大米淀粉的糊化特性研究

采用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)对不同大米原淀粉的糊化特性和不同取代度的淀粉磷酸酯的糊化特性进行了测定和比较研究。RVA测试结果表明,大米原淀粉中的直链淀粉含量、大米淀粉磷酸酯中的取代度都对其黏度特性产生很大的影响。     

不同类型玉米发育过程中淀粉糊化特性的比较

采用DGC方差分析法,比较普通玉米、糯玉米和爆裂玉米籽粒生长过程中胚乳淀粉糊化特性和直链淀粉含量的变化及差异。结果表明,普通玉米和爆裂玉米RVA谱的尾部高于峰顶,而糯玉米RVA谱的尾部低于峰顶。普通玉米的低谷黏度授粉后10 d达最高,峰值黏度和最终黏度分别在20 d和30 d时最高;糯玉米的峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度均在30 d时最高,爆裂玉米均在40 d时最高。说明,普通玉米胚乳的淀粉膨胀力、耐剪切能力和淀粉胶的硬度最先达到最大,其次为糯玉米,爆裂玉米最晚。糯玉米胚乳中直链淀粉含量最低,回复值最低,最不易老化。授粉20 d后,爆裂玉米淀粉的峰值时间最长,糊化温度最高,最难糊化。相关分析发现,糯玉米的直链淀粉含量与回复值和糊化温度分别呈显著正和负相关,爆裂玉米直链淀粉含量与消减值呈显著正相关,而普通玉米直链淀粉含量与RVA特征值间不存在显著相关性,即相关性的大小受玉米类型的影响。     

不同品种板栗贮藏前后淀粉糊化特性研究

以9个板栗产区的12个主栽品种为试材,测定贮藏前后不同品种板栗淀粉的糊化特性及直链淀粉含量,比较不同品种板栗贮藏前后淀粉糊化特性的差异,探讨板栗淀粉糊化特性与直链淀粉含量的关系.结果表明:贮藏前后,各品种糊化特性存在显著差异(p＜0.05).其中,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、稀懈值和峰值时间在贮藏后降低;回冷值显著上升58.5～861 cp;最终粘度和糊化温度变化趋势与品种有关:小紫油栗、叶里藏、粘底板Q022、青扎的最终黏度,大板红、泰栗一号、小紫油栗、SQ022、六合中熟的糊化温度升高,而其他品种的最终黏度和糊化温度呈下降趋势.贮藏后,不同品种各RVA谱特征值的各变异系数(除糊化温度)均降低,各品种间差异程度缩小.贮藏前,各品种直链淀粉含量在17.21%～32.78%之间;贮藏后,直链淀粉含量增加0.18%～10.41%.相关分析表明,贮藏前后,直链淀粉含量与峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、稀懈值呈负相关,而与回冷值、糊化温度和峰值时间呈正相关.板栗淀粉的糊化特性与直链淀粉含量密切相关,不同品种间的差异主要由品种自身的遗传特性决定.     

小麦粉中的淀粉对其糊化特性的影响

从小麦粉中提取淀粉、直链和支链淀粉,再将其按不同的梯度添加到原小麦粉中去,用RVA来测定其粉糊化特性,以此来研究同源小麦淀粉、直链和支链淀粉对其糊化特性的影响规律。随着淀粉或支链淀粉添加量的增加,小麦粉糊化时的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、衰减值和峰值时间都出现了上升的趋势,而糊化温度则表现为降低趋势。随着直链淀粉添加量的增加,小麦粉糊化时的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、衰减值、峰值时间和糊化温度都出现了下降的趋势。     

不同储藏时间及温度对荞麦淀粉特性的影响

采用碱液提取法提取荞麦淀粉,研究了不同储藏时间及温度对荞麦淀粉特性的影响。考察了提取物的水分、淀粉纯度、直链淀粉含量、淀粉膨胀度和溶解度的变化,并利用快速黏度仪和差示量热扫描仪分析了荞麦淀粉的糊化特性和热特性。结果表明,在4℃条件下储藏的荞麦,提取物的淀粉纯度高于38℃下储藏荞麦的淀粉纯度;储藏过程中,直链淀粉含量先下降再上升,淀粉膨胀度下降,且低温条件储藏时下降幅度更为明显。但储藏对淀粉溶解度和糊化特性无显著影响。38℃储藏的荞麦,淀粉初始糊化温度随储藏时间的延长先上升再下降,而4℃储藏的荞麦变化不显著。储藏过程中,糊化焓呈现先下降后上升趋势,且38℃条件下储藏的荞麦,该变化更为明显。研究可以为碗托等荞麦淀粉食品加工提供参考。     

