附加相变材料的消防服多层织物性能研究

选择自然调温元素相变材料,将其与消防服隔热层复合制备调温织物,并对附加相变材料的消防服多层织物系统的热防护性能及热湿舒适性能进行了研究。结果表明:附加相变材料多层织物系统的热防护性能得到较大提高,总散热量均符合NFPA 1971标准的要求。     

相变材料在消防服中的应用及可行性分析

火灾作业环境下,应用于消防服系统的相变材料对高温环境温度突变具有一定的缓冲、抑制作用。回顾了国内外相变材料应用于消防服研究的现状,分别从降低热应力、提高热舒适性能和抑制温度突变、提高消防服整体热防护性能2个方面的应用进行综述分析;并对火灾环境下使用的有机石蜡类相变材料的封装方法与阻燃处理进行了总结性分析探讨。最后提出对相变材料抑制消防服内温度突变可行性的分析,并思考了相变材料应用于消防服装备的研究发展趋势。     

消防服用蓄热调温热防护材料的研究

为增加消防服用多层织物的蓄热调温功能,在保障其热防护性能前提下,引入微胶囊相变材料(MPCM)。选取3种相变温度(37、43和49℃)、2种放置位置和4种相变材料用量(分别为多层织物质量的30%、45%、60%和100%),通过缝制法制备蓄热调温热防护材料,并将其与多层织物结合制备消防服用多层织物系统。采用改进的热防护性能测试仪及皮肤模拟传感器,动态化研究不同因素对消防服用多层织物系统热防护性能的影响。结果表明：相变温度为43℃、蓄热调温热防护材料放置在隔热层与舒适层之间,多层织物系统的热防护性能最好;随着MPCM用量增加,多层织物系统的热防护性能提升,但考虑到成本及服装的热湿舒适性等因素,MPCM用量为多层织物质量的45%时最佳,此时多层织物系统的二级烧伤时间可达257.13 s,相比未添加蓄热调温热防护材料的多层织物系统热防护性能提高了148.22%。研究为开发兼具热防护性能与蓄热调温功能的高性能热防护材料提供了理论依据。     

相变材料在热防护服上的应用研究进展

为深入了解和提高附加相变材料热防护服的热防护性能,对现阶段相变材料在热防护服中的应用、影响因素以及未来研究趋势进行综述。首先介绍了相变材料的类型和特点,阐述了相变材料基于密封袋法、纺丝法和微胶囊技术的织物后整理法在热防护服中的应用;其次回顾了附加相变材料热防护服传热模型的发展过程,重点从相变材料的类型、相变温度、添加量以及相变材料在多层防护服装中的配置等角度归纳了影响热防护性能的因素;最后从新型服用相变材料的研发、降低相变材料储存热释放等角度预测了相变材料未来在该领域的研究趋势。     

Outlast Technologies:新型PCM丙烯腈纤维

正相变材料(PCM)市场的主导者美国Outlast Technologies公司及丙烯腈纤维制造商泰国丙烯腈纤维公司采用Outlast技术,合作开发出新型PCM丙烯腈纤维。这种用于服装及家用纺织品的新型纤维,具有良好的气候舒适性。由于采用新型的不封装聚相变材料体系,新型Outlast丙烯腈纤维的舒适性优于第一代产品4倍之多。在此基础上,纤维的纺丝     

改善医用一次性防护服热湿舒适性的研究进展

总结改善医用一次性防护服热湿舒适性的最新技术研究。介绍了医用一次性防护服热湿舒适性的测试方法和相关要求;分析了医用一次性防护服热湿舒适性存在的问题;重点总结了改善医用一次性防护服热湿舒适性的最新技术研究,包括单向导湿技术、异形截面纤维、纳米防护膜材料、相变微胶囊技术等。认为:改善医用一次性防护服的热湿舒适性涉及多学科领域,应寻找高性价比的改进方法和简单易行的生产工艺;同时,应在保证医用一次性防护服防护隔离性的前提下,提高其热湿舒适性。     

相变材料及其在纺织品上的应用

介绍了相变材料及微胶囊相变材料的定义和热调节作用原理，在纺织品上的应用类型，以及含微胶囊相变材料纺织品的最终用途。     

相变降温军训服的设计开发与评价

为了减轻学生作训时的热应激反应,提高其热湿舒适性,将相变材料应用于学生军训服装中,开发出一款新型相变降温军训服装。通过模拟军训高温环境(温度32℃、相对湿度50%),采用真人着装实验,对传统军训服和新开发服装进行客观和主观热湿舒适性能评价。结果表明:穿着新型军训服时,受试者的局部皮肤温度、平均皮肤温度与躯干温度均有显著性降低,平均皮肤温度较传统军训服最大降低0.95℃;整个实验过程中,受试者穿着新型军训服时的舒适感、热感和湿感都显著优于传统军训服;虽然相变材料在实验30 min后完全融化,使新型服装的降温效果逐渐减弱,但其主观舒适感仍然优于传统军训服。     

相变材料在纺织服装中的应用

从相变材料的概念、调温机理、对人体的作用、当温度转变时的热转移效果几方面综述了相变材料的特性，并探讨了相变材料在纺织服装上的应用，期望相变材料在纺织服装上开发成功。     

