摩拉×西林水牛乳化学组成变化的研究

本实验采用7头1胎的摩拉×西林水牛,分别在产犊后2h、12h、24h、36h、48h、3d、4d、5d、6d、7d、15d、30d、60d、90d、120d、150d、180d、210d采集乳样,称量产乳量,测定乳的物理性质和化学组成。结果表明:摩拉×本地水牛的泌乳高峰出现在产后第三个月(126.56kg),210d总产量805.47kg,平均日产量3.84kg;水牛产犊后2h乳的pH为6.23,乳糖2.33%,之后逐渐上升,15d之后分别在pH6.51～6.55,乳糖4.42%～4.79%之间变化;2h时乳的酸度为36.73°T,之后逐渐下降,15d之后在19.43～23.15°T之间变化;2h时乳密度、蛋白质、固形物分别为1.057、18.23%、31.460%,3d内迅速下降,然后分别在1.028～1.031、4.83%～6.02%、19.12%～20.59%之间变化;脂肪含量在2h为9.73%,之后逐步上升,36h时达到最高值11.57%,之后呈缓慢下降趋势,4d时为9.76%,之后在8.26%～9.06%之间变化;酪蛋白在粗蛋白中的比例逐步上升,2h时为40.15%,5d时达到79.13%,之后在81.07%～83.23%变化。     

不同品代水牛奶理化性质的研究

研究了摩拉水牛、尼里-拉菲水牛、一代杂交水牛、二代杂交水牛、高代杂交水牛等5个品代水牛奶的理化性质。结果表明,杂交水牛奶的全乳固体、乳脂肪、蛋白质、乳糖的平均值均高于纯种摩拉水牛和尼里-拉菲水牛,杂交水牛奶的灰分总体高于纯种河流型水牛,在杂交水牛中,由高到低的顺序为:一代杂、二代杂、高代杂。纯种摩拉水牛和尼里-拉菲水牛之间的全乳固体、乳脂肪、蛋白质和乳糖差异不显著(P>0.5),而杂交水牛的全乳固体、乳脂肪、蛋白质和乳糖与纯种河流型水牛相比,差异显著(P<0.05)。各品代水牛之间钙、磷含量的差异不显著(P>0.5),但从总体上看,杂交水牛的含量要高于纯种河流型水牛,杂交水牛中又以杂交一代水牛为最高。各品代水牛奶的各种氨基酸含量随蛋白质总量的变化而变化,除杂交水牛之外,各品代水牛之间的各种氨基酸比例比较接近。各品代水牛奶的密度平均值变化范围为1.028～1.032;酸度平均值变化范围是15.36～19.82°T;pH值的平均值变化范围从6.46～6.88;黏度平均值的变化范围由2.44～3.11 Pa.s。     

酶法低乳糖牛奶水解率测定及酶解前后牛奶脂肪酸分析

采用乳糖酶水解液体牛奶并采用Willstarter和Schudel醛糖测定方法测定乳糖水解率，在2h和4h后乳糖水解率分别为20．2％～28．39％和47．03％～66．57％，乳糖水解过程乳的脂肪酸没有显著变化。有少量短链和长链脂肪酸游离含量增加。     

中国荷斯坦牛泌乳早期乳常规成分及乳蛋白组分变化规律的研究

对扬州大学实验农牧场7头中国荷斯坦牛泌乳早期乳常规营养成分、酸度及乳蛋白组分的相对含量进行研究。结果表明，产犊后1h的乳脂率、乳蛋白含量、总固形物含量、滴定酸度、密度最高，而pH值最低，随后乳脂率、乳蛋白率、总固形物含量、滴定酸度密度急剧下降，到60h时接近常乳水平，而pH值逐渐上升，到第7d时接近常乳水平。产犊后1h初乳中免疫球蛋白的相对含量最高，为20．6％，到第5d时接近常乳水平。研究表明，产犊后3d内所产的乳最具有开发价值。     

