焙烤食品中生成丙烯酰胺的影响因素

人类可能致癌物丙烯酰胺在富含碳水化合物的热加工食品中含量较高。本文结合近年来的研究结果.综合分析了影响焙烤食品中丙烯酰胺形成的因素(前体物质、水分、酸碱环境、油脂氧化、阳离子、抗氧化剂和加工工艺)。并探索将糠氨酸和羟甲基糠醛作为预洲焙烤食品中丙烯酰胺含量的指示物。     

食品中丙烯酰胺形成机理的研究进展

综述了当前研究富含淀粉的食品在油炸、煎炸和焙烤等高温加工工艺形成丙烯酰胺的几种可能的反应机理.目前获得的公认研究结果是:天冬酰胺酸与还原糖发生美拉德反应,是大量的丙烯酰胺形成的主要途径;另外食品中的油脂、蛋白质和碳水化合物等成分在高温下条件下反应,生成丙烯醛,进而形成丙烯酰胺,是其在食物中存在的另一原因.本文希望通过揭示高温食品中丙烯酰胺形成的机理,能促进关于食品中有效地抑制/消除丙烯酰胺形成研究的进一步开展.     

基于油脂氧化的食品加工伴生危害物形成研究进展

热加工过程对食品的风味、色泽以及危害物的形成具有重要影响。美拉德反应和油脂氧化是热加工中发生的最重要的两类反应,彼此独立且相互影响,尤其是油脂氧化产生的羰基化合物能与氨基化合物发生反应,从而对丙烯酰胺、杂环胺、晚期糖基化末端产物、5-羟甲基糠醛等多种危害物的形成具有重要作用。本文以油脂氧化产生的活性羰基化合物为关注点,综述了油脂氧化对食品加工伴生危害物的影响,以期为抑制食品中危害物的生成提供理论参考。     

利用微生物及其产生的酶控制食品中丙烯酰胺的形成

丙烯酰胺是高温加工食品中一种常见的对人体有潜在危害的化学物质,其主要通过美拉德反应生成,但美拉德反应对改善食品色泽、风味等起到重要作用,因此如何有效抑制食品中丙烯酰胺的形成成为国内外研究热点。利用微生物对原料进行预处理具有抑制食品中丙烯酰胺形成的作用。文章简要介绍了食品中的丙烯酰胺以及微生物抑制丙烯酰胺形成的主要途径,重点阐述了微生物预处理在食品加工过程中抑制丙烯酰胺形成的研究,旨在为今后食品中丙烯酰胺的减控研究提供参考。     

食品中丙烯酰胺形成的影响因素研究进展

高温加工食品中的丙烯酰胺问题已引起世界各国的高度重视。由于其神经、生殖、遗传毒性及潜在的致癌性,各国科学家对丙烯酰胺含量的影响因素进行了大量的研究。食品中丙烯酰胺的含量会受到加热温度、pH、水分含量等多种因素的影响,文中对各国科学家在这些方面的研究进行了综述,旨在为进一步控制或减少食品加工中丙烯酰胺的形成提供参考,降低我国人群丙烯酰胺的膳食暴露水平。     

高温加工食品丙烯酰胺抑制技术

淀粉类食品在高温加工过程中产生丙烯酰胺的问题已引起世界各国的普遍关注,如何抑制其产生成为国际研究热点。本文简要综述了高温加工食品中丙烯酰胺形成机理,并重点讨论了影响丙烯酰胺产生的因素和抑制技术。     

减少高温加工食品中丙烯酰胺含量的几种方法

原料中还原糖、天冬酰胺含量及加工温度是影响食品中丙烯酰胺形成的主要因素。减少原料中的还原糖或天冬酰胺含量及降低加工温度能显著降低食品中丙烯酰胺的含量。本文概述了几种减少高温加工食品中丙烯酰胺含量方法的研究进展。     

食品中丙烯酰胺风险评估及其形成机理研究进展

丙烯酰胺是一种神经毒素及对人可能的致癌物质。研究发现,高温加热的多种食品中含有高剂量的丙烯酰胺。本文重点介绍了国际上关于丙烯酰胺毒理学,风险评估,以及食品加工过程中形成机理方面的研究进展,讨论了进一步的研究工作。旨在为我国食品中丙烯酰胺的研究提供一定的理论和方法参考,进一步控制或减少食品加工中丙烯酰胺的形成,降低我国人群丙烯酰胺的膳食暴露水平,促进食品安全发展,保护消费者健康。     

