超声/紫外强化Fenton法深度处理造纸废水研究

本研究采用超声/紫外强化Fenton法深度处理造纸废水,以COD、BOD去除率为评价指标,研究反应时间、超声功率和频率、紫外强度、H₂O₂和FeSO₄·7H₂O投加量、pH值对处理效果的影响。结果表明,超声/紫外强化Fenton法深度处理造纸废水的最佳处理条件为：反应时间90 min、超声功率160 W,超声频率50 kHz、紫外光强度12 mW/cm²、H₂O₂投加量12 mL/L、FeSO₄·7H₂O投加量500 mg/L、溶液pH值=5,最佳反应条件下造纸废水的COD_Cr和BOD₅去除率分别为74.8%和75.5%。超声/紫外强化Fenton法深度处理造纸废水具有协同效应,其处理效果优于超声+紫外+Fenton法。超声/紫外强化Fenton法深度处理后,造纸废水满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》GB 18918—2002一级A排放标准。     

碳泡沫阴极电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水研究

本研究通过蔗糖发泡-碳化工艺制备了碳泡沫阴极材料并应用于电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对碳泡沫阴极表面形貌和化学结构进行表征。以COD_Cr去除率为评价指标,考察了阴极材料、反应时间、初始pH值、Fe²⁺投加量和电流密度对造纸废水深度处理效果的影响。结果表明,碳泡沫由大量孔洞结构堆叠而成,表面存在含氧官能团。反应时间180 min、pH值3、Fe²⁺投加量0.5 mmol/L、电流密度200 mA/cm²时,以碳泡沫为阴极的电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水的COD_Cr去除率最高,达到88.4%,相比常规碳毡阴极提高了1.3倍。以碳泡沫为阴极的电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水法具有良好的稳定性,10次循环的COD_Cr去除率均超过85%,效率降低率不超过5%。     

三维电极-电Fenton法深度处理造纸废水

采用三维电极-电Fenton法深度处理造纸二级生化出水,以COD_(Cr)去除率为主要考察指标,研究不同因素对废水处理效果的影响,确定最佳处理条件;并对COD_(Cr)降解规律进行了反应动力学分析。结果表明,常温下,初始p H值3、电解电压10 V、通气量5.1 L/min、Fe~(2+)浓度0.6 mmol/L、反应时间60 min时,废水中COD_(Cr)去除率高达90.5%;在最佳实验条件下,三维电极-电Fenton法氧化降解过程符合准一极反应动力学规律。     

石墨烯促进Fenton氧化处理制浆中段废水的研究

以制浆中段废水为研究对象,首先采用正交实验研究了石墨烯促进Fenton氧化的各影响因素间的显著程度,然后通过单因素实验研究了废水pH值、石墨烯加入量以及H₂O₂加入量对废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,石墨烯促进Fenton氧化的各影响因素间的显著程度为废水pH值>石墨烯加入量>H₂O₂加入量>n（Fe²⁺）∶n（H₂O₂）;加入石墨烯后,Fenton反应的最佳pH值由4提高至6;石墨烯最佳加入量为3 mg/L;随着H₂O₂的不断加入,制浆中段废水降解效果先不断升高而后趋于平稳,H₂O₂的最佳加入量为7 mL/L。Fenton反应体系符合一级反应动力学方程,加入石墨烯的Fenton反应速率常数k为0.0632 min-1,比传统Fenton反应速率常数大,表明制浆中段废水的降解速率明显加快。     

响应面法优化O3/H2O2组合工艺处理制浆中段废水的研究

本研究为提高臭氧（O₃）氧化处理制浆中段废水的COD去除率,以广西某造纸厂制浆中段废水为研究对象,采用O₃/H₂O₂组合工艺对其进行高级氧化处理。分别探究了废水初始pH值、O₃用量、H₂O₂用量、反应时间和搅拌速度等影响因素对废水色度和COD去除效果的影响。为提高最优工艺参数的精确度,对O₃/H₂O₂组合工艺参数进行响应面优化法分析。结果表明,在废水初始pH值=8、H₂O₂用量为1.0 mL/L、O₃用量为480 mg/L的工艺条件下,废水色度为85.7倍,色度去除率为99.3%;COD_Cr达208.2 mg/L,COD_Cr去除率为84.5%。     

