新型液体燃料5-乙氧基甲基糠醛的催化转化研究进展

5-乙氧基甲基糠醛（5-ethoxymethylfurfural,EMF）是一种替代化石能源的潜在液体燃料，近年来EMF的合成引起了国内外科研人员的广泛关注。本文综述了EMF转化合成的生物质原料、均相和非均相催化转化体系的研究进展，对比了单相与双相溶剂的作用效果，以期为EMF的合成与生物质转化利用提供科学依据。最后，对EMF的合成策略及工业化生产进行展望。     

DMSO／TEAC溶剂体系纺制纤维素纤维的研究

以二甲基亚砜（ＤＭＳＯ）／四乙基氯化铵（ＴＥＡＣ）溶剂体系溶解纤维素，配制纺丝溶液，采用常规的湿法纺丝技术纺制了纤维素纤维。纤维结构及性能的研究结果表明，该纤维具有较高的结晶度，模量大，伸长小，而其他性能与普通粘胶纤维相似。     

非衍生化溶剂体系及再生工艺对纤维素结构与性能的影响

纤维素是大自然中最丰富的天然聚合物，具有高度结构稳定性、可再生、可生物降解等诸多优势。天然纤维素聚合物结晶度高，功能单一，难以实现大范围、多领域的应用，但溶解后的纤维素大分子能够在一定再生条件下重新排列成具有特定功能和性质的纤维素材料。而纤维素溶剂的选择以及再生工艺对再生纤维素的微观形貌、结晶结构、结晶度、热稳定性等方面均有一定程度的影响，再生后的纤维素易进行各种化学反应，对扩大纤维素的应用范围具有重大意义。本文综述了不同非衍生化溶剂体系和再生工艺（再生溶剂、再生温度、再生湿度）对再生纤维素结构和性能的影响。     

低共熔溶剂在木质纤维素预处理中的应用

低共熔溶剂（DES）在木质纤维素预处理中已得到了广泛应用,取得了重要的研究进展。本文主要介绍了DES的物理性质及其对木质纤维素的作用机理,综述了DES在木质纤维素预处理领域（木质素的分离,纤维素的纳米分散、衍生化及其溶解,半纤维素降解转化）的应用研究进展,总结并展望DES在木质纤维素预处理应用中面临的机遇和挑战。     

非衍生化溶剂体系制备再生纤维素膜及其性能研究

以NaOH/尿素/硫脲、［Amim］Cl、［Amim］Cl/DMF和氯化胆碱/尿素低共熔溶剂4种溶剂作为纤维素浆粕的溶剂体系并制备再生纤维素膜。采用红外光谱、X射线衍射、热重分析、扫描电镜和万能材料试验机对再生纤维素及再生纤维素膜进行结构表征。结果表明，将纤维素溶解在不同溶剂体系中，再生纤维素晶型均由纤维素Ⅰ型转变为纤维素Ⅱ型，再生纤维素的结晶度、热稳定性及再生纤维素膜的力学性能均有不同程度的降低。从再生纤维素膜性能及成本核算方面考虑，［Amim］Cl /DMF溶剂体系制备再生纤维素膜效果最佳。     

生物质制备5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)及其研究进展

5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)是现如今重要的精细化工原料,也是一种特殊的制革鞣剂,其制备是生物质领域的研究热点。由单糖至多聚糖,文章综述了5-HMF的制备研究现状,描述了各制备5-HMF方法中所采用的催化剂、溶剂体系及5-HMF的收率。分析比较了这些制备方法的优缺点。可以发现,采用生物质制备高收率的5-HMF具有良好的探索前景。     

纤维素催化转化为葡萄糖及多元醇的研究进展

自然界中含量最丰富的纤维素,是一种清洁可再生的碳资源,可以替代石油等不可再生资源催化转化为高附加值的平台化合物。本文简要介绍了纤维素的结构,指出了纤维素水解及高效转化的关键步骤,并全面综述了纤维素转化为葡萄糖、山梨醇和乙二醇的工艺条件（如催化剂种类、反应温度、反应时间等）及催化机理,并展望了各工艺过程中催化剂的研究方向,旨在为纤维素催化转化为小分子平台化合物的生产提供参考。     

基于低共熔溶剂预处理的木质纤维素生物质精炼研究进展

低共熔溶剂(DES)是一种新型的绿色溶剂,具有制备简单、成本低廉、生物相容性好、可循环再生、分子极性强和可设计性等特点,在生物质精炼、催化转化及功能材料构筑等领域展现出良好的应用前景。本文结合DES预处理技术在木质纤维素生物质精炼领域的最新研究报道,重点综述了不同组成和性质的DES采用单独或协同预处理分别对纤维素、半纤维素及木素三大组分的溶解机理、影响因素及分离效果,分析并展望了基于DES预处理后木质纤维素各组分的功能化及高值化利用的优势、不足及发展现状,以期为采用新型绿色溶剂促进木质纤维素生物质精炼研究与应用提供新的借鉴。     

酸催化糖转化为5-羟甲基糠醛的动力学分析

在食品中,磷酸、柠檬酸等酸味物质可催化葡萄糖、果糖等甜味物质转化为5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)。本研究中,将糖酸混合溶液放于安瓿瓶中,采用油浴加热,三种反应温度分别为373 K、393 K、413 K,以HPLC测定了加热时间8 h内的糖酸体系中5-HMF浓度随着时间的变化;利用origin 8.0对数据进行拟合,建立动力学模型。最终发现无机三元酸磷酸的催化效率高于有机三元酸柠檬酸,果糖转化程度高于葡萄糖。在葡萄糖磷酸体系(GP)、葡萄糖柠檬酸体系(GL)、果糖磷酸体系(FP)、果糖柠檬酸体系(FL)中,5-HMF的浓度随着时间的延长呈直线上升,符合零级动力学模型。动力学分析得到四种反应体系的反应活化能(Ea)分别为109.16k J/mol、121.09 k J/mol、102.89 k J/mol、112.36 k J/mol,GP体系中Ea最高,FL体系中最低。在糖酸食品热加工过程中,磷酸、果糖的含量对食品中的5-HMF含量影响很大。     

新型纤维素纤维的结构和性能

通过广角X衍射和扫描电镜研究了氢氧化钠/硫脲/尿素（8：6．5：8）溶剂溶解的棉浆粕（聚合度620）溶液湿法纺丝获得再生纤维素纤维的结构变化。广角X衍射表明，新型纤维素纤维具有典型的纤维素Ⅱ型晶体结构和相当高的结晶度。扫描电镜和光学显微镜图片观察发现纤维的截面呈圆形，类似于天然丝的截面。氢氧化钠／硫脲／尿素溶剂体系是一种低成本、环境友好的溶剂，能够代替目前存在的高污染物排放的再生纤维素纤维生产方法。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.