黄酮类化合物对食品中丙烯酰胺的抑制和毒性干预作用

自丙烯酰胺在高温加工食品中发现后,公众的关注度不断升高。研究人员对食品中丙烯酰胺形成机理、控制和检测方法等开展广泛研究。黄酮类化合物是一类广泛分布于植物中的次生代谢产物,属于天然抗氧化剂,它们对食品中丙烯酰胺的形成具有一定程度的抑制作用。本文综述黄酮类化合物对食品中丙烯酰胺的抑制机理和毒性干预作用,以期为黄酮类化合物用于控制食品中丙烯酰胺提供参考。鉴于目前对添加物抑制效果的判断是基于添加前后食品中丙烯酰胺含量的变化,为此本文同时对丙烯酰胺的检测方法进行综述。     

热加工食品中丙烯酰胺的形成机理和风险分析

阐述了食品中丙烯酰胺产生的机理.丙烯酰胺是一种具有神经毒性的小分子化合物,它主要由游离的天门冬酰胺在食品加工过程中通过美拉德反应形成.天门冬酰胺和碳水化合物是形成丙烯酰胺必需的物质基础,高温(高于120 ℃)则是丙烯酰胺形成的关键条件,加工方式、水活度、pH值等因素也影响其形成.目前食品中丙烯酰胺的分析主要采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)与液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术(LC-MS/MS).作者对丙烯酰胺的分析方法进行了研讨并对丙烯酰胺的毒理学和食用含有丙烯酰胺食品的风险进行了讨论.     

Lipid oxidation promotes acrylamide formation in fat-rich model systems

Lipid oxidation is one of the major chemical reactions occurring during food processing or storage and may have a strong impact on the final quality of foods. A significant role of carbonyl compounds derived from lipid oxidation in acrylamide formation has been recently proposed. In this work, the effect of lipid oxidation level on acrylamide formation was investigated by thermal treatment of differently formulated fat-rich model systems. Results showed that lipid oxidation positively influenced the formation of acrylamide. The effect was more evident in sugar-free system where lipid become the main sources of carbonyls. Catechins reduced acrylamide formation presumably by trapping carbohydrates and/or preventing lipid oxidation. More acrylamide was formed in model systems composed with sunflower oil than in those containing palm oil which is less susceptible to oxidation.In systems containing higher amount of water, acrylamide formation was delayed due to evaporative cooling. In these systems, the effect of catechin was more pronounced and the effect of lipid oxidation became detectable only after a prolonged reaction time.These findings suggested that lipid oxidation could become a relevant factor for acrylamide formation, particularly for dry foods with low carbohydrate content.     

Formation and reduction of acrylamide in Maillard reaction: a review based on the current state of knowledge

The recent report of elevated acrylamide levels in heat processing foods evoked an international health alarm. Acrylamide, an acknowledged potential genetic and reproductive toxin with mutagenic and carcinogenic properties in experimental mammalians, has been found in various heat processing foods. Many original contributions reported their findings on the formation mechanism and possible reduction methods of acrylamide. The aim of this review article is to summarize the state-of-the-art about the formation and reduction of acrylamide in the Maillard reaction. This research progress includes mechanistic studies on the correlation between the Maillard reaction and acrylamide, the formation mechanism of acrylamide, the main pathways of formation and impact factors on formation including cultivars, storage temperature, storage time, heat temperature, heat time, environmental pH, concentration of precursors, effects of food matrixes, type of oil, etc. Meanwhile, primary mechanisms on the reduction of acrylamide as well as reduction pathways including material and processing related ways and use of exogenous chemical additives are systematically reviewed. The mitigation studies on acrylamide are also summarized by the Confederation of the Food and Drink Industries of the EU (CIAA) "Toolbox" approach.     

食物油炸过程中丙烯酰胺和杂环胺的形成及控制方法研究进展

食物油炸过程中,来自食物和煎炸油的各种成分会发生强烈的化学反应,产生各种各样的化学产物,最终对油炸食物的食用品质和煎炸油的使用期限产生影响。在这些产物中也存在种类较多且含量不可忽视的有害成分,其中与食品成分相关的主要有丙烯酰胺和杂环胺等伴生危害物。这些有害成分的产生可以通过选择适宜的油炸条件,如煎炸油种类、油炸时间、油炸温度和添加外源抗氧化剂等措施来加以控制。本文综述了近年来研究发现的食物油炸过程中丙烯酰胺和杂环胺的形成途径、危害及控制方法,旨在为寻找抑制食物油炸过程中伴生危害物产生的新方法提供新的思路。     

Acrylamide Formation in Foods during Thermal Processing with a Focus on Frying

This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on acrylamide formation in foods during thermal processing. The main pathway of acrylamide formation in foods is linked to the Maillard reaction, and in particular, the amino acid asparagine. Effects of several factors related to food composition and processing conditions on the formation levels of acrylamide, and also, other quality characteristics in thermally processed foods are discussed in detail. From a process control point of view, it is also addressed that there is a need to develop viable models for the estimation of acrylamide contents in heated foods during the stages of process design and optimization. Fried potato products, as one of the most encountered category of thermally processed foods, are specifically emphasized for acrylamide formation, potential ways of mitigation, and modeling its formation during frying.     

