Transport and deposition of polymer-modified Fe0 nanoparticles in 2-D heterogeneous porous media: effects of particle concentration, Fe0 content, and coatings

Concentrated suspensions of polymer-modified Fe(0) nanoparticles (NZVI) are injected into heterogeneous porous media for groundwater remediation. This study evaluated the effect of porous media heterogeneity and the dispersion properties including particle concentration, Fe(0) content, and adsorbed polymer mass and layer thickness which are expected to affect the delivery and emplacement of NZVI in heterogeneous porous media in a two-dimensional (2-D) cell. Heterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity had a significant impact on the deposition of NZVI. Polymer modified NZVI followed preferential flow paths and deposited in the regions where fluid shear is insufficient to prevent NZVI agglomeration and deposition. NZVI transported in heterogeneous porous media better at low particle concentration (0.3 g/L) than at high particle concentrations (3 and 6 g/L) due to greater particle agglomeration at high concentration. High Fe(0) content decreased transport during injection due to agglomeration promoted by magnetic attraction. NZVI with a flat adsorbed polymeric layer (thickness ～30 nm) could not be transported effectively due to pore clogging and deposition near the inlet, while NZVI with a more extended adsorbed layer thickness (i.e., ～70 nm) were mobile in porous media. This study indicates the importance of characterizing porous media heterogeneity and NZVI dispersion properties as part of the design of a robust delivery strategy for NZVI in the subsurface.     

锌、铁饱和乳铁蛋白体外抗HBsAg分泌的研究

目的:探讨锌饱和乳铁蛋白(Zn2+-BLF)、铁饱和乳铁蛋白(Fe2+-BLF)体外抑制乙型肝炎表面抗原分泌作用,为锌、铁乳铁蛋白应用于临床治疗乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染提供理论和试验依据。方法:以天然HBV感染HepG2细胞为模型,通过应用ELISA法测定细胞上清中的HBsAg水平来检测Zn2+-BLF、Fe2+-BLF的抗HBsAg分泌效果,并用MTT法对Zn2+-BLF、Fe2+-BLF对HepG2细胞的毒性进行研究。结果:Zn2+-BLF、Fe2+-BLF对细胞的最大无毒剂量(TD0)分别为1.5g/L、3.0g/L;先用HBV对HepG2细胞进行感染,再分别加入Zn2+-BLF、Fe2+-BLF,各浓度组Zn2+-BLF均对HBsAg分泌有一定抑制作用,Zn2+-BLF浓度1.0g/L时对HBsAg的抑制率达60.49%;浓度为1.0g/L、0.5g/L的Fe2+-BLF能显著抑制HBsAg的分泌,但0.1g/L的Fe2+-BLF不能显著抑制HBsAg的分泌。结论:当HepG2细胞感染HBV后,Zn2+-BLF、Fe2+-BLF可以显著抑制HBsAg的分泌,Zn2+-BLF对HBsAg的抑制作用强于Fe2+-BLF,但其作用机理有待深入研究。     

Combined removal of chlorinated ethenes and heavy metals by zerovalent iron in batch and continuous flow column systems

The combined removal of chlorinated ethenes and heavy metals from a simulated groundwater matrix by zerovalent iron (ZVI) was investigated. In batch, Ni (5-100 mg L(-1)) enhanced trichloroethene (TCE, 10 mg L(-1)) reduction by ZVI (100 g L(-1)) due to catalytic hydrodechlorination by bimetallic Fe0/Ni0. Cr(VI) or Zn (5-100 mg L(-1)) lowered TCE degradation rates by a factor of 2 to 13. Cr(VI) (100 mg L(-1)) in combination with Zn or Ni (50-100 mg L(-1)) inhibited TCE degradation. Addition of 20% H2(g) in the headspace, or of Zn (50-100 mg L(-1)), enhanced TCE removal in the presence of Ni and Cr(VI). Sorption of Zn to ZVI alleviated the Cr(VI) induced inhibition of bimetallic Fe0/Ni0 apparently due to release of protons necessary for TCE hydrodechlorination. In continuous ZVI columns treating tetrachloroethene (PCE, 1-2 mg L(-1)) and TCE (10 mg L(-1)), and a mixture of the metals Cr(VI), Zn(II), and Ni(II) (5 mg (L-1)), the PCE removal efficiency decreased from 100% to 90% in columns operated without heavy metals. The PCE degradation efficiency remained above 99% in columns receiving heavy metals as long as Ni was present. The findings of this study indicate the feasibility and limitations of the combined treatment of mixtures of organic and inorganic pollutants by ZVI.     

