怎样从野生植物中提取淀粉

人们常见的野生淀粉资源,有果壳类的锥栗、茅栗、甜槠、苦槠、绵槠、青冈、麻烁、栓皮栎、懈栎、金樱子、回菁、马棘、芡实、薏苡、铁树籽等;根茎类的有葛根、百合、土茯苓、金刚刺、贯丛、魔芋、芒蕨、石蒜、狗脊、蕉芋、木署、山     

夏季适宜食物及饮食禁忌

<正>适宜食物1、主食及豆类的选择:绿豆、赤豆、小米等各种主食均可,适当食用粗粮和豆制品。2、肉蛋奶的选择:猪瘦肉、牛肉、鱼肉、鸡肉、鸭肉、动物肝脏等,奶及奶制品,咸鸭蛋、咸鸡蛋、松花蛋、蛋黄等蛋类。3、蔬菜的选择:苦瓜、丝瓜、南瓜、空心菜、马兰头、番茄、蒜苗、茄子、鲜藕、绿豆芽、黄瓜、冬瓜、菜瓜、香菇、紫菜、海带等。4、水果的选择:柑橘、葡萄、草莓、西瓜、梨、甜瓜、桃、杨梅、乌梅、李、红枣等。饮食禁忌1、夏天一定要少吃太热的食物,如羊肉、狗肉等。     

卫生部规范保健食品原料管理

保健食品,即适于特定人群食用,具有调节机体功能,不以治疗疾病为目的的食品。卫生部公布的《关于进一步规范保健食品的原料管理的通知》,第一次将要用于保健食品的物品名单和禁用物品名单公之于众。三种物品名单如下:即是食品又是药品的物品名单(按笔划顺序排列):丁香、八角茴香、刀豆、小茄香、小蓟、山药、山楂、马齿苋、乌梢蛇、乌梅、木瓜、火麻仁、代代花、玉竹、甘草、白芷、白果、白扁豆、白扁豆花、龙眼肉(桂圆)、决明子、百合、肉豆蔻、肉桂、余甘子、佛手、杏仁(甜、苦)、沙棘、牡蛎、芡实、花椒、赤小豆、阿胶、鸡内金、麦芽、昆…     

21世纪纺织装饰品热点产品及开发

当前纺织装饰品开发的重点是:有利人们的健康、无污染环境、突现个性、祟尚创新及高技术含量的产品。如,拒水、拒油、耐污、防火、透湿、排汗、速干、抗菌、防臭、防蚊、抗紫外线、远红外、耐燃、防皱、耐磨、抗静电、特殊保暖等。     

内蒙古产麻叶荨麻嫩叶与嫩茎的营养成分研究

分析测定了内蒙古产麻叶荨麻的主要可食部位的营养成分。结果表明，其嫩叶和嫩茎含有粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、VB1、VB2、VB6、胡萝卜素、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu以及棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和17种氨基酸。其中，粗蛋白质、胡萝卜素、必需微量元素、不饱和脂肪酸、必需氨基酸的含量较高。麻叶荨麻可食部位的营养成分及其含量具备了优质蔬菜的特性。     

卫生部公布保健食品禁用物品

卫生部日前公布的《保健食品禁用物品名单》中 ,列入禁用的物品的有 :八角莲、八里麻、千金子、土青木香、山莨菪、川乌、广防已、马桑叶、马钱子、六角连、天仙子、巴豆、水落石出银、长春花、甘遂、生关夏、生白附子、生狼毒、白降丹、石蒜、关木通、农吉痢、夹竹桃、朱砂、米壳 (罂粟壳 )、红升丹、红豆杉、红茴香、红粉、羊角拗、羊踯躅、丽江山慈姑、京大戟、昆明山海棠、河豚、闹羊花、青娘虫、鱼藤、洋地黄、洋金花、牵牛子、砒石 (白砒、红砒、砒霜 )、草乌、香加皮 (杠柳皮 )、骆驼蓬、鬼臼、莽草、铁棒槌、铃兰、雪上一枝蒿、黄花…     

中年进补餐谱

营养过剩成为现代人的健康大敌。由于过量摄入高蛋白、高脂肪、高糖类 等高营养物质,过剩的营养在体内产生大量的酸性物质,破坏了体内酸碱平衡, 导致酸性体质。酸性体质是产生高血压、糖尿病、心脑血管疾病、高血脂、痛风、 癌症等现代文明病的主要根源之一。预防酸性体质首先要从饮食开始,注意酸 性食物和碱性食物的合理搭配。 属于碱性的常见食物有:菠菜、卷心菜、萝卜、青笋、胡萝卜、马铃薯、黄瓜、 南瓜、豆腐、豌豆、赤豆、绿豆、山芋、甘薯、四季豆、藕、栗子、洋葱、茄子、香菇、 牛奶、蛋白、橘子、葡萄、香蕉、苹果、柿子等。 属于酸性的常见食物有:牛肉、猪肉、鸡肉、蛋黄、牡蛎、鳝鱼、糙米、 面条、面包、蚕豆、章鱼、泥鳅、虾、蟹、鱿鱼、鸭肉、紫菜、白糖、啤酒等。     

哪些蔬菜起源于我国,哪些由国外传入?

