³C₁₅)-deoxynivalenol ((¹³C₁₅)-DON) as an internal standard (IS) corrects matrix effects and improves the accuracy of analytical methods using mass spectrometry for the quantitative determination of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). The IS was characterized with respect to its chromatographic purity by liquid chromatography-ultraviolet light and its isotope distribution by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Its low-energy collision-induced dissociation behaviour was compared with DON. Moreover, this work describes the successful application of (¹³C₁₅)-DON as IS for the determination of DON in maize using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) electrospray (ESI) with tandem mass spectrometry. The results demonstrate that the IS can successfully correct for fluctuations during extraction and clean-up of the sample as well as the ionization of DON in the MS ion source. Random variations in ionization affect the IS in the same way as the analyte. Recoveries for DON in maize of 76% ± 1.9% (external calibration) or 101% ± 2.4% (internal calibration) were reached, respectively, after sample clean-up.     

Influence of temperature and pH on the degradation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in aqueous medium: comparative cytotoxicity of DON and degraded product

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a toxic fungal metabolite, is stable under different processing conditions; however, its stability in aqueous medium at different temperatures and low pH (1–2) (present in the gastrointestinal tract) has not been investigated. In the present study, DON standard was used to study the influence of temperature and pH on DON stability in aqueous medium, the characterisation of the degraded product, and the comparative toxicity profile of the degraded and the parent compound. The results suggest that standard DON was unstable at 125–250°C showing 16–100% degradation whereas DON at pH 1–3 had 30–66% degradation, with a concomitant increase in the formation of a degraded product. Further ESI-MS characterisation of the dominant precursor ion of the HPLC eluate of the DON-degraded product was found to be m/z 279, resembling the known metabolite DOM-1. The degraded product of DON was reconfirmed as DOM-1 by comparison with standard DOM-1 and both gave a similar λ_max at 208 nm. Comparative studies of both standard DOM-1 and the degraded product of DON showed no cytotoxicity up to 6400 ng ml^–1 while significant cytotoxicity was observed for DON (400 ng ml^–1). The results suggest that a highly acidic environment (pH 1–2) could be responsible for the de-epoxydation of DON leading to the formation of DOM-1.     

挤压降解赤霉病小麦麸皮中DON

挤压赤霉病小麦麸皮,采用高效液相色谱法检测挤压前后麸皮中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)含量,研究机筒温度、麸皮水分含量、主机频率和喂料机频率对DON降解率的影响。结果表明:当试验机筒温度170℃时,DON降解率最高为11.96%;当水分含量为24%时,DON降解率最高为14.21%;当主机频率为10 Hz时,DON降解率最高为12.47%;当喂料机频率为8 Hz时,DON降解率最高为14.56%。提高机筒温度,降低麸皮水分含量、主机机频率和喂料频率,可以提高麸皮中DON降解率。     

食品加工对小麦制品中DON含量的影响

以脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)含量超标的赤霉病小麦为原料,采用免疫亲和层析净化—高效液相色谱法,检测小麦籽粒、研磨后各组分及面制品中DON的含量,比较和分析DON含量的变化。结果表明,剔除呆白粒后的小麦籽粒可食用部分的DON含量大幅度下降;经过煮制的面条中DON含量下降较大,而蒸制的馒头中则下降较小;同是烘焙产品,曲奇中的DON含量降低幅度远远高于面包。