不同泌乳时间内内蒙古阿拉善双峰驼驼乳化学组成变化分析

本研究对10匹内蒙古阿拉善双峰驼驼乳的化学组成进行了分析。结果表明，第1次所挤初乳中总干物质为20．16％，在2-30d内变化范围为17．42％18．22％，到90d下降为14．31％。第1次所挤初乳中蛋白质为14．23％，12h后下降到9．63％，之后进一步下降，在7、15、30及90d分别为7．40％、5．32％、4．87％和3．55％。乳糖含量在1～90d泌乳期内变化较小，为4．24％-4．44％。第1次所挤初乳脂肪含量为0．27％，到24h增加到4．18％，30d时为6．91％，90d又下降到5．65％。第1次所挤初乳中灰分含量为1．22％，到12h下降到0．99％，在90d泌乳期内稳定在0．82％～0．98％范围内。第1次所挤的初乳中，WPN占总氮58．74％，CN占总氮38．57％，NPN仅占总氮的2．69％；24h，WPN、CN及NPN分别占总氮的32．54％、65．08％及2．38％。随泌乳进行，驼乳氮分布中CN逐渐升高，WPN逐渐降低，2-90d NPN占总氮变化较小，为5．26％～7．89％。驼乳中C12：0～C18：0偶数长链饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的57．54％，其中C16：0、C18：0及C12：0分别占总脂肪酸的30．12％、15．15％和11．49％，C18：1～C18：3长链多不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸组成的30．25％，其中以C18：1脂肪酸为主，为26．05％。第1次所挤的初乳中钙、磷含量最高，分别为222．58mg／100g和153．74mg／100g；钙、磷、钠、钾及氯在3～90d变化范围分别在154．57～186．87、116．82～141．67、59．5～79．5、150．0～191．0和80．9～152．0mg／100g。初乳中VA、VC含量低于霄乳，VE、VB1高于常乳，VD、VB2及VB6与常乳相近。90d驼乳中VA、VE、VB1、VB2、VB6、VC和VD分别为0．97mg／L和1．45、0．124、1．24、0．54和29．60mg／L和692IU／L。     

舍饲新疆褐牛初乳产量及乳成分测定

测定10头全舍饲新疆褐牛母牛分娩后2，24，48，72，96，120h的初乳产量、常规营养成分、IgG和矿物元素含量。结果表明，母牛分娩后2h(第1次)所挤初乳产量平均为4.73kg，72h内初乳平均总产量为46．6kg，占成母牛305d平均产奶量的0．9％；120h内初乳平均总产量为85．1kg，占305d平均产奶量的1．65％。2h挤出的初乳其蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、灰分的含量分别为12．59，6．5，2．87，1．11g／100g，是常乳的3．93，1．76，0．57，1．48倍；IgG质量浓度为60．56g／L，是常乳的108．14倍；Ca，P，Na，Mg，Fe，Zn的含量分别为186．03，167．10，89．65，23.31，0．30，2．25mg／100g，是常乳的1．66，2．01，1．81，2．05，2．14，6．43倍。随泌乳期的延长，初乳中除乳糖以外的各种成份均迅速下降，在48h以内，以蛋白质和IgG的下降幅度最大，分别达62.27％和93．40％。至第120h，除蛋白质及矿物元素的Zn以外，各种成分已和常乳相接近。新疆褐牛分娩后不同时间段初乳成分的变化规律和荷斯坦牛相似。     

广西水牛原料乳微生物和理化指标分析

按不同种群从广西取80个水牛原料乳样品，通过理化和微生物指标检测，对水牛乳营养价值和安全性进行了分析比较．主要理化检测结果如下：脂肪7．32％，蛋白质4．71％，乳糖4．67％。固形物18．42％，灰分0．84％（均为质量分数），pH值为652，密度1.030g／mL。纯种河流型水牛摩拉和尼里-拉菲的脂肪、蛋白质、固形物、灰分舍量显著低于（P〈0.05）河流-沼泽型杂交水牛。微生物检测结果如下（对数值）：细菌总数5．69mL^-1，茅孢菌3．03mL^-1，乳酸菌4．79mL^-1，真菌1．80mL^-1，大肠菌群2．48mL^-1，大肠杆菌1．83mL^-1，金黄色葡萄球菌1.80mL^-1，所有样品中李斯特氏苗均未检出。地区间微生物指标差异较大。微生物含量均在可接受范围之内，但是致病菌的出现说明需要建立相关的卫生质量标准.     

水牛乳和荷斯坦牛乳切达干酪成熟期间质量特性对比

为了了解水牛乳和荷斯坦牛乳切达干酪成熟期间的质量特性,采用了理化测定、质构测定和感官评定相结合的方法对其进行研究.结果表明:在成熟期90 d内,不同成熟温度下,两种干酪的蛋白质质量分数减少约为1％～4％,脂肪质量分数减少约为4％～10％,且成熟温度越高,质量分数下降越大,水牛乳干酪中蛋白和脂肪质量分数均高于荷斯坦牛乳干酪且两种成分的下降量也是水牛乳干酪更高;pH值呈现先下降后上升趋势.在90 d成熟期间,两种干酪的硬度先上升后下降,凝聚性上升,弹性下降.经感官评价,两种干酪在10℃成熟60天时风味最佳,水牛乳切达干酪略受偏爱.可用于水牛乳切达干酪成熟期内质量控制.     