Impact of peroxydisulfate in the presence of zero valent iron on the oxidation of cyclohexanoic Acid and naphthenic acids from oil sands process-affected water

Large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) are produced during the extraction of bitumen from oil sands in Alberta, Canada. The degradation of a model naphthenic acid, cyclohexanoic acid (CHA), and real naphthenic acids (NAs) from OSPW were investigated in the presence of peroxydisulfate (S(2)O(8)(2-)) and zerovalent iron (ZVI). For the model compound CHA (50 mg/L), in the presence of ZVI and 500 mg/L S(2)O(8)(2-), the concentration decreased by 45% after 6 days of treatment at 20 °C, whereas at 40, 60, and 80 °C the concentration decreased by 20, 45 and 90%, respectively, after 2 h of treatment. The formation of chloro-CHA was observed during ZVI/S(2)O(8)(2-) treatment of CHA in the presence of chloride. For OSPW NAs, in the presence of ZVI alone, a 50% removal of NAs was observed after 6 days of exposure at 20 °C. The addition of 100 mg/L S(2)O(8)(2-) to the solution increased the removal of OSPW NAs from 50 to 90%. In absence of ZVI, a complete NAs removal from OSPW was observed in presence of 2000 mg/L S(2)O(8)(2-) at 80 °C. The addition of ZVI increased the efficiency of NAs oxidation by S(2)O(8)(2-) near room temperature. Thus, ZVI/S(2)O(8)(2-) process was found to be a viable option for accelerating the degradation of NAs present in OSPW.     

Congener-specific dechlorination of dissolved PCBs by microscale and nanoscale zerovalent iron in a water/methanol solution

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated sediments remain a significantthreatto humans and aquatic ecosystems. Dredging and disposal is costly, so viable in situ technologies to dechlorinate PCBs are needed. This study demonstrates that nanoscale zerovalent iron (ZVI) dechlorinates PCBs to lower-chlorinated products under ambient conditions, provides insight into structure-activity relationships between PCB isomers, and compares the reactivity of nanoscale ZVI to that of palladized microscale ZVI. Six PCB congeners were studied (22', 34', 234, 22'35', 22'45', and 33'44') to compare the initial rate of dechlorination of each and to monitor the order in which chlorines are removed. Using 200 g/L of nanoscale ZVI in a 30% MeOH/water mixture, observed surface-area-normalized pseudo-first-order PCB dechlorination rate constants ranged from 1 x 10(-6) to 5.5 x 10(-4) L yr(-1) m(-2) depending on the PCB congener tested. Using 200 g/L of palladized (0.05 wt %) microscale ZVI, surface-area-normalized pseudo-first-order PCB dechlorination rate constants were significantly faster and ranged from 3.8 x 10(-2) to 1.7 x 10(-1) L yr(-1) m(-2), but these rates were not sustainable. For nanoscale ZVI, nonorthosubstituted congeners had faster initial dechlorination rates than orthosubstituted congeners in the same homologue group. Chlorines in the para and meta position were predominantly removed over chlorines in the ortho position, which suggests that more-toxic coplanar PCB congeners are not likely to form from less-toxic noncoplanar, orthosubstituted congeners. Complete dechlorination was not observed over the course of the experiments. PCB dechlorination is rapid enough that nanoscale ZVI may offer novel in situ remedial alternatives for PCB-contaminated sediments.     

金磁微粒模拟酶检测食品中的葡萄糖

采用水热法制备Fe_3O_4纳米粒子,并通过对其表面氨基化与金纳米粒子自组装方法构建金磁微粒(Fe_3O_4@Au),并表征其性能。在其具有模拟过氧化物酶活性的基础上结合葡萄糖在葡萄糖氧化酶作用下产生H_2O_2,并与过氧化物酶底物二胺盐产生显色反应的原理,建立可视化检测葡萄糖含量的简便方法,并优化葡萄糖检测体系,并对其选择性和回收率进行分析。结果表明,氨基化的Fe_3O_4纳米粒子可以有效固载金纳米粒子,Fe_3O_4@Au饱和磁化强度为43 emu/g。检测体系最优工艺组合为:Fe_3O_4@Au混悬液质量浓度0.15 g/mL、温度70℃、时间50 min。在优化条件下,葡萄糖在1～20 mmol/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数R~2为0.992 5,检出限为2.45μmol/L,加标回收率在96%～104%之间,并具有良好的选择性和稳定性。本研究将拓宽纳米材料模拟酶在食品检测的应用并为葡萄糖检测方法的改进提供一种新的思路。     

pH dependence of Fenton reagent generation and As(III) oxidation and removal by corrosion of zero valent iron in aerated water