我国幅原辽阔,历史悠久,是一个拥有多种蔬菜的国家。现在,我国栽培的 重要蔬菜作物有116种之多,其中的有57种起源于我国。 原产我国的蔬菜有:白菜、萝卜、韭菜、冬寒菜、蓬菜、茭白、竹笋、荠菜、茼蒿、毛豆、芥蓝、蒲菜、薤菜、草石蚕、水芹、金针菜、慈菇、莼菜、荷、紫苏、芋、百合、山药、丝葱等。     

川莱的调味

川莱是我国主要菜系之一，它最显著的特点是味别丰富，以味多、味广、味厚、味浓著称。经常运用的具有一定代表性的复合味有鱼香、蒜泥、红油、白油、怪味、椒麻、糊辣、麻辣、豆瓣、家常、姜汁、咸鲜、酸辣、糖醋、麻酱、荔枝、芥末、咸甜等二十余种味型。味型之多原因之一，正是蜀地得天独厚，物产富饶。时菜调味原料品种颇多，如闻名国内外的郫县豆瓣、自贡市的井盐、内江的白糖、蜜饯、保宁醋、叙府芽莱、资中冬莱、涪陵榨菜、潼川豆豉、富林花椒、唐场豆腐乳，金堂及仁寿韵干红辣椒、四川泡菜等都是川莱的调味佳品。     

卫生部公布的既是食品又是药品的物品名单

卫生部新公布的名单: 蒲公英、益智、淡竹叶、胖大海、金银花、余甘子、葛根、鱼腥草 卫生部曾公布的两批名单: 八角茴香、刀豆、姜(生姜、干姜)、枣(大枣、酸枣、黑枣)、山药、山楂、小茴香、木瓜、龙眼肉(桂圆)、白扁豆、百合、花椒、芡实、赤小豆、佛手、青果、杏仁(甜、苦)昆布、桃仁、莲子、桑椹、榧子、淡豆     

果汁冷冻浓缩中生物冰核的成冰作用及初步应用

介绍了冰核细菌促进成冰的机制,并结合国外有关报道和我们的研究结果,论述了冰核细菌在食品冷冻浓缩中导致冰晶形成的结构、冷冻效率、应用前的预处理及食用级冰核细菌在果汁中的应用情况,最后展望了未来的研究方向。     

冰核细菌及其在食品工业中的应用

冰核细菌是一类在较低温度(-2.5～-5)℃下具有很强冰核活性的细菌,目前在植物冻害防治、促冻杀虫、人工降雪、食品冷冻浓缩等领域已成为研究热点。本文介绍了冰核细菌的成冰机制和影响因素,以及在食品工业中的应用,井对未来冰核细菌的研究趋势作一展望。     

Effects of ice-nucleation active bacteria on the freezing of some model food systems

Cells of ice-nucleation active (INA) bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae and Erwinia herbicola , were cultured at 18°C with media of nutrient broth and/or yeast extract and harvested at late log phase for maximum ice nucleation activity. These cells were able to nucleate water to freeze at temperatures as high as −2°C. They were incorporated into model food systems, including sugar, protein solutions and oil/water suspensions, representing all major components of foods, to investigate their effects on freezing. The nucleation temperatures of all the treated models were significantly raised by between 3.0 and 5.9°C compared with controls when the freezer temperature was set at −6 to −7°C. The application of the INA cells also caused freezing of certain model solutions at −6°C, such as sucrose solution (10%), which did not freeze at the same conditions without INA bacterial cells. Additions of INA cells also shortened the total freezing time of the model systems by between 20 and 38%. These results suggest that with the application of bacterial ice nucleation, some current food freezing processes may be modified to operate at higher subzero temperatures to provide guaranteed freezing, energy savings and improvement of efficiency and product quality.     

Freeze concentration of fruit juices

Concentration of aqueous foods such as fruit juices, milk, beer, wine, coffee, and tea, is a major unit operation in the food industry. Technically feasible processes that are commercially available for the concentration of liquid foods include evaporation, freeze concentration, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration. Evaporation is considered to be the most economical and most widely used method of concentration. However, it is not suited for food products with very delicate flavors. Commercial processes for the concentration of such products by membrane separation techniques are not yet available. As compared to the conventional evaporation processes, concentration by freezing is potentially a superior and economic process for aroma-rich liquid foods. In the past, the process, however, was seldom used because of the investment cost and the considerable loss of concentrate in the withdrawn ice, and hence, the quality. Recent technological developments have minimized these two drawbacks associated with the earlier freeze concentration processes. In the coming decade, freeze concentration is seen as a potentially attractive method for the concentration of aroma-rich liquid foods, including fruit juices, coffee, tea, and selected alcoholic beverages. In this article, several aspects of the theoretical considerations behind freeze concentration of fruit juices, the development of new and cheaper designs, and commercially available freeze concentration processes are reviewed. The economics of the process and its application to several other areas of the food industry are also discussed.     