用于个人热管理的被动调温服装材料研究进展

不同环境条件下人体的温度调控对于维持人类热湿舒适具有重大意义。服装作为人体的防护屏障，对人体的热湿舒适管理起着关键作用。由于传统纺织品缺乏温湿度调控机制，无法在极端环境下对人体做到有效防护，因此具有功能性与个性化的服装材料逐渐进入人们的视野。本文介绍了被动调温服装概念及原理，归纳总结了新型服装保暖材料、反射(辐射)材料、远红外发射材料和光热转换材料等被动保暖服装材料，传导降温材料、相变降温材料、反射降温材料、中红外高透过(发射)辐射降温材料等被动降温服装材料以及双面调温服装的工作原理和研究进展，并展望了被动调温服装材料的应用前景。     

新型温度可调纤维和服装

最近一项由欧盟资助的项目NoTeReFiGa已完成,这一项目旨在从热量控制和提高纤维舒适度方面开发可调控温度的新型纤维和创新型纺织品。温度的调控是通过在纺织纤维中融入大量相变材料（PCM）这一新方法。当身体温度升高时,PCM会熔化,并吸收从身体发出的热量,以潜在形式储存起来（冷却效应）;温度下降时,PCM结晶并将存储的热量再次释放（增温效应）。据推测,拥有这种内置热调节性能的服装,可根据外界环境温度和身体活动情况维持身体处于舒适的温度。介绍和总结了NoTeReFiGa项目所得出的结论。     

Comfort properties of 3D-knitted seamless female body armour vests

This paper reports the comfort properties of 3D-knitted seamless female body armour vests evaluated by using a thermal manikin. The vests were designed as a complete garment with eliminating the conventional cutting and sewing, to improve fit and comfort for female police officers. The vests were tested on thermal manikin dressed with vests only and manikin dressed with a police officer’s uniform including the vests. Both dry thermal insulation and evaporative resistance were evaluated for comfort properties. The results showed that five-layer assembly of fitted-vest provided an acceptable level of thermal insulation. However, the evaporative resistance of the loose-vest showed better results compared to the fitted-vest, which was proved by the lower surface temperature on the thermal imaging. This research established that the 3D-knitted seamless body armour vests can provide an effective solution for the body armour requirement for female officers. The results also suggested that increasing the number of layers will increase the weight and reduced level of comfort, however they were effective in providing the necessary protection from low-level stab threats, which was shown in the earlier publication.     

Stab resistance and thermophysiological comfort properties of boron carbide coated aramid and ballistic nylon fabrics

This research presents the stab resistance and thermo-physiological comfort properties of the fabrics prepared from high-performance fibres of aramid (i.e. Kevlar®) and ballistic nylon. The fabric samples were coated with boron carbide to improve the stab resistance properties. The quasistatic stab tests were performed using NIJ 0115.00 standard knife (P1) on the Instron tensile testing machine. The thermo-physiological comfort properties of the fabric samples were evaluated by measuring the air permeability, water-vapour resistance and thermal resistance. It was observed that the application of the coating significantly increased the stab resistance properties of the fabrics. Furthermore, the air permeability was significantly reduced; whereas, the water-vapour resistance and thermal resistance were significantly increased with the application of coating. Hence, the coated fabrics will have to compromise the comfort aspects to achieve the desired protection level, which is the prime requirement for the stab resistant textile materials.     

An investigation of thermal comfort properties of Abaya woven fabrics

Abaya is a traditional Muslim woman’s outer garment. It is black in colour, and must be worn over the normal day-to-day clothing according to Islamic law. It is mandatory to wear Abaya in Arabian Gulf countries irrespective of the outside environmental temperature, which can be up to 50°C. Having many layers of clothing including Abaya makes it extremely uncomfortable for the wearer in a hot environment. Thermal comfort performance is, therefore, essential for fabrics used for Abaya. This study investigated some commercially available woven Abaya fabrics for thermal resistance, air permeability, thermal comfort, vapour resistance and fabric structural and surface properties. The results indicated that the Abaya fabrics with different weave structures, fibre composition and fabric weight have greater influence on the fabric thermal comfort performance.     

Thermal Comfort of Bedsheets Under Real Conditions of Use

Thermal comfort properties of various fabrics in dry state were systematically studied by many authors, but papers on thermal comfort properties under real conditions of use are sporadic in the professional literature. In this paper, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, water vapor permeability, and thermal absorbtivity in dry and wet state of commercial cotton, cotton/PU, and cotton/PES bedsheets are presented. The samples were wetted by means of the so-called sweating impulse. It was found that the warmer (dryer) contact feeling and highest thermal insulation in wet state exhibited knitted cotton bedsheets containg some percentage of PU or PES, and also 100% cotton woven fabrics with hairy surface.     