Corrosion of zerovalent iron (ZVI) in oxygen-containing water produces reactive intermediates that can oxidize various organic and inorganic compounds. We investigated the kinetics and mechanism of Fenton reagent generation and As(III) oxidation and removal by ZVI (0.1m2/g) from pH 3-11 in aerated water. Observed half-lives for the oxidation of initially 500 microg/L As(III) by 150 mg Fe(0)/L were 26-80 min at pH 3-9. At pH 11, no As(III) oxidation was observed during the first two hours. Dissolved Fe(III) reached 325, 140, and 6 microM at pH 3, 5, and 7. H2O2 concentrations peaked within 10 min at 1.2, 0.4, and < 0.1 microM at pH 3, 5, and 7, and then decreased to undetectable levels. Addition of 2,2'-bipyridine (1-3 mM), prevented Fe(II) oxidation by O2 and H2O2 and inhibited As(III)oxidation. 2-propanol (14 mM), scavenging OH-radicals, quenched the As(III) oxidation at pH 3, but had almost no effect at pH 5 and 7. Experimental data and kinetic modeling suggest that As(III) was oxidized mainly in solution by the Fenton reaction and removed by sorption on newly formed hydrous ferric oxides. OH-radials are the main oxidant for As(III) at low pH, whereas a more selective oxidant oxidizes As(III) at circumneutral pH.     

Oxidation of sulfoxides and arsenic(III) in corrosion of nanoscale zero valent iron by oxygen: evidence against ferryl ions (Fe(IV)) as active intermediates in Fenton reaction

Previous studies have shown that the corrosion of zerovalent iron (ZVI) by oxygen (O(2)) via the Fenton reaction can lead to the oxidation of various organic and inorganic compounds. However, the nature of the oxidants involved (i.e., ferryl ion (Fe(IV)) versus hydroxyl radical (HO(?))) is still a controversial issue. In this work, we reevaluated the relative importance of these oxidants and their role in As(III) oxidation during the corrosion of nanoscale ZVI (nZVI) in air-saturated water. It was shown that Fe(IV) species could react with sulfoxides (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl phenyl sulfoxide, and methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide) through a 2-electron transfer step producing corresponding sulfones, which markedly differed from their HO(?)-involved products. When using these sulfoxides as probe compounds, the formation of oxidation products indicative of HO(?) but no generation of sulfone products supporting Fe(IV) participation were observed in the nZVI/O(2) system over a wide pH range. As(III) could be completely or partially oxidized by nZVI in air-saturated water. Addition of scavengers for solution-phase HO(?) and/or Fe(IV) quenched As(III) oxidation at acidic pH but had little effect as solution pH increased, highlighting the importance of the heterogeneous iron surface reactions for As(III) oxidation at circumneutral pH.     

Fe2+对太湖蓝藻厌氧发酵产甲烷过程中关键酶的影响

通过研究不同质量浓度Fe2+对太湖蓝藻厌氧消化过程中相关酶活性的影响,以进一步提高其厌氧产甲烷的能力。结果表明,当添加Fe2+3 mg/L时,反应瓶中甲烷积累产量最高,为986.7mL,比空白对照组提高了43倍。同时,当Fe2+质量浓度为0.5 mg/L时,脱氢酶活性达到118 U,比空白对照组提高了76%;当Fe2+质量浓度为0.5 mg/L时,BAA-蛋白水解酶活性为3126.9 U,比空白对照组提高了83.4%;当Fe2+质量浓度为1 mg/L时,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性达到47 493 U,比空白对照组提高了6.3倍;当Fe2+质量浓度为3 mg/L时,F420摩尔质量为0.2 mmol/g,比空白对照组提高了4.3倍。     

功能化磁性吸附材料制备及其在食品重金属检测中的应用

以Fe3O4作为载体,L-半胱氨酸(含巯基)作为功能单体,设计合成一种针对重金属吸附的L-半胱氨酸功能化Fe3O4磁性材料,并通过透射电镜及X射线光电子能谱等手段对材料进行表征。表征结果显示,磁性Fe3O4微球被硅胶层包裹在内,形貌上呈现典型"核-壳"结构,材料表面S元素负载量达8.2%(硫原子百分比)。以该材料作为固相萃取的吸附剂,吸附等温方程符合Langmuir吸附模型,Cd2+和Cu2+的最大吸附容量分别为238.1 mg/g和227.3 mg/g。结合石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,构建基于食品中痕量Cd2+和Cu2+的检测方法。系统考察影响吸附效率的多个参数,包括吸附选择性、吸附液pH值、吸附时间等。在优化条件下,该方法对Cd2+和Cu2+检测的线性范围均为:0.2μg/L^5.0μg/L,相关系数R2>0.997 0,检出限分别为0.12、0.13μg/L。将该方法用于实际样品的检测,回收率为87.0%~94.0%,相对标准偏差小于6.0%。