预包装食品中金黄色葡萄球菌3种鉴定方法的比较

目的 比较国家标准方法(GB 4789.10-2016)、VITEK2 Compact全自动微生物鉴定系统、基质辅助激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱法对预包装食品中金黄色葡萄球菌的鉴定效果。方法 使用金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 25923)人工污染12种不同种类的预包装食品,按照GB4789.10-2016进行样品前处理和增菌,通过上述三种方法对上述样品中分离的疑似金黄色葡萄球菌进行鉴定,并对鉴定结果进行比较。结果 三种方法均能够对12种不同种类的人工污染预包装食品中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌进行准确有效的鉴定。相对于国标法,两种仪器鉴定方法无需进行后续溶血分析和血浆凝固酶试验,对操作人员技术要求更低,能够在更短的时间内获得鉴定结果。结论 两种仪器鉴定方法快速、可靠且操作简单,可以作为国标法的有效补充。     

肉类食品中肠炎沙门氏菌快速检验即用型质控样品研制

针对肉类食品中肠炎沙门氏菌的检测,研制出基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF-MS）即用型质控样品,通过培养计数和MALDITOF-MS检测及统计分析的方式验证质控样品的均匀性和稳定性。结果表明：研制的肠炎沙门氏菌质控样品为白色小球,均匀性验证实验中,质控样品培养计数结果F=0.75,小于临界值,表明均匀性一致;运输稳定性实验表明,质控样品在37、25℃环境下活菌数量稳定,生长良好;贮藏稳定性实验表明,质控样品在-20℃条件下贮藏28 d的复苏率为90.6%,在4℃条件下贮藏28 d的复苏率为89.0%,说明样品性质稳定,能够长期稳定保存;对每次MALDI-TOF-MS检测结果进行分析同样表明检测结果稳定。综上所述,本研究研制出的肠炎沙门氏菌快速检验即用型质控样品均匀性和稳定性良好,可作为阳性质控样品用于肠炎沙门氏菌检测和质量控制。     

鸡排中一株凝固酶异常的金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定

目的分离鉴定鸡排中一株凝固酶异常的金黄色葡萄球菌。方法采用国标法检测金黄色葡萄球菌,血浆凝固酶试验时间延长至24 h,同时用生化鉴定法和BAX System Q7快速检测法进行互相验证。结果国标法凝固酶试验6 h不凝固, 12 h出现部分凝固, 24 h完全凝固,生化鉴定法和BAX System Q7快速检测法结果都是检出金黄色葡萄球菌。结论在食品中金黄色葡萄球菌检验过程中,对于凝固酶试验异常的情况,应延长试验时间并用其他方法加以验证。     

基于16S rDNA序列、MALDI-TOF-MS和VITEK的沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的鉴定

沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌广泛存在于食品及环境中,对食品安全造成一定的威胁。在食源性致病菌检测过程中,选择合适的方法不仅可以缩短时间,节省人力物力,还能更好地溯源。选取210株沙门氏菌和18株金黄色葡萄球菌,使用16S rDNA序列测定、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)和VITEK全自动细菌鉴定系统对其鉴定,使用R软件包(v3.6.1)对鉴定结果进行统计和相关性分析,比较3种方法的鉴定水平和效率。结果表明:3种方法均可将210株沙门氏菌(100.0%)鉴定到属水平;16S rDNA序列测定方法可将18株(100.0%)金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定到属水平,可将其中15株(83.3%)菌鉴定到种水平;MALDI-TOF-MS和VITEK可将18株金黄色葡萄球菌(100.0%)鉴定到种水平。除16S rDNA序列测定方法外,其余2种方法对金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌的鉴定水平相同,而MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定所需时间最短、效率最高。     

食品中一株凝固酶异常的金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定

目的 对餐饮环节采集的一份鸡排进行金黄色葡萄球菌检验时,发现一株血浆凝固酶试验异常的金黄色葡萄球菌,并对其分离、鉴定、分析和总结,避免因不典型菌株的漏检而带来的食品安全风险。方法 采用国标法检测金黄色葡萄球菌,血浆凝固酶试验时间延长至24h,同时用生化鉴定法和BAX System Q7快速检测法进行互相验证。结果 国标法凝固酶试验6h不凝固,12h出现部分凝固,24h完全凝固,生化鉴定法和BAX System Q7快速检测法结果都是检出金黄色葡萄球菌。结论 在食品中金黄色葡萄球菌检验过程中,选择性平板上菌落典型,而凝固酶试验异常的情况,应延长试验时间并用其他方法加以验证。     