酚醛纤维织物热湿舒适性的灰色聚类分析

为了解酚醛纤维织物的热湿舒适性,将酚醛纤维织物应用于消防领域,以酚醛纤维织物及消防服常用的阻燃棉布、芳纶1313织物、聚酰亚胺织物为研究对象,对隔热性、保温性、透湿性、透气性和输水性这5个指标进行测试,研究相同面密度的不同种类织物的热湿舒适性。利用灰色聚类分析理论对5个指标进行聚类分析,对这4种织物在不同环境下的热湿舒适性能做了综合评价。结果表明:在高温条件下,酚醛纤维织物具有较好的热湿舒适性,聚酰亚胺织物与阻燃棉布次之,芳纶1313织物最差;在低温条件下,酚醛纤维织物也具有良好的热湿舒适性,聚酰亚胺织物次之,芳纶1313织物与阻燃棉布最差。     

婴儿被服热舒适性研究进展

为促进婴儿热生理舒适,推动婴儿被服热舒适性测评方法及理论体系的建立,回顾了婴儿被服热舒适性的相关研究,在分析婴儿与环境热传递机制的基础上,讨论了婴儿被服热舒适性的影响因素及测评方法,并根据当前研究现状提出了发展方向。研究表明:婴儿主要依靠传导、对流、辐射显热热交换维持人体热平衡,其体表热传递系数明显大于成人;被服的过高隔热、头部覆盖与俯卧姿势可能造成睡眠时婴儿的热应激反应;目前,婴儿暖体假人被认为是研究被服热舒适性最理想的装置,未来的发展应聚焦于婴儿被服热湿传递过程、使用数值模拟方法研究婴儿体表热传递及建立婴儿体温调节模型等方面。     

Effects of inner and outer clothing combinations on firefighter ensembles’ thermal- and moisture-related comfort levels

The special clothing ensembles firefighters wear should provide not only thermal protective performance but also thermal- and moisture-related comfort. The comfort property of protective clothing has great influence on work efficiency. In this study, inner clothing was designed to combine with firefighters’ protective clothing in order to create different clothing ensembles. Two separate wear trials were carried out under the temperatures of 28°C (warm) and 15°C (cool), respectively; cardiopulmonary indexes, temperature and relative humidity under clothing microclimate and subjective sensations were evaluated. These objective and subjective experimental data were analysed to differentiate clothing ensembles’ thermal- and moisture-related comfort properties. The effect of different inner clothing items, combined with the firefighters’ protective clothing, on the overall comfort level of the clothing ensembles was also investigated. The results showed that there were significant differences in the thermal, moisture and clingy sensations of various clothing ensembles under the temperature of 28°C (warm), but the differences were not significant under the temperature of 15°C (cool), except for clingy sensation. Combined with the same firefighter clothing, there was no significant difference in the thermal- and moisture-related comfort properties, but the differences in clingy sensation were significant. The clothing ensembles with polyester inner clothing were not very good for providing thermal and moisture comfort. The clingy comfort of clothing ensembles with linen inner clothing was better than those with cotton or polyester inner clothing.     

Thermo-physiological and comfort properties of Ugandan barkcloth from Ficus natalensis

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in 2005 proclaimed that Ugandan barkcloth largely produced from mutuba tree (Ficus natalensis) as a “Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity”. An exploratory investigation of thermo-physiological and comfort properties of barkcloth, a nonwoven material produced through a series of pummeling processes from mutuba tree in Uganda, is fronted. Barkcloth was extracted from the F. natalensis tree in Nsangwa village, Buyijja parish in Mpigi district, Central Uganda. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal absorptivity, thermal resistance, fabric thickness, and peak heat flow density were measured using an Alambeta device, whereas a Permetest device was used for the measurement of the moisture vapour permeability and evaporation resistance. The study was carried out under relative humidity of 40% and at a laboratory room temperature of 24°C and the results show that the thermal conductivity is in the range of cotton fabrics rendering barkcloth from F. natalensis, a comfortable fabric. The lower value of thermal absorptivity of barkcloth compared to the value of cotton renders the fabric a warm feeling when in contact with the skin. Barkcloth had a higher moisture vapor permeability compared to cotton and other fabrics, meaning its clothing comfort properties are reasonable.     

Thermophysiological comfort properties of selected knitted fabrics and design of T-shirts

Thermal comfort is one of the most important components of comfort which shows physiological, psychological, and physical harmony between human body and environment. The heat and moisture transfer capacity of fabric from skin to environment affects the thermal comfort of garments. The transfer capacity depends on the characteristic features of raw materials and fabric structural properties. In this study, it is aimed to determine the advantages of knitted fabric types, taking into account the environmental condition and activity level by measuring the thermal comfort properties such as air permeability, wicking, moisture management, thermal and water vapor resistances. Two knitted structures composed of tuck and float combinations and six raw materials were chosen for the fabrics produced. According to the measurement results, the polyester and cotton/Coolmax fabrics with float stitches have had good liquid moisture transport properties. Besides, high air permeability and low water vapor resistance have been obtained in viscose and Tencel LF fabrics with tuck stitches. On the basis of the results obtained in this investigation, and taking into consideration thermal behavior of human body, four women’s and five men’s T-shirts are designed. These T-shirt designs may be helpful for further approaches on the optimization of thermal comfort for sports activities in hot environment.