MyToolBox真菌毒素综合管理系统概述及中国应用展望（网络首发、推荐阅读）

全球每年由于真菌毒素污染造成大量的粮食浪费和经济损失,对其预防和控制是当今世界性的难题。欧盟“地平线2020计划”MyToolBox项目是基于目前真菌毒素污染方面的防控研究,建立主要粮油食品和饲料真菌毒素综合管理系统。该系统提出包括种植、收获、干燥、储藏、加工以及超标粮食综合利用等的整体解决方案,旨在从农田到餐桌全链条保障食品安全,减少由于真菌毒素污染导致的浪费和经济损失,达到资源合理利用。对MyToolBox真菌毒素综合管理系统进行整体介绍,并对其在中国应用提出了建议。     

尼日利亚纳萨拉瓦州市售灌木芒果、腰果、秋葵、芝麻和高粱的真菌毒素污染情况研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

采用LC-MS/MS真菌毒素检测法,对尼日利亚纳萨拉瓦州市场出售的食物作物（灌木芒果（n=12）、烤腰果（n=12）、干秋葵（n=12）、芝麻（n=35）、高粱（n=36））进行了分析研究。结果显示具致肝癌性黄曲霉毒素B1在灌木芒果、干秋葵和高粱样品中检出率分别为42%、25% 和19%,其平均浓度分别为19.2、8.27和4.75 µg/kg,伏马毒素B1污染了9%的芝麻样品（平均浓度为12.5 µg/kg）和47%的高粱样品（平均浓度为461 µg/kg）;同时受到黄曲霉毒素 B1和伏马毒素B1污染的高粱样本至少有19%。灌木芒果、高粱和干秋葵中检测到了具致肾毒性的赭曲霉毒素A,这是首次在干秋葵中报道检测到该毒素。可见,当地市场出售的这些食物作物受到真菌毒素的污染,可能威胁消费者的健康,需要采取积极措施防控污染。     

“十三五”期间中国真菌毒素监测之发展思考（网络首发、推荐阅读）

针对我国真菌毒素污染状况,在“十三五”期间探索了一套适合中国开展食品安全风险监测的方式,即技术上立足于采取多毒素同时检测,涵盖各类重点食品,尽可能全面掌握当前污染现状。实践证明,目前采取的方式取得的效果良好,也为“十四五”开展更全面的监测奠定了扎实的实践基础。     

全球食品和饲料链中生物毒素早期预警、监测和毒性评估的挑战和解决方案（网络首发、推荐阅读）

确保世界人口不断增长下的食品供应安全和保障是巨大和紧迫的需求。然而,全球农业和食品行业仍易受植物、藻类,尤其是真菌产生的生物毒素污染问题的挑战;随着全球变暖和极端天气事件频发,这些有毒代谢产物的发生愈发难以预测。为了提升食品和饲料链中生物毒素的预警、监测和毒性评估方法,总结在各个科学领域和方法中创新所需的多学科、多部门互补能力,具体包括使用卫星和无人机成像的大数据方法、便携式监测设备以及使用蛋白质组学和转录组学对（新兴）生物毒素进行（联合）毒性测试。     

现代食品微生物学课程教学改革初探 （网络首发、推荐阅读）

现代食品微生物学是食品科学与工程专业的核心必修课程,是食品专业教学体系中的一门重要课程。针对目前课程教学中存在的教学内容陈旧、教学方式单一、教学考核方式不够科学等问题,教学团队开展了教学改革研究。将食品微生物时事热点案例引入课堂以更新教学内容,鼓励学生在课堂上进行微生物专题研讨展示,在“作业提交-评阅打分”后增加反馈、互动环节,实现教学闭环。经过3轮教学改革实践,学生的教学反馈良好,现代食品微生物学的教学效果得到明显提升。     