水牛乳蛋白质的组成

分析了摩拉水牛（M）、尼里-拉菲水牛（N）、一代杂交水牛（F1）、二代杂交水牛（F2）和高代杂交水牛（Fh）5个品代水牛的乳蛋白主要组分的相对百分比含量．同时分析了总氨基酸组成及钙、磷含量。结果表明，水牛乳蛋白的主要组分有：α-乳清蛋白（α-LA）、β-乳球蛋白（β-LG）、免疫球蛋白轻链（IgG—L）和重链（IgG—H）、αs1-酪蛋白（αs1-CN）、αs2-酪蛋白（αs2-CN），β-酪蛋白（β-CN）、κ-酪蛋白（κ—CN）、血清白蛋白（SA）和乳铁蛋白（LF）等；CN在水牛乳蛋白中占优势，与荷斯坦牛乳相比，水牛乳中CN的质量分数稍低，而且各品代水牛乳中的CN有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；乳清蛋白中β-LG含量最高；杂交水牛乳蛋白高于纯种摩拉水牛和尼里一拉菲水牛，差异显著（P〈0．05）：各品代水牛乳的氨基酸比例比较接近；不同品代水牛乳中钙、磷含量没有显著性差异。     

乳糖酶和酿酒酵母的共固定化及其在乳清发酵中的应用

利用凹凸棒土的强吸附作用，首先将乳糖酶吸附于凹凸棒土上，再采用壳聚糖溶液包埋的方法制成乳糖酶与酿酒酵母细胞的共固定化凝胶颗粒。实验结果表明，凹凸棒土与壳聚糖的适宜比例为5：1，加酶量为300u儋凹凸棒土，室温下吸附时间为4h；所制得的共固定化酶-酵母细胞发酵乳糖的适宜pH值和温度分别为6．0和32℃，乳糖浓度13％～15％；在适宜的发酵条件下，以20％的乳清（乳糖含量为13．42％）为底物发酵30h，酒精浓度达8．3％（v／v），乳糖转化率达93．2％。     

Review of techniques to manufacture micro-hydrogel particles for the food industry and their applications

Microgels are ‘soft’ microscopic cross-linked polymeric particles that are being increasingly exploited in a variety of industries for rheology control, encapsulation and targeted delivery. They are valued because of the ability to tune their functionality to address specific applications in oil recovery, coatings, drug delivery, cosmetics, personal care and foods. Food microgels are typically biopolymer hydrogels in the form of microspheres, nanospheres (also called nanogels), spheroids and fibres. The utilisation of engineered microgels in foods has so far been limited, despite their great potential to address several needs in the food industry, including: satiety control, encapsulation of phytonutrients and prebiotics, texture control for healthier food formulations (e.g. reduced fat products), and targeting delivery to specific areas in the digestive tract. We review the scientific and patent literature on the utilisation and manufacturing methods for producing microgels with an emphasis on micro-hydrogels for food applications.     

12—A CRITIQUE OF SOME HYPOTHESES RELATING TO THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE HIGH-SULPHUR PROTEINS OF WOOL

Joubert and Burns prepared a large number of fractions from the high-sulphur proteins of wool and estimated their molecular weights and amino-acid compositions. Their data have been re-examined in order to look for statistically significant interrelations between amino acids and between the proportion of various amino acids and molecular weight. Statistical analysis of the data is also used to examine the credibility of some hypotheses concerning the mechanism of keratin biosynthesis and to provide further evidence for the existence of families of proteins within the high-sulphur fractions of wool.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of     

The Latest Data about Development of Chinese Printing Industry in 2013

In the 2014 China（Shanghai）International Printing Week,Director Wang Yanbin released the latest data about development of Chinese printing industry in 2013.According to statistics,in 2013,the total output value of Chinese printing industry exceeded 1trillion Yuan for the first time,reaching 1.03985 trillion Yuan.There were 105,000 printing enterprises in China,employees were 3.415 million.The total asset was 1.06247 trillion Yuan;     

The State Council Issued "Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"

正On December 2nd,2013,the State Council issued the notification of"Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"(hereafter referred to as"notification").It is pointed out in the"notification"that in order to further deepen reforms in investment systems and administrative examination and approval systems,simplify administrative procedures and delegate powers to lower levels,earnestly     

Top Ten News of China's Paper Industry 2013

On December 24th, 2013, the meeting on the selection of top 10 news of China＇s paper industry 2013 sponsored by 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 was held in Beijing. The yearly selection of the top l0 news, which began in 2000, has become a brand activity widely recognized in the industry thanks to the support from the authorities at all levels and public participation.     

National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the "13~(th) Five-Year Plan"

In Apri Commi major p Plan＂ （h 2014, the National Development and Reform ssion issued an announcement for selection of reliminary research projects for the ＂13th Five-Year ereafter referred to as ＂The Announcement＂）     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the latest scientific     

China textile machinery: taking off in progress

正Among the 1600 exhibitors who take apart in the ITMA ASIA+CITME2014 2/3 are Chinese manufactures.If the numerous figures failed to attract your attention,the increase of quality should draw your focus.To adopt the demand of developing textile machine market,domestic textile machinery enterprises now follow the slogan of"technology drives development"to enhance product competitiveness.Our domestic sellers will showcase product ranging from spinning,weaving,dyeing and printing,     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.