臭氧处理对新收获小麦糊化特性的影响研究

为了探究臭氧处理对新收获小麦糊化特性的影响,在室温下,用浓度为5mg/L的臭氧对郑麦9023处理0.5~2.0h,测定不同处理时间下羧基、羰基、粗淀粉和直链淀粉含量变化以及糊化特性指标,分析羧基、羰基、粗淀粉和直链淀粉含量及糊化黏度的变化规律,并对黏度变化规律与粗淀粉及直链淀粉进行相关性分析。结果表明：随着臭氧处理时间的增加,小麦粉的粗淀粉、直链淀粉、羧基含量及羰基含量发生了不同趋势的变化;峰值黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、回生值以及糊化温度与粗淀粉含量呈不同程度的正相关,与直链淀粉呈不同程度的负相关;粗淀粉含量对最低黏度与起始糊化时间的影响不显著,而直链淀粉对最低黏度与起始糊化时间影响显著。     

损伤淀粉含量对米粉理化性质的影响

采用不同粉碎方法得到损伤淀粉含量不同的米粉,研究了损伤淀粉含量对米粉性质的影响。结果表明随着损伤淀粉含量的增加,米粉的总直链淀粉没有明显差异,可溶性直链淀粉和溶解度显著升高,溶胀度变化不大而透明度则显著降低。快速黏度分析(RVA)表明糊化温度由89.2℃降低到86.2℃,回生值由89.58 RVU降低到59.33 RVU,峰值黏度由139.29 RVU降低到85.08 RVU,谷值黏度由103.67 RVU降低到49.04 RVU,末值黏度由180.67 RVU降低到108.38 RVU。损伤淀粉含量9.05%米粉的衰减值最低。糊化后米粉凝胶的硬度和弹性显著降低。     

糜子直链淀粉、蛋白质含量对其外观品质及食味品质的影响

以4个直链淀粉、蛋白质含量存在显著差异的糜子品种为实验材料,研究直链淀粉、蛋白质含量对糜子外观及食味品质的影响。结果表明：与低直链淀粉品种比较,高直链淀粉糜子品种,全粉糊化黏度、糊化时间、糊化温度较高,糜子饭吸水率、体积膨胀率、硬度较高,而糊化热焓值较低;蛋白质含量较高的糜子品种,全粉呈现低糊化黏度,糜子饭呈现低吸水率、体积膨胀率,高硬度。直链淀粉、蛋白质含量较高的糜子品种,蒸煮性差、能耗高、蒸煮时间长。因此,在糜子品质育种中,适当降低直链淀粉和蛋白质含量可以改善糜子的适口性。     

支链淀粉结构对稻米淀粉糊化特性的影响

支链淀粉结构的不同是导致直链淀粉含量相近的水稻品种间品质差异的主要原因。本研究利用优化后的酶法测定了26个不同类型水稻品种的稻米支链淀粉的结构参数,分析了支链淀粉结构与淀粉RVA成糊特性及DSC热特性的相关性。结果表明,26个品种间平均链长、平均外链长与起始糊化温度、最高糊化温度、终结糊化温度呈正相关;A∶B值与起始糊化温度呈负相关。平均链长、平均外链长与消减值呈正相关,与峰值黏度、崩解值呈负相关;A∶B值与峰值黏度、崩解值呈正相关,与消减值呈负相关。将参试品种按AC分成11%~13%和13%~15%两组后,其支链淀粉结构与稻米淀粉RVA成糊特性及DSC热特性间的相关性与全部品种间基本一致。综上,支链淀粉结构对淀粉RVA成糊特性及糊化温度有较大影响,低平均链长、平均外链长及高A∶B值的稻米淀粉RVA成糊特性较好、糊化温度较低。     

粳稻米淀粉糊化性质及其级分的研究

以3种粳稻米为原料，测定了粳稻米淀粉的RVA黏度特性、DSC热力学指标，以及对稻米淀粉进行高效液相色谱分析。结果表明：3种粳稻米淀粉的RVA峰值黏度、回生值差异较大，其余各项指标相差不大；DSC吸热曲线表明粳稻米淀粉起始糊化温度在65℃以下。吸热焓值略有差异；支链淀粉、中阃级分、直链淀粉在淀粉中的含量分为60％、22％、18％左右。     