加工条件及关键组分对烘焙食品品质的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

烘焙食品市场规模巨大且保持着高速增长的趋势。原料组成、加工条件等因素的变化都会对烘焙制品品质产生影响,了解影响烘焙食品质量的因素,对高品质烘焙食品的加工和生产具有重要意义。本文综述了发酵条件、加工工艺、原料组成对烘焙食品品质的影响,其中涉及了对特殊营养成分添加或者低糖、无糖等功能型烘焙食品的研究,这些新型烘焙食品更符合当下人们对营养健康饮食理念的追求,以期为高品质烘焙食品的设计和生产提供参考,促进烘焙食品行业的发展和升级。     

我国方便食品标准体系现状及展望（网络首发、推荐阅读）

我国的方便食品产业发展迅速。近年来,我国方便食品新产品标准研制力度不断加强,除了已获批准发布的《方便菜肴》等行业标准,目前正获批研制行业标准计划多项,未来将有效地引导和规范了产业的高质量健康发展。但总体来说,该领域产品标准亟待制修订,产品标准体系也有待进一步完善。通过分析和解读现行标准和标准体系及新制定标准主要内容,梳理了标准制定及执行中的主要问题,提出了标准体系建设及未来修订的方向和建议,为方便食品产业的产品的研发、生产和监管提供技术依据。     

临期食品利用的质量问题与监管研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

临期食品的利用契合了我国传统的节俭精神,减少了食物浪费,同时符合可持续发展要求。但是临期食品存在的质量安全风险让大多数人对其望而却步。完善临期食品质量安全监管,才能保障临期食品的利用,充分发挥临期食品利用的积极意义。从蓬勃发展的临期食品销售现实出发,对临期食品处理的意义进行阐述,分析临期食品质量安全现状及存在的问题,提出完善临期食品监管规范、加强社会监管力量、推动新技术应用的建议,为我国临期食品市场的不断发展提供坚实的保障。     

国际大粮商掌控模式分析（网络首发、推荐阅读）

新时期分析国际大粮商的发展趋势及掌控模式,对于培育本土跨国粮商、保障我国粮食安全具有重要指导意义。随着宏观环境的变化,国际大粮商呈现“经营范围多元化、主体类型多样化、新粮商异军突起”等三大发展趋势;掌控模式也不断调整完善,既掌控前端粮源,又掌控后端食品;既掌控关键节点,又掌控产业链条;掌控既立足现在,又引领未来。我国本土粮商国际化道路总体尚处在初级阶段,应充分吸取国际大粮商的成功发展经验,提高自身掌控力,服务国内粮食保供稳市工作。     

Aflatoxin levels and exposure assessment of Spanish infant cereals

Aflatoxins (AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁ and AFG₂) are immunosuppressant, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic agents with a widespread presence in foodstuffs. Since human exposure to aflatoxins occurs primarily by contaminated food intake, and given the greater susceptibility of infants to their adverse effects, the quantification of these mycotoxins in infant food based on cereals is of relevance. Aflatoxin levels were determined in 91 Spanish infant cereals classified in terms of non- and organically produced and several types from 10 different manufacturers, using a extraction procedure followed by inmunoaffinity column clean-up step and HPLC with fluorescence detection (FLD) and post-column derivatisation (Kobra Cell system). Daily aflatoxin intake was also assessed. Preliminary analysis showed a valuable incidence of detected infant cereal samples at an upper concentration level than the detection limit for total aflatoxin (66%), corresponding to a 46, 40, 34 and 11% for AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁ and AFG₂, respectively. Lower aflatoxin values (median, Q₁, Q₃) in conventional infant cereal (n?=?74, AFB₁: <LOD (n.d.; 0.02), AFB₂: n.d. (n.d.; 0.01), AFG₁: <LOD (n.d.; 0.004), and AFG₂: n.d. (n.d.; <LOD) and total AF (AFtotal): 0.01 (<LOD; 0.04 µg?kg^?1) in comparison with infant cereal ecologically produced (n?=?17, AFB₁: 0.02 (0.02; 0.21), AFB₂: n.d. (n.d.; 0.03), AFG₁: 0.02 (0.01; 0.05), and AFG₂: 0.007 (n.d.; 0.02) and AFtotal: 0.05 (0.03; 0.31 µg?kg^?1) were found. In addition, five organic formulations (3.11, 1.98, 0.94, 0.47 and 0.21 µg?kg^?1) exceeded European AFB₁ legislation (0.10?µg?kg^?1) versus two conventional cereals (0.35 and 0.12 µg?kg^?1). According to the type of infant cereal, those with cocoa had the highest aflatoxin levels. Gluten‐free and cereals with dehydrated fruits had an intermediate level and milk- or honey-based cereals and multi-cereals contained the lowest levels. With the exception of the non-compliant cocoa-based organic formulation, none of the infant cereals analyzed gave a higher intake of 1?ng?kg^?1 body weight per day, suggesting that infants fed on infant cereals are exposed to a low health hazard. Nevertheless, manufacturers are advised for continued efforts in routine monitoring and a more careful selection of raw material to minimize aflatoxin levels in these infant foods.     