减控油炸麻花中丙烯酰胺生成方法

国内外研究表明含淀粉的食物经高温油炸、烘烤会形成丙烯酰胺,国际癌症研究机构认为其具有潜在致 癌性和神经毒性。本研究系统地探究了加工工艺条件、不同食品配料对油炸麻花中丙烯酰胺生成的影响以及减控 方法。结果表明：应尽量降低油炸温度和缩短油炸时间,油炸最佳温度和时间分别为160 ℃和180 s;花生油、玉米 油、大豆油在油炸过程中丙烯酰胺的生成量均低于棕榈油;配方中添加VC、阿魏酸均对丙烯酰胺的生成有较好的 抑制作用,而添加叔丁基对苯二酚时丙烯酰胺的生成量略有增加;非还原糖的抑制效果由大到小分别是β-环糊精、 甘露醇、山梨醇、赤藓糖醇,β-葡聚糖对其作用不明显,蔗糖具有促进作用;半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸、甘氨酸 对丙烯酰胺均有较好的抑制作用,当添加量小于0.2%时,甘氨酸的抑制作用最好,当添加量为0.3%～0.5%时,谷 氨酸抑制效果优于其他3 种氨基酸,当添加量为0.5%时,4 种氨基酸对油炸麻花中丙烯酰胺的生成抑制效果最佳。     

Omega-3 Enriched Biscuits with Low Levels of Heat-Induced Toxicants: Effect of Formulation and Baking Conditions

Unconventional formulation and baking conditions were exploited for obtaining omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids enriched biscuits. A monoglyceride-flaxseed oil–water gel was used to obtain biscuits which had physical and chemical properties analogous to those of a control sample prepared with palm oil. To reduce fat oxidation and acrylamide and furan formation, the dough was baked at different temperature, time and pressure (i.e. varying from 101.33 to 0.15 kPa) conditions according to a central composite design. Baking at high temperature and reduced pressure allowed to obtain biscuits with acceptable water content and colour, while minimizing omega-3 fatty acids oxidation and acrylamide and furan formation. The biscuits best responding to these characteristics were obtained by applying the combination 174 °C-3.99 kPa-45 min. The low pressure generated inside the oven likely exerted a stripping effect towards acrylamide and furan as well as oxygen thus preventing toxicants to accumulate and lipid oxidation to occur. This study highlighted that the use of monoglyceride-flaxseed oil–water gel combined with baking under reduced pressure is potentially applicable at the industrial level to obtain nutritionally enhanced biscuits, while simultaneously preventing the occurrence of degradation reactions and toxic molecules formation. Due to the worldwide diffusion of cereal-based foods, including sweet biscuits, this formulation and process strategy could have a great economic impact.     

Effect of formulation on the capacity of l-asparaginase to minimize acrylamide formation in short dough biscuits

The influence of the matrix composition and structure on the capacity of asparaginase to reduce acrylamide formation in biscuits was studied. In particular, formulations differing for water (10 to 20% on total weight) and fat (0 to 15% on total weight) content, fat type (margarine, palm oil) and lipid phase distribution were considered. In the latter case, palm oil was substituted with a monoglyceride–palm oil–water gel (hydrogel). The results showed that high water contents, by favoring precursor mobility, promoted acrylamide formation as well as the enzyme capability of reducing the toxic molecule levels in the final product. On the contrary, the presence of fat significantly reduced acrylamide development and enzyme activity as compared with the fat free formulation. It can be hypothesized that the presence of fat would hamper the interaction between the precursors in the aqueous phase, leading to lower amounts of acrylamide. By substituting fat with hydrogel, the biscuit behaved as a fat free system, where acrylamide formation as well as its reduction by means of asparaginase activity was higher than in the fat-containing biscuits. It is likely that the inclusion of palm oil in the dough through the hydrogel modified the system morphology, thus not hampering the encounter among reactants and consequently favoring acrylamide formation.     

Application of cellulose- and chitosan-based edible coatings for quality and safety of deep-fried foods

Excessive oil uptake and formation of carcinogens, such as acrylamide (AA), heterocyclic amines (HCAs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), during deep-frying are a potential threat for food quality and safety. Cellulose- and chitosan-based edible coatings have been widely applied to deep-fried foods for reduction of oil uptake because of their barrier property to limit oil ingress, and their apparent inhibition of AA formation. Cellulose- and chitosan-based edible coatings have low negative impacts on sensory attributes of fried foods and are low cost, nontoxic, and nonallergenic. They also show great potential for reducing HCAs and PAHs in fried foods. The incorporation of nanoparticles improves mechanical and barrier properties of cellulose and chitosan coatings, which may also contribute to reducing carcinogens derived from deep-frying. Considering the potential for positive health outcomes, cellulose- and chitosan-based edible coatings could be a valuable method for the food industry to improve the quality and safety of deep-fried foods.