制麦工艺对特种麦芽品质的影响

为探讨不同制麦工艺条件下特种麦芽品质变化,以特种麦芽色度、α-氨基氮含量及特征风味物质2,5-二甲基吡嗪和糠醛含量为指标,研究特种麦芽制麦过程中焙焦温度和焙焦时间以及麦芽原料对麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,随着焙焦温度的升高,所有处理下的特种麦芽的水分含量、α-氨基氮含量均显著下降(P0.05),在温度达到160℃时,水分质量分数已低于1%,且采用发芽3 d的麦芽制成的特种麦芽,α-氨基氮质量浓度下降最快,由228.157 mg/L降到118.427 mg/L;原麦芽β-葡聚糖含量最高,随着浸麦、发芽时间的延长,β-葡聚糖含量逐渐降低,同种麦芽焙焦温度的不同对β-葡聚糖含量影响较小;色度、还原力和硫代巴比妥酸值均随焙焦温度升高而显著增加(P0.05),发芽3 d的麦芽制得的特种麦芽色度增长最快,还原力最高,达1.303;硫代巴比妥酸值与啤酒的老化严重程度呈正比,因此在制麦过程中应合理控制麦芽的硫代巴比妥酸值;随着温度的升高,2,5-二甲基吡嗪含量先减少后增加,糠醛含量在80～120℃条件下无明显变化,120℃时开始显著增加,2,5-二甲基吡嗪和糠醛均主要在120～160℃条件下生成。     

制麦工艺对SN1391小麦麦芽质量的影响

以小麦SN1391为试材,采用三因素三水平正交实验设计,研究浸麦度(40%～48%)、发芽温度(12～20℃)及焙焦温度(78～83℃)对麦芽质量的影响。通过对成品麦芽指标的分析,发现浸出物含量受制麦工艺参数影响不大;糖化力、糖化时间、α-AN含量、库尔巴哈值、麦芽β-葡聚糖含量、麦汁粘度受工艺参数影响较大;提高浸麦度与发芽温度,降低焙焦温度可以降低成品麦芽中β-葡聚糖的含量和麦汁粘度。以糖化力为主要指标时,对糖化力影响的主次因素顺序为:发芽温度>浸麦度>焙焦温度;得到最佳制麦工艺参数为:浸麦度47%～48%、发芽温度为18～20℃、焙焦温度为80～81℃。     

β-葡聚糖酶对SN1391小麦芽的品质影响研究

以小麦SN1391为试材,按三因素三水平正交设计进行实验得到9组麦芽,通过对麦芽品质分析研究小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活与麦芽品质的关系。发现小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活与麦芽浸出物含量、α-淀粉酶活力存在极显著正相关性(P<0.01);与糖化力、库尔巴哈值、α-AN、蛋白酶活力存在显著正相关性(P<0.05);与麦汁粘度、糖化力存在显著负相关性(P<0.05)。影响β-葡聚糖酶活力的工艺参数主次顺序为:浸麦度>焙焦温度>发芽温度。浸麦度为47%～48%、发芽温度为15～17℃、焙焦温度为80～81℃时SN1391小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活力最高。     

谷物辅料-在酿造中的应用和对啤酒质量的影响

在啤酒酿造中,经常使用辅料（没有发芽的大麦、小麦、大米或者高粱、玉米等,或是这些辅料的加工品）来替代部分麦芽.重要的是如何保证始产品质量,以满足市场消费者的需求.在本研究中,将对不同比例的玉米粉（10-20％）对于啤酒质量的影响进行分析和研究.对如下参数进行检测：麦汁色度、二甲基硫（DMS）和蛋白质含量、不可发酵性浸出物、发酵过程的降糖、酒精含量和啤酒的发酵度.当然,还要结合过滤的表现来进行综合性评价.这些样品（全麦芽啤酒,玉米淀粉占比10％-20％的啤酒）均来自商业化的啤酒生产公司（3000hl发酵罐）.实际上,当采用了10-20％的玉米淀粉作为辅料时,对麦汁的色度有影响,这个影响当然相对较轻微（分别是11.1和11.5EBC）,而全麦芽啤酒的色度是12.2EBC.采用非发芽谷物作为辅料所生产的啤酒在游离氨基氮水平、DMS和非发酵性浸出物的含量方面都相对全麦芽啤酒要低一些.同时,在酒精含量和发酵度上又相对较高.但是对于最终的啤酒产品而言,这种影响显得并不十分明显.     