Survey on the occurrence of aflatoxins in rice from different provinces of Iran

Aflatoxins were surveyed in 256 rice samples taken from retail markets in different provinces of Iran during October 2007 and July 2008. A methanol/water (80?:?20,?v/v) mixture and an aflatoxin immunoaffinity column (IAC) were used for extraction and clean-up. Mycotoxins were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detection and post-column derivatization using a photo-ionization cell. Levels of contamination ranged 0.0–5.8?ng?g^?1 (mean, 1.4?ng?g^?1) and 0.1–6.3?ng?g^?1 (mean, 1.6?ng?g^?1) for AFB1 and total aflatoxins, respectively. AFB1 was detected in almost all samples. Results showed that 55 samples (21.5%) were contaminated with more than 2?µg?kg^?1 of AFB1, while seven samples (2.7 %) contained more than 4?µg?kg^?1 total aflatoxins. The calculated probable daily intake of AFB1 from rice for Iranians ranged 1.4–5.8?ng AFB1 per kg body weight per day for average consumers and, hence. exceeding the estimated provisional maximum tolerable daily intake.     

Deoxynivalenol contamination in Tunisian barley in the 2009 harvest

In Tunisia, barley is commonly used in human consumption in a variety of food forms. In this regard, a high quality of this agricultural product is always demanded by consumers. A survey of the natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON), the most common Fusarium mycotoxin in small grain cereals, in barley harvested in the main cropping regions in Northern Tunisia in the 2009 harvest was conducted. A total of 72 samples were analysed for DON using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a UV visible detector set at 220?nm. Between 36% and 100% of the samples were positive for DON with averages ranging from 1.2 to 2.4?mg?kg^?1. A positive correlation between DON levels and temperature was seen; on the other side no correlation between DON contents and rainfall was observed. In this study we notably showed the effect of regions on DON contamination.     

A comparison of contents of group A and B trichothecenes and microbial counts in different cereal species

Concentrations of trichothecenes and the amounts of microbial biomass were compared in grain of bread wheat, durum wheat, triticale, rye, oat and barley. Grain samples came from lines regionalised in Poland grown under identical climatic and agricultural conditions in 2007. Among the six analysed cereals, the highest mean concentration of toxic metabolites of 151.89?µg/kg was found for grain of Triticum durum, whereas the lowest was for barley grain (25.56?µg/kg). The highest contamination with microscopic fungi was recorded in case of barley and rice grain (mean concentrations of ergosterol were 12.53?mg/kg and 11.24?mg/kg, respectively). In case of the analysed cereals, the total microbial biomass expressed in the amount of ATP turned out to be the highest (4.7?×?10⁵ relative light units [RLU]) for rye and oat (3.2?×?10⁵ RLU). The results of the applied classical discrimination analysis indicate a significant diversification of species in terms of all the 11 analysed metabolites.     