Fenton氧化对制浆废水中难降解有机污染物的去除效果研究

与传统Fenton氧化法相比流化床Fenton氧化法可以有效降低氧化剂的消耗量,同时可以使COD_Cr的去除效率有所提高。由于制浆废水的复杂特性,Fenton氧化反应存在一定的矿化能力极限,处理后废水很难稳定达标。进一步研究确定了最佳反应条件为：H₂O₂用量为1/2Qth、Fe²⁺与H₂O₂摩尔比为1∶5时,一沉池出水进行氧化处理后COD_Cr由1004 mg/L降至235 mg/L,BOD₅/COD_Cr提高到0.59,并通过AOX值和二氯甲烷萃取物GC-MS分析对比,判断废水可生化性显著提高。在此基础上采用流化床Fenton氧化与废水生物处理组合工艺进行处理,可以满足达标排放要求。     

电絮凝技术在棉浆黑液处理上的应用

分别采用电絮凝法、化学絮凝法和混凝-电絮凝复合工艺对棉浆稀黑液进行处理。结果表明,采用电絮凝法,当初始pH值为9.0、电流密度为150 A/m²、反应时间为90 min时,COD_Cr和色度的去除率分别达到64.0%和88.6%;初始棉浆稀黑液浓度和NaCl浓度对处理效果影响不大。采用化学絮凝法,当初始pH值为6.0、PAC用量为500 mg/L、CPAM用量为3 mg/L时,COD_Cr与色度的去除率分别能达到39.3%和78.2%。采用混凝-电絮凝复合工艺,在初始pH值为9.0、PAC用量为200 mg/L、电流密度为100 A/m²、反应时间为60 min时,COD_Cr和色度的去除率分别为64.4%和91.3%。     

超声波／Fenton试剂法联用技术处理染料废水的研究

通过正交试验确定了超声波条件下Fenton试剂对3种染料废水的最佳处理条件,结果表明:对还原金黄染料废水的最佳处理条件是pH值3,[Fe2 ]=1.5mmol/L,[H2O2]=240mg/L,温度30℃,其色度去除率为98.56%,浊度去除率为99.79%,COD去除率为91.00%;对直接黑染料废水的最佳条件是pH值3,[Fe2 ]=1.5 mmol/L,[H2O2]=300mg/L,温度加℃,其色度去除率为98.41%,浊度去除率为99.42%,COD去除率为89.14%;对还原大紫染料废水的最佳处理条件是pH值5,[Fe2 ]=1.5 mmo/L,[H2O2]=240mg/L,温度40℃,其色度去除率为97.26%,浊度去除率为99.74%,COD去除率为93.07%.     

陶粒填料-Fenton工艺处理造纸废水的研究

本研究采用陶粒填料-Fenton工艺对生化处理后的造纸废水进行深度处理,以COD去除率和色度去除率为考察指标。通过单因素和正交实验得出最佳工艺条件,随后对比了相同反应条件下常规Fenton工艺与陶粒填料-Fenton工艺的处理效果,以及相同COD去除率下2种工艺的加药量。结果表明,陶粒填料-Fenton工艺最佳条件为:初始pH值=4,m(COD)∶m(H_2O_2)=1∶1.5,n(Fe~(2+))∶n(H_2O_2)=3∶5,陶粒填料投加量150 g/L,反应时间30 min。在相同反应条件下,2种工艺对COD_(Cr)去除效果相近,均达70%以上,对色度去除效果明显,去除率高于80%;相同COD去除率下,与常规Fenton工艺相比,陶粒填料-Fenton工艺可节省66.7%的FeSO_4和16.7%的H_2O_2。因此,采用陶粒填料-Fenton工艺深度处理造纸废水可节省试剂加入量从而达到降低成本的目的。     

用Fenton提高造纸废水的可生化性

采用Fenton处理造纸废水,研究了Fenton反应中各影响因素对废水COD去除率、BOD_5/COD值的影响,确定了最佳条件,即反应时间120min,初始pH 3,H_2O_2/Fe~(2+)摩尔浓度比=3,在该条件下,废水COD去除率近85%,B/C达到0 70,可生化性得到了很大改善     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.