米粉(米线)原料标准的研究

本文主要对米粉所用原料大米的糊化特性、品质特性进行了分析，并且对大米的可加工性与糊化数据、直链淀粉含量之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：当原料中直链淀粉含量高于27％，最低粘度600～800UV，最终粘度大于1300UV，回老值高于660UV时，加工出的米粉质量较好。大米中直链淀粉含量、最低粘度、最终粘度、回老值与可加工性呈极显著相关。     

不同类别大米糊化特性和直链淀粉含量的差异研究

对不同类别的市售大米样品（籼米,粳米,杂交稻米,籼糯米,粳糯米,黑米和香米）的糊化特性和直链淀粉含量进行了测定并进行了比较研究。结果表明,籼型,籼型,粳型和糯型大米的直链淀粉含量和糊化特性贡线及主要特征值（峰值粘度,最终粘度,回生值）均有明显的差异,并与其食用品质有密切相关,糊化特性曲线和相关特征值可用于鉴别市售大米的品质也可用于判别信有直链淀粉含量划分的大米类型。     

玉米籽粒品质性状及其相互关系分析

通过测定55个玉米品种（系）籽粒的物理性状、淀粉品质及蛋白质组分，分析它们之间的简单相关关系。结果表明：容重与各淀粉组分含量呈负相关，与角质率、低谷粘度、最终粘度、回冷值、峰值时间、糊化温度呈极显著正相关；角质率与醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、总蛋白含量及峰值时间和糊化温度呈极显著正相关，与膨胀势、峰值粘度和稀懈值呈显著负相关；直链淀粉含量与稀懈值负相关，与膨胀势、峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度、回冷值、峰值时间和糊化温度均表现一定的正相关；支链淀粉含量、总淀粉含量以及支／直比与糊化温度正相关，与其它粘度指标负相关；峰值粘度与低谷粘度、稀懈值、最终粘度和回冷值的相关程度较高，是衡量淀粉糊化特性的最重要指标；醇溶蛋白与总蛋白和粘度性状问的关系更密切，醇溶蛋白含量的变化对于总蛋白含量变化及淀粉特性的影响最大。文章还提出今后要加强支链淀粉、峰值时间、糊化温度和醇溶蛋白含量等对加工品质影响的研究。     

Effect of Amylose Content on Gelatinization,Retrogradation and Pasting Properties of Flours from Different Cultivars of Thai Rice

Presently, rice cultivars are categorized according to amylose content into three groups: low, medium and high amylose content cultivars. The correlation of amylose content with gelatinization properties, retrogradation, and pasting properties of eleven cultivars of Thai rice were investigated. Rice flour was prepared from milled rice by the wet grinding process. Onset (T_o), peak (T_p) and conclusion (T_c) temperatures of gelatinization, (determined by DSC) were found to be highly positively correlated with amylose levels. This correlation could be used for prediction of amylose content of rice flour. Low amylose starch could also be characterized by low degree of retrogradation (%R). The data obtained from RVA‐viscograms (peak viscosity, breakdown, setback, and pasting temperature) can be used only for characterization of the group of low amylose starches (waxy rice). It was demonstrated that low amylose rice starch provided the highest peak viscosity and breakdown and the lowest setback and pasting temperature among the groups investigated.     

Physicochemical and Gelatinization Properties of Starches Separated from Various Rice Cultivars

Morphological, viscoelastic, hydration, pasting, and thermal properties of starches separated from 10 different rice cultivars were investigated. Upon gelatinization, the G′ values of the rice starch pastes ranged from 37.4 to 2057 Pa at 25 °C, and remarkably, the magnitude depended on the starch varieties. The rheological behavior during gelatinization upon heating brought out differences in onset in G′ and degree of steepness. The cultivar with high amylose content (Goami) showed the lowest critical strain (γ_c), whereas the cultivars with low amylose content (Boseokchal and Shinseonchal) possessed the highest γ_c. The amylose content in rice starches affected their pasting properties; the sample possessing the highest amylose content showed the highest final viscosity and setback value, whereas waxy starch samples displayed low final viscosity and setback value. The onset gelatinization temperatures of the starches from 10 rice cultivars ranged between 57.9 and 64.4 °C. The amylose content was fairly correlated to hydration and pasting properties of rice starches but did not correlate well with viscoelastic and thermal characteristics. The combined analysis of hydration, pasting, viscoelastic, and thermal data of the rice starches is useful in fully understanding their behavior and in addressing the processability for food applications.     