Strategies to reduce mycotoxin levels in maize during storage: a review

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the main cereals as a source of food, forage and processed products for industry. World production is around 790 million tonnes of maize because as a staple food it provides more than one-third of the calories and proteins in some countries. Stored maize is a man-made ecosystem in which quality and nutritive changes occur because of interactions between physical, chemical and biological factors. Fungal spoilage and mycotoxin contamination are of major concern. Aspergillus and Fusarium species can infect maize pre-harvest, and mycotoxin contamination can increase if storage conditions are poorly managed. Prevention strategies to reduce the impact of mycotoxin in maize food and feed chains are based on using a hazard analysis critical control point systems (HACCP) approach. To reduce or prevent production of mycotoxins, drying should take place soon after harvest and as rapidly as feasible. The critical water content for safe storage corresponds to a water activity (a _w) of about 0.7. Problems in maintaining an adequately low a _w often occur in the tropics where high ambient humidity make the control of commodity moisture difficult. Damage grain is more prone to fungal invasion and, therefore, mycotoxin contamination. It is important to avoid damage before and during drying, and during storage. Drying maize on the cob before shelling is a very good practice. In storage, many insect species attack grain and the moisture that can accumulate from their activities provides ideal conditions for fungal activity. To avoid moisture and fungal contamination, it is essential that the numbers of insects in stored maize should be kept to a minimum. It is possible to control fungal growth in stored commodities by controlled atmospheres, preservatives or natural inhibitors. Studies using antioxidants, essential oils under different conditions of a _w, and temperature and controlled atmospheres have been evaluated as possible strategies for the reduction of fungal growth and mycotoxin (aflatoxins and fumonisins) in stored maize, but the cost of these treatments is likely to remain prohibitive for large-scale use.     

Levels of total fumonisins in maize samples from Italy during 2006–2008

We analysed a total of 2258 grain samples over a 3-year period (2006–2008) from 93 storage centers in the principal maize cultivation area of Italy to establish the levels of fumonisin contamination. Fumonisin concentrations were measured using ELISA (RIDASCREEN) fumonisin test kits. Mean levels of contamination were remarkably high in each year, with the highest value in 2006 (10.9?mg/kg) and the lowest in 2008 (4.8?mg/kg). Similarly, for each year, variations were quite large: from <LOQ to 77.0?mg/kg, <?LOQ to 26.3, and 0.1 to 19.0?mg/kg, respectively, in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The highest fumonisin concentration was found in samples harvested in Veneto (11.1?mg/kg) and Friuli Venezia Giulia (8.9?mg/kg), while the lowest were recorded in Emilia Romagna and Piemonte (4.6?mg/kg).     

Natural occurrence of type-B trichothecene mycotoxins in Korean cereal-based products

Type-B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenone-X (FUS-X), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15ADON), and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON)) were determined in 338 cereal-based products. Detection limit, quantification limit and mean recovery for five toxins were in the ranges 0.7–2.6?µg?kg^?1, 2.1–7.8?µg?kg^?1 and 73–110%, respectively. The range of occurrence and average level in samples were, respectively, 21–88% and 5.2–121.8?µg?kg^?1 for NIV, 10–96% and 1.7–109.5?µg?kg^?1 for DON, 2–39% and 0.4–3.6?µg?kg^?1 for FUS-X, 0–80% and 0–17.3?µg?kg^?1 for 15ADON, and 0–29% and 0–1.5?µg?kg^?1 for 3ADON. Regarding co-occurrence, 64% of samples had more than two type-B trichothecenes. The estimated daily intakes of NIV, DON, FUS-X, 15ADON, and 3ADON were 0.077, 0.048, 0.004, 0.006 and 0.002?µg?kg^?1?bw?day^?1, respectively. These results suggest that current exposure levels do not indicate the possibility of adverse effects, but consideration of the combined exposure of type-B trichothecenes may be required due to the high frequency of co-occurrence.