食品中持久性有机污染物现状及对策研究

当前,生态环境持续恶化问题已经引起国际社会的高度重视,从全球范围内看,环境污染问题的加剧,给人类的身体健康带来了极大的威胁,在此背景下,各国政府针对环境污染对人类身体健康所带来的危害与影响问题加大了研究力度,并以专门机构与部门的设置为进一步解决环境问题探寻出路。而持久性有机污染物(POPs)在农药中的运用,使得农产品农药污染问题加剧,并引起了社会的高度重视。本文就食品中持久性有机污染物的现状进行调查与评价,阐述了持久性有机污染的特征,分析了食品中持久性有机污染物的来源与危害,并针对食品中POPs污染现状进行了分析,最后为如何实现对POPs污染物的有效防治提出了对策。     

EPIsuite对皮革行业化学品持久性有机污染评价的应用研究

参考《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》中对持久性污染物(POPs)的确定标准,结合皮革化学品的实际情况,建立了合适的POPs评价标准。利用计算机软件EPISuite,建立了适用于皮革行业化学品持久性有机污染的评价方法。该评价方法同样适用于对皮革化学品的预警性筛选,可以从源头上对污染物质进行控制,有利于皮革行业的绿色发展。     

可蓄积到食物中的持久性有机污染物及其检测技术研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)可通过大气、水、土壤等介质在环境和人体积累,对人的身体健康和生命安全构成威胁。本文综述了持久性有机污染物的种类、危害和治理技术。详细介绍了目前检测方法的研究进展和热点,对各种方法的优缺点进行了分析。旨在为持久性有机污染物的检测提供参考。     

持久性有机污染物膳食摄入的研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)在环境中能够普遍存在并且通过食物链能够富集,已经影响到了食品的安全。由于人们通过膳食摄入持久性有机污染物是一个主要的因素,所以人们在日常膳食的过程中持久性有机污染物在一定程度上对人们的健康存在着潜在健康风险。本文综述了近年来国内外有关人们通过膳食摄入不同POPs的膳食暴露情况,包括持久性有机氯农药、二噁英及其类似物、多溴联苯醚、全氟有机化合物等,并且将不同国家和地区的人们对这些化合物膳食摄入量的不同进行了比较和分析。在此基础上,评估了人们对不同POPs膳食摄入的健康风险,希望为进一步开展和健康风险评估相关的研究提供依据。     

纺织品中持久性有机污染物(POPs)的分析

持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic Pollutants,简称POPs)是一系列在环境中长期残留和长距离迁移,具有脂溶性和生物蓄积性,对人类和野生动植物有高毒的含碳化合物.尽管在20世纪60年代人类对持久性有机污染物的概念、特性和危害还不是很清楚,但当时已有人在呼吁关注持久性有机污染物的早期代表DDT等有机氯农药对人类健康和未来发展的影响,随着科学研究和人类认识的深入,在各个领域禁用持久性有机污染物在全球已形成共识.     

持久性有机污染物的毒性及处理技术研究

持久性有机污染物(POPs)以其持久性、易于生物富集性、对人和生物有毒有害的特点,已成为全球关注的热点问题。论文阐述了POPs的生态毒性及对人体健康和生态环境的危害,系统地综述了其处理方法及治理技术,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

持久性有机污染物的危害现状分析

简要介绍了持久性有机污染物的特点和危害特征,阐述了我国POPs生产、使用的历史和现状,研究了土壤中六六六残留量,论述了人们远离其危害的相应措施,同时指出目前控制POPs过程中存在的问题。     

制浆造纸过程中的持久性有机污染物

持久性有机污染物（POPs,Persjstent Organic Pollutants）中的二恶英类污染物,在制浆造纸工业中作为副产物而产生。在人类释放到环境中的污染物中,POPs是其中最危险的高毒污染物质,可造成一系列负面影响,特别严重的可导致动物以及人类的死亡、疾病、畸形儿。美国国家环保局用4年时间投资10亿美元,用于进行造纸工业POPs（二恶英和呋哺）的调研及治理,取得了重要成果,美国造纸工业POPs（二恶英和呋喃）的环境释放量降低了90％。     

我国母乳中持久性有机污染暴露水平及主要来源研究

本文介绍了我国母乳中有机氯农药(OCPs)、二噁英(PCDD/Fs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、全氟代烃类化合物(PFCs)等持久性有机污染物(POPs)的污染状况及可能的暴露来源。持久性有机污染物在我国母乳中存在一定的身体负荷,可能对婴儿的健康产生不利影响。     

近10年禁用含氟整理剂的新法规、新替代品和新问题(续一)

正4 PFOS和PFOA的管控新条例基于PFOS和PFOA具有持久性、生物累积性、毒性以及强的远距离环境迁移特性,近10年普遍认为这两种全氟辛基化合物符合国际POPs公约组织所定义的持久性有机污染物(POPs)和持久累积毒性物(PBT)类化学物质,而其他30种全氟和多氟烷基化合物基本上是PFOS的衍生物和PFOS与PFOA的系PFOS PFOA     