金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定方法研究

目的 为了筛选出能够快速准确鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌的方法。方法 利用国标法、VITEK 2 Compact生化鉴定、16s rDNA序列分析和PCR鉴定等4种方法对酱卤肉制品中分离出的典型菌落进行鉴定。结果 国标法检测结果显示菌株为革兰氏阳性菌，血平板上有明显的透明溶血圈且血浆凝固酶试验结果为阳性，符合金黄色葡萄球菌判定标准。VITEK 2 Compact生化鉴定结果中不吻合的典型生化谱仅有1项（dMAL），判定菌株为金黄色葡萄球菌（98%概率），为极好的鉴定。16s rDNA序列比对分析及以邻接法构建的进化树均显示典型菌落为金黄色葡萄球菌。以耐热核酸酶基因（nuc）设计的引物能扩增出单一的清晰条带，能快速准确的识别出金黄色葡萄球菌。结论 4种方法均能准确鉴定出金黄色葡萄球菌，但耗时都比较长，通过改进实验方法，缩短DNA提取时间，PCR鉴定将表现出较大优势。     

金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测结果的不确定度评定

目的评定质控样品中金黄色葡萄球菌计数结果的不确定度。方法通过分析测量过程,确定并简化不确定度来源,运用统计学方法,分析不确定度分量、量化合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果金黄色葡萄球菌计数结果的不确定度来源较多,其中对不确定度贡献较大的为均质袋与样品稀释管及其稀释过程引入的不确定度、样品加样体积引入的不确定度、不同人员重复实验引入的不确定度。血浆凝固酶阳性实验,同样是构成偏差不可忽视的因素。金黄色葡萄球菌计数结果可表示为(10~(3.5778±0.095))CFU/g,k=2。结论该方法适用于质控样品中金黄色葡萄球菌计数结果的不确定度评定。     

肉类食品中大肠杆菌快速检验即用型质控样品研制

为实现肉类食品中大肠杆菌快速检验,研制出大肠杆菌基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF-MS）检验即用型质控样品,可以直接溶解使用,无需再次培养,并系统分析了质控样品的均匀性和稳定性。结果表明：经筛选得到冻干基质最佳条件,质控样品存活率均在90%以上;质控样品培养计数结果F=0.567,小于临界值,证明均匀性好;质控样品在37℃和25℃环境下放置14 d后菌株计数稳定,在-20℃和4℃环境下贮藏28 d复苏率分别为101.5%和99.6%,在37℃和-20℃环境下贮藏28 d后的MALDI-TOF-MS检测结果仍保持一致,表明样品稳定性好,满足作为质控样品的要求。     

基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法鉴定食品中金黄色葡萄球菌

目的评价基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF MS)对食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的鉴定效果。方法应用MALDI-TOF MS对210株食源性金黄色葡萄球菌进行鉴定,与传统的生化鉴定结果进行比较,并用SPSS19.0软件分析鉴定结果。结果 MALDI-TOF MS将210株金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定到种、属水平分别为98.10%和1.43%,与VITEK 2鉴定方法无差异(P0.05)。结论 MALDI-TOF MS具有简便、快速、准确等优点,适用于对食源性金黄色葡萄球菌进行高通量、低成本的快速鉴定。     

16S rRNA基因序列、生化鉴定、质谱3类方法鉴定常见微生物的结果分析

目的比较16SrRNA基因序列、生化鉴定、质谱鉴定3类实验方法分析沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌的鉴定结果的异同。方法挑选沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌各50株,分别进行16S rRNA基因序列测定、VITEK COMPACT 2生化鉴定、质谱鉴定3类实验,并比较3类实验的鉴定结果。结果 3类实验方法对大部分沙门氏菌鉴定在属水平,生化鉴定方法对少数血清型鉴定到种水平;对金黄色葡萄球菌均鉴定到种水平; 16SrRNA基因序列、生化方法对蜡样芽孢杆菌鉴定到属水平,质谱鉴定到种水平。结论 3类实验方法对大部分沙门氏菌、所有金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定水平相同,质谱鉴定蜡样芽孢杆菌的结果更准确,且质谱鉴定时效性更高。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.