Screening Potato Starch for Novel Properties Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Thermal and other physicochemical properties of starch from 42 potato genotypes were studied to find those with unique properties for food use, and to analyze relationships between thermal and other physicochemical properties. Onset and peak transition temperatures and gelatinization enthalpy intercorrelated. Transition temperatures intercorrelated with pasting temperature using a Brabender Visco-amylograph. Gelatinization entbalpy correlated with Brabender pasting temperature and peak paste viscosity, and onset temperature correlated with phosphorus content. Genotype E55–3.5 with highest onset and peak transition temperatures also had highest phosphorus and peak Brabender viscosity. DSC might be useful for rapidly screening samples of <1g starch for such. Potato starch DSC characteristics did not correlate with amylose, intrinsic viscosity, or water-binding. For 10 genotypes from successive years, correlations were observed for pasting temperature (r = 0.83), phosphorus content (r = 0.80), and stability ratio (r = 0.66). Direct comparison between samples from consecutive years showed good reproducibility for amylose, but not for phosphorus or pasting.     

面团发酵过程中小麦淀粉理化性质的变化

以小麦粉为原料,结合水洗和离心提取小麦淀粉,研究面团发酵过程中一次发酵、二次发酵和醒发工序对直链淀粉含量、溶解度、溶胀度、糊化特性和凝胶特性等理化性质的影响。试验结果表明:发酵后直链淀粉质量分数提高3.7%～8.18%;采用黏度速测仪(RVA,Rapid visco analyzer)分析醒发后小麦淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度分别上升52 RVU、58.67 RVU和73.33 RVU;采用质构仪(TPA,Texture profile anal-ysis)对发酵过程小麦淀粉凝胶特性进行研究,发现醒发后凝胶特性有所改善,硬度提高48.60 g,弹性提高0.03,内聚性、回复性分别提高0.05、0.15。     

Effects of cross-linking and low molecular amylose on pasting characteristics of waxy corn starch

The action of amylose within the granule of normal corn starch is investigated by changes in pasting characteristics of waxy corn starch in a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA), using addition of soluble amylose (DP = 18) and cross-linking with epichlorohydrin. Although waxy corn starch, containing no amylose, did not show an effect of addition of amylose on pasting characteristics, by cross-linking with epichlorohydrin, the pasting peak viscosity and breakdown were greatly enhanced and set-back (viscosity increased in the cooling process after gelatinization) was generated. The cross-linking depressed the disintegration of starch granules in the swelling process, with amylose interaction, resulting in RVA pasting characteristics similar to those seen with normal corn starch containing amylose. Set-back was essentially caused by rearrangement among modified amylopectins. Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the RVA more efficiently enhanced the effect. This indicated that amylose in normal corn starch interacts with amylopectin through locally strong linkages.     

Influence of molecular structural characteristics on pasting and thermal properties of acid-methanol-treated rice starches

Rice starches from TKW1, TNG67 and TCS17 varieties, differing widely in amylose contents (0.1, 18.3 and 29.2%) were treated at 45 °C for 1 h in methanol containing various amounts of HCl. The recovery, pasting properties, thermal behaviors, molecular size and chain length distribution of starch were observed. Starches exhibited widely different pasting and thermal behavior upon acid-methanol treated (AMT). Degradation of starches upon AMT affected the leaching extent and chain length of amylose. No obvious changes were found on chain length and content of chain fractions of amylopectin. The pasting viscosity of rice starch decreased with increasing concentration of HCl, and the pasting profiles depended on the variety of rice. The pasting profile of AMT-TNG67 starch showed a two-step increasing pattern during heating, while TKW1 and TCS17 starches showed smoothly increasing pasting curves. The relationship between pasting patterns of AMT-TNG67 starches with amylose leaching and two stages of swelling behavior of starch granules was investigated. Results indicated that the pasting of starch granules depend on the amount, as well as the chain length, of amylose in granules.     

Characterization of Pea Starches in the Presence of Alkali and Borax

Refined field pea (Pisum sativum L.) starches were prepared from air‐classified pea starch by washing or from whole pea by wet milling, and analyzed for their physicochemical and pasting characteristics in the presence of alkali and borax. Commercial corn and high amylose corn starches were included in the study for comparative purposes. The two pea starches exhibited similar physicochemical characteristics. Amylose content markedly influenced pasting and other characteristics of the corn starches. Pea starch and high amylose corn starch exhibited little viscosity development during pasting in deionized water. The presence of alkali or borax significantly altered the peak viscosities and cold paste stabilities of all four starches in a concentration dependent manner. Alkali and borax increased peak and cold paste viscosity and reduced syneresis in all cases.