Phytosterol oxidation products in enriched foods: Occurrence,exposure, and biological effects

Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Dietary intake of phytosterols/phytostanols and their fatty acid esters results in a reduction of the LDL and total plasma cholesterol levels. Therefore, these constituents are added to a broad spectrum of foods. As in the case of cholesterol, thermo‐oxidative treatment of phytosterols may result in the formation of phytosterol oxidation products (POPs), i.e. keto‐, hydroxy‐, and epoxy‐derivatives. This review summarizes and evaluates the current knowledge regarding POPs in the light of the potentially increasing dietary exposure to these constituents via the consumption of foods enriched with phytosterols/phytostanols and their esters. Data on the occurrence of POPs and approaches to assess the potential intake of POPs resulting from the consumption of enriched foods are described. The knowledge on the uptake of POPs and the presently available data on the impact of the consumption of enriched foods on the levels of POPs in humans are discussed. Biological effects of POPs, such as potential proatherogenic properties or the loss of the cholesterol‐lowering effects compared to nonoxidized phytosterols, are discussed. Finally, knowledge gaps are outlined and recommendations for further research needed for a safety assessment of POPs are presented.     

食品中植物甾醇氧化物研究进展

植物甾醇作为一种降胆固醇的功能性成分已被广泛用于食品及其配料中,但是其化学结构与胆固醇类似,易受光、热、氧、金属离子等作用,转变成对人体具有潜在危害的植物甾醇氧化物(POPs)。虽然对这种潜在危害还存在争议,但POPs已经引起了人们的关注。本文综合现有国内外有关文献,对POPs的来源分布、形成机理、生理作用及抑制有害POPs生成等几个方面的研究进展进行了总结,并对其研究发展趋势进行了展望。     

植物甾醇氧化物的形成、摄入及健康相关效应

植物甾醇（phytosterol,PS）是一类重要的生物活性物质,具有降低胆固醇、预防心血管疾病、抗癌、抗炎等生理功能,但由于其自身结构不稳定,易被氧化形成植物甾醇氧化物（phytosterol oxidation products,POPs）,POPs包括酮基类、羟基类和环氧氧化物。随着越来越多的PS强化食品进入人们的日常生活,PS的氧化、POPs的机体摄入及可能存在的危害已引起了消费者的广泛关注。本文查阅国内外有关POPs的最新研究成果,从POPs的形成、种类与结构、膳食暴露情况、机体吸收及健康相关效应等方面进行系统分析论述,以期为PS的氧化控制,特别是POPs的膳食摄入和风险评估提供科学参考。     

马齿苋多糖对高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠的作用及机制

目的：研究马齿苋多糖对高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠模型的作用及其机制。方法：采用高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素诱导的方法建立Ⅱ型糖尿病模型,考察马齿苋多糖对糖尿病小鼠的血糖水平、葡萄糖耐受、胰岛素水平、胰岛素敏感指数、血脂指标以及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）活性和丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量的影响。结果：马齿苋多糖可明显改善血糖水平,提高对葡萄糖的耐受性,增加胰岛素水平和胰岛素敏感指数,且可以降低模型小鼠血脂的含量,同时能够增加小鼠胰腺中SOD、CAT的活性及降低MDA的含量。结论：马齿苋多糖具有降血糖与降血脂作用,可能与其抗氧化作用有关。     

我国母乳中持久性有机污染物机体负荷研究进展

母乳是世界卫生组织推荐的作为人生物监测的理想基质,也是履行《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》成效评估的主要基质。为评估普通人群持久性有机污染物机体负荷水平及履约成效评估需要,我国自2007年以来连续开展母乳监测工作,重点对多氯代二苯并二噁英和多氯代二苯并呋喃、多氯联苯、多溴二苯醚等典型持久性有机污染物开展相关监测。获得了表征我国普通人群机体负荷水平的代表性数据以及时空分布状况,为我国履约工作提供了有力支撑。     

我国大闸蟹中二噁英类持久性有机污染物的暴露水平研究

目的研究我国大闸蟹中二噁英类持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)的暴露水平,评估大闸蟹中二噁英类POPs的主要污染来源。方法样品经正己烷和二氯甲烷(1:1,V:V)提取,浓硫酸沉淀脂类杂质后,过复合硅胶柱和碱性氧化铝柱净化分离目标物。采用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法(isotope dilution high resolution gas chromatograph-high resolution mass spectrometer,isotope dilution HRGC-HRMS)分析大闸蟹及其食物源中二噁英和多氯联苯的含量。结果蟹肉中二噁英类POPs的总毒性当量(toxic equivalent,TEQ)为0.0092～1.65 pg TEQ/g,平均浓度为0.27 pg TEQ/g。蟹黄(蟹膏)中二噁英类POPs的TEQ浓度水平为1.3～15 pg TEQ/g,平均浓度是蟹肉中平均TEQ值的21倍。估算一亩蟹塘中的物料平衡,发现饲料中二噁英类POPs的TEQ值是大闸蟹的0.85倍,玉米、水草和水仅贡献蟹塘中TEQ输入的4.7%,不考虑生物过程,沉积物中TEQ输入是饲料输入的77倍。结论蟹塘中二噁英类POPs的TEQ输入量高于其输出量,其中沉积物是大闸蟹中二噁英类POPs的主要贡献者,定期清理和更换养殖蟹塘中的沉积物可有效减少大闸蟹对二噁英类POPs的暴露。     