Control of ice crystal nucleation and growth during the food freezing process

Freezing can maintain a low-temperature environment inside food, reducing water activity and preventing microorganism growth. However, when ice crystals are large, present in high amounts, and/or irregularly distributed, irreversible damage to food can occur. Therefore, ice growth is a vital parameter that needs to be controlled during frozen food processing and storage. In this review, ice growth theory and control are described. Macroscopic heat and mass transfer processes, the relationship between the growth of ice crystals and macroscopic heat transfer factors, and nucleation theory are reviewed based on the reported theoretical and experimental approaches. The issues addressed include how heat transfer occurs inside samples, variations in thermal properties with temperature, boundary conditions, and the functional relationship between ice crystal growth and freezing parameters. Quick freezing (e.g., cryogenic freezing) and unavoidable temperature fluctuations (e.g., multiple freeze–thaw cycles) are both taken into consideration. The approaches for controlling ice crystal growth based on the ice morphology and content are discussed. The characteristics and initial mechanisms of ice growth inhibitors (e.g., antifreeze proteins (AFPs), polysaccharides, and phenols) and ice nucleation agents (INAs) are complex, especially when considering their molecular structures, the ice-binding interface, and the dose. Although the market share for nonthermal processing technology is low, there will be more work on freezing technologies and their theoretical basis. Superchilling technology (partial freezing) is also mentioned here.     

新技术在食品冷冻过程中的应用

文中对超声冷冻技术、高压冷冻技术、冰核活性细菌和冰核活性蛋白及抗冻蛋白在食品冷冻过程中的应用作一介绍。     

冰核活性细菌Xanthomonas ampelina TS206的两种固定化方法的比较

冰核活性细菌固定化在食品冷冻浓缩中具有重要意义,冰核活性和抗渗漏能力是衡量其性能的两个重要技术指标.研究采用共固定化和海藻酸盐直接固定化两种方法,建立了冰核活性细菌Xanthomonas ampelina TS206的包埋技术.结果表明包埋量对冰核活性有较大影响,利用海藻酸盐直接固定化冰核活性较高,但渗漏量较大;利用共固定化冰核活性较低,但渗漏量很低.两种固定化方法的凝胶珠添加量与综合评分相关不大;海藻酸盐固定化综合评分与固化时间正相关,共固定化综合评分与固化时间略呈负相关.     

Freezing of meat and aquatic food: Underlying mechanisms and implications on protein oxidation

Over the recent decades,protein oxidation in muscle foods has gained increasing research interests as it is known that protein oxidation can affect eating quality and nutritional value of meat and aquatic products. Protein oxidation occurs during freezing/thawing and frozen storage of muscle foods, leading to irreversible physicochemical changes and impaired quality traits. Controlling oxidative damage to muscle foods during such technological processes requires a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of freezing-induced protein oxidation. This review focus on key physicochemical factors in freezing/thawing and frozen storage of muscle foods, such as formation of ice crystals, freeze concentrating and macromolecular crowding effect, instability of proteins at the ice–water interface, freezer burn, lipid oxidation, and so on. Possible relationships between these physicochemical factors and protein oxidation are thoroughly discussed. In addition, the occurrence of protein oxidation, the impact on eating quality and nutrition, and controlling methods are also briefly reviewed. This review will shed light on the complicated mechanism of protein oxidation in frozen muscle foods.     

植物抽取物对冰核活性细菌表达冰核活性蛋白的影响

植物提取物对于冰核活性细菌表达冰核活性蛋白具有明显的促进作用。通过添加适量的芥菜籽热水抽取物培养冰核活性细菌 (XanthomonasampelinaTS2 0 6) ,细菌的冰核活性比原来提高了 37.5 %,菌体的生物量提高了 36.2 %。芥菜籽抽提物作为一种效应物分子激活启动子 ,在冰核蛋白基因的表达中起到了重要作用 ,从而显著地提高了细菌高水平表达冰核活性蛋白的能力。     

Bacterial Extracellular Ice Nucleator Effects on Freezing of Foods

Extracellular ice nucleators (ECINs) were incorporated into foods and subjected to subzero freezing. Time-temperature profiles, ice-formation patterns and textures were examined by thermocouple, microscopy and texture analyzer. Onset temperatures (initial freezing), enthalpies and freezing rates were measured by DSC. Addition of ECINs to liquid foods elevated ice nucleation temperatures and promoted freezing. Solid or semisolid products frozen with ECINs resulted in a fiber-like texture. These effects were more apparent at –10°C or higher. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed onset temperatures were increased 11°C by addition of ECINs, but length of time to complete the phase transition was extended at constant cooling rates. Results indicated that ECINs can be used instead of whole bacterial cells for efficient freezing and textural modification.