用未发芽高梁和麦芽糖化的研究

当用禾发芽高粱（0-100%）和麦芽（100-0％）并结合工业用酶制剂糖化时对麦汁质量的影响进行了评价,糖化过程温度为50℃、95℃和60℃,评价不同酶的使用,稳定的α-淀粉酶对高效率糖化是必要的,高粱含量高的糖化醪须有一个真菌α-淀粉酶相对于100%麦芽糖化醪以起到提高过滤速率的作用,细菌蛋白酶的添加可增加可溶性氮的数量和肽的降解、谷粉中添加相对比例的高梁可能导致麦汁滤速、色度、粘度、发酵极限、游离氨基氮、高分子量氮的减小并相应增加pH值（p〈0.01）总的说来,小比例的麦芽添加到未发芽高粱糖化醪中并使用一定量的酶,被认为对未发芽高粱酿造高质量贮藏啤酒具有一定的作用。     

添加不同发芽时间的小麦芽粉对面团及馒头品质的影响

以潍麦8号小麦为原料,采用常规制麦工艺分别制得不同发芽时间的小麦芽,后经125℃焙烤2 h磨粉,探究添加5%小麦芽粉对面粉糊化特性、面团粉质特性、拉伸特性及馒头品质的影响。结果表明,小麦芽经125℃焙烤2 h后,其α-淀粉酶的灭活率为82.2%~90.0%。添加小麦芽粉对面粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、回生值和峰值时间均有显著影响(p≤0.05)。添加发芽第2~5天的小麦芽粉能显著降低面团的稳定时间,粉质指数,拉伸能量,拉伸比,拉伸阻力,升高面团的弱化度和延展度(p≤0.05)。添加发芽第2、4、5天的小麦芽粉制成馒头比容较大。添加发芽第2天的小麦芽粉制成馒头的感官评分最高。与空白对照组和添加其他发芽时间的小麦芽粉制成的馒头品质相比,添加发芽第2天的小麦芽粉制成的馒头外观呈咖啡色,比容较大,表面光滑,带有浓郁的焙烤麦芽香气。     

浅析提高麦芽α—氨基氮

浅析提高麦芽α－氨基氮刘艳（新疆军区昭苏军马场麦芽厂；８３５６０２１）考查麦芽质量优劣，α－氨基氮这一理化指标被啤酒厂家日益重视，也成为我们麦芽生产厂家主攻课题。麦芽中α－氨基氮既反映了麦芽中蛋白质被分解成终端产物游离氨基酸（包括低肽和氨）的倾向值，...     

小麦蛋白质含量对小麦芽质量的影响

本文通过对小麦蛋白质及其组分含量与小麦麦芽质量的关系的研究,发现：小麦芽蛋白酶活力的增长率与小麦总蛋白质含量存在显著负相关性相关系数r=-0.8468（P＜0.05）;小麦芽蛋白酶活力与库值呈极显著正相关性,相关系数r=0.9503（P＜0.01）;蛋白质含量低于15%、原小麦蛋白酶活力较高（大于20U）的小麦品种适合制小麦麦芽.小麦8号蛋白质含量14.60%,原小麦蛋白酶活力21.25U,常规制麦发芽7d得到的小麦芽,浸出物82.71%、其糖化力472.62WK、糖化时间9.0min、库值39.59%、α-AN140.23mg/100g、色度6.5EBC.小麦8号是比较优良的适合制麦芽小麦品种.     

培养温度对发芽糙米生理活性及GABA等主要物质含量的影响

本文研究了浸渍发芽条件下,培养温度对发芽糙米生理活性及γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）等主要物质含量的影响.结果表明：在16～40℃的温度范围内,随着培养温度的升高,糙米的生长速率加快,呼吸作用增强,可溶性蛋白质与淀粉含量下降,还原糖和游离氨基酸含量升高,GABA和谷氨酸（Glu）累积量增加.综合考虑发芽糙米品质和GABA累积量等因素,糙米宜在培养温度为32℃的条件下发芽.     

发芽状况及热处理对小麦淀粉品质量影响的研究

以面筋强度不同的7个小麦品种为材料,分析不同发芽状况与热处理对小麦淀粉品质的影响。结果表明：发芽使α－淀粉酶活性激增,表现为降落值（FN）、膨胀势下降。70℃、90℃处理的发芽小麦,较未经热处理芽麦的降落值、膨胀势增高,说明适当高温处理能降低α－淀粉酶的活性。发芽及热处理对小麦淀粉含量影响较小。面筋强度不同的小麦品种表现基本一致。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.