Oceanic biogeochemical controls on global dynamics of persistent organic pollutants

Understanding and quantifying the global dynamics and sinks of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is important to assess their environmental impact and fate. Air-surface exchange processes, where temperature plays a central role in controlling volatilization and deposition, are of key importance in controlling global POP dynamics. The present study is an assessment of the role of oceanic biogeochemical processes, notably phytoplankton uptake and vertical fluxes of particles, on the global dynamics of POPs. Field measurements of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), and furans (PCDFs) are combined with remote sensing estimations of oceanic temperature, wind speed, and chlorophyll, to model the interactions between air-water exchange, phytoplankton uptake, and export of organic matter and POPs out of the mixed surface ocean layer. Deposition is enhanced in the mid-high latitudes and is driven by sinking marine particulate matter, rather than by a cold condensation effect. However, the relative contribution of the biological pump is a function of the physical-chemical properties of POPs. It is concluded that oceanic biogeochemical processes play a critical role in controlling the global dynamics and the ultimate sink of POPs.     

Multivariate data analyses of persistent organic pollutants in maternal adipose tissue in Singapore

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were detected in 88 maternal adipose tissue samples collected during year 2004 to 2006, in Singapore. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were the most dominant followed by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Multivariate data analyses (MVA) including principal component analysis (PCA), partial least-squares regression (PLSR), and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to elucidate the relationship between concentrations of POPs in adipose tissues and donors' characteristics. Food consumption played the most significant role in accounting for levels of POPs in adipose tissue. Fish and poultry consumption was the route of PCBs and PBDEs in mothers in Singapore, while beta-HCH came mainly from vegetables. An age-dependent accumulation of POPs was found for beta-HCH and PCB congeners, and lactation and gestation functioned as a decontamination processes for PCBs in adipose tissue. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may change the profile of POPs in adipose tissue, probably due to an alteration in lipid metabolism. POPs investigated here may not be the cause of antenatal complication in pregnant women, and baby gender was not related to the pattern of contaminants in maternal adipose tissue.     

Bioamplification and the selective depletion of persistent organic pollutants in Chinook salmon larvae

The maternal provisioning of yolk to eggs transfers significant quantities of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). As yolk utilization progresses via metabolic activity, there is a potential to realize further increases in POP concentrations if yolk lipids are depleted at a faster rate than POPs, a condition referred to as bioamplification. This study investigated the bioamplification of POPs in Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) eggs and larvae. Chinook eggs were sampled from the Credit River, ON, Canada, and brought to an aquaculture facility where they were fertilized, incubated, and maintained posthatch until maternally derived lipid reserves became depleted (approximately 168 days). The loss of chemicals having an octanol-water partition coefficient (log K(OW)) greater than 5.8 was slow to negligible from days 0-135. However, during the increase in water temperatures in early spring, K(OW)-dependent elimination of POPs was observed. Bioamplification was maximized for the highest log K(OW) POPs, with an approximate 5-fold increase in lipid equivalents concentrations in 168 day old larvae as compared to newly fertilized eggs. This study demonstrates that later yolk-sac Chinook larvae (before exogenous feeding) are exposed to higher lipid equivalents POP concentrations than predicted by maternal deposition, which could lead to underestimates in the toxicity of critical life stages.     

Modeling persistent organic pollutant (POP) partitioning between tree bark and air and its application to spatial monitoring of atmospheric POPs in mainland China

A mathematical model describing the bark/air partitioning of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was established taking into consideration the accumulation processes of POPs from air into bark and compound-, species-, and site-specific air-to-bark accumulation factors. It allows the assessment of the concentrations of atmospheric POPs based on those recorded in tree bark. The spatial distribution of atmospheric POPs including 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Sigma18PAHs), 5 organic chlorinated pesticides (Sigma5OCPs), 10 polychlorinated biphenyls (Sigma10PCBs), and 17 brominated flame retardants (Sigma17BFRs) were investigated by analyzing 163 bark samples from 68 sites across mainland China. The atmospheric POPs were estimated to be 4.1-399 ng/m3 air, and 11.3-553, 4.5-130, and 0.9-624 pg/m3 air with geometric means of 71 ng/m3 air, and 99,26, and 25 pg/m3 airfor Sigma18PAHs, Sigma5OCPs, Sigma10PCBs, and Sigma17BFRs, respectively, based on those recorded in the tree barks of 5.1-1770, 0.05-12.9, 0.21-21.6, and 0.02-48.3 ng/g bark on dry weight basis, with geometric means of 295, 1.47, 3.12, and 2.79 ng/g bark. These results generally indicated that contamination by atmospheric POPs is more serious in eastern and mid China than that in western China.