不同贮藏条件对荠菜衰老指标的影响

本文分别对荠菜在不同贮藏条件下的几项衰老指标进行了测定。结果表明：对照组(25)和保鲜组(25)采后出现明显的衰老代谢特征，表现为呼吸速率上升，脂质过氧化物(MDA)含量增加，过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高；其中，对照组贮藏第4d各项指标达最大值，之后下降；保鲜组第6d达最大值，之后下降；冷藏组(4℃)在贮藏期间维持较低的呼吸速率，脂质过氧化物含量和较低的过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性。     

1-MCP处理保持库尔勒香梨常温贮藏抗氧化酶活性与品质的关系

以库尔勒香梨为实验原料,选用1.0μL/L的1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)在25℃条件下进行熏蒸处理,以蒸馏水熏蒸作为对照组,将处理后的香梨果实放入常温贮藏库(22℃～25℃、RH 80%～85%)中贮藏。每隔5 d测定果实CAT(过氧化氢酶)、POD(过氧化物酶)、SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性、色度角、硬度、呼吸速率、细胞膜渗透率、MDA(丙二醛)含量、油渍化指数、蜡质含量。结果表明:在常温贮藏期间,与对照组相比,1-MCP处理可以保持香梨果实较高的CAT、POD、SOD活性;减缓了果实色度角、硬度的下降;延缓了果实呼吸速率、细胞膜渗透率、MDA含量的上升;抑制了果实油渍化指数、蜡质含量的上升。1-MCP处理组和对照组果实油渍化指数与蜡质含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.948**、0.898**,果实CAT活性与呼吸速率的相关系数为0.846*、0.832*。说明1-MCP处理可以保持果实抗氧化酶的活性和品质,延缓果实衰老的进程。     

乙烯与1-MCP处理对伯谢克辛甜瓜采后活性氧代谢的影响

为研究贮藏期间乙烯与1-MCP对伯谢克辛甜瓜采后活性氧代谢的影响,在已有研究的基础上,对伯谢克辛甜瓜采用500 mg/L的乙烯喷洒和2μL/L 1-MCP熏蒸24 h,于7℃冷库贮藏。每隔24 h,检测甜瓜果实超氧阴离子(O-2)产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量和活性氧代谢相关酶活性变化。结果表明:乙烯处理组甜瓜果实中O-2产生速率在贮藏3~9 d高于对照组,MDA含量在贮藏0~9 d高于对照组;1-MCP处理组O-2产生速率和MDA含量在贮藏期间均低于对照组。乙烯处理组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性在贮藏期间均低于对照组,且CAT、POD、APX活性在第4 d达到峰值,分别比对照组低17.42%、29.61%、3.25%;1-MCP处理组CAT、SOD活性在贮藏3~9 d高于对照组,POD、APX活性在第4 d达到峰值,分别比对照组高36.50%、18.97%。说明乙烯与1-MCP对伯谢克辛甜瓜采后衰老具有调控作用。     

采后青花菜花球抗氧化水平变化与衰老的关系

为研究采后青花菜花球抗氧化水平变化与衰老的关系,将采后青花菜花球贮藏于20℃条件下,连续4 d测定了花蕾衰老生理指标(叶绿素、蛋白质、丙二醛(MDA)含量)及抗氧化水平指标(抗坏血酸(AsA)和β-胡萝卜素(β-Car)含量、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化氢酶(APX)活性)。结果表明:贮藏过程中,叶绿素和蛋白质含量逐渐减少,MDA含量逐渐增多;AsA和β-Car含量逐渐减少,SOD、CAT和POD活性逐渐升高,APX活性逐渐降低;这些抗氧化水平指标与衰老生理指标的线性相关性均在1%水平显著。说明采后青花菜花球的抗氧化水平变化与衰老密切相关。     

采收成熟度与贮藏温度对甜樱桃果实生理生化变化的影响

以晚熟甜樱桃新品种"晚红珠"为实验材料,将甜樱桃分为两个成熟度,再将两种成熟度的甜樱桃平均分为两组,经过预冷分别在0℃和2℃的冷库中贮藏,每4d取样一次测定相关指标的变化。实验结果表明:在贮藏期间,两种成熟度甜樱桃的过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐上升;多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性先下降后增加,在12d时降到最低,之后逐渐上升;总酚、类黄酮、花青素总体呈下降趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先增加,在第12d之后逐渐降低。高成熟度樱桃的衰老速度比低成熟度的快。0℃的贮藏条件比2℃更有利于甜樱桃的贮藏。     

水杨酸提高香蕉采后果实抗氧化能力和保鲜效果研究

为了探讨水杨酸(SA)对香蕉采后抗氧化能力和保鲜效果的影响,用0.8mmol/L的SA溶液浸泡香蕉果实4h后,以蒸馏水处理为对照,每个处理取90个蕉指,设3个重复.贮藏于25℃、相对湿度85%的人工气候箱内,处理后于第0、3、6、9d进行相关生理指标测定.结果表明:贮藏期间香蕉果皮的SOD、CAT活性大于果肉的活性,果肉的POD活性远大于果皮的活性;水杨酸处理提高香蕉果实SOD、CAT和POD活性:降低果实H2O2含量,使果实MDA含量减少;水杨酸降低淀粉向可溶性糖转化速率,提高果实的硬度和降低果实腐烂指数,从而提高香蕉的保鲜效果.     

低功率微波处理对板栗低温贮藏生理及品质的影响

采用不同强度的微波处理板栗3min,并于3℃条件下贮藏180d,研究低功率微波处理对板栗的呼吸强度、失重率、腐烂率、还原糖含量、淀粉酶活性、V_C含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。试验结果表明:65 W/3min处理组对CAT活性增加抑制效果最好;130 W/3 min处理组对POD活性下降和MDA含量增加有较好抑制效果;260 W/3 min处理组能有效降低失重率、腐烂率;195 W/3min处理组对呼吸强度、淀粉酶活性、POD活性、还原糖含量的上升及VC的氧化有明显抑制作用,也能有效降低失重率、腐烂率。综合分析,低功率微波保鲜板栗的最佳处理条件为195 W/3 min,打孔PE袋包装,3℃低温冷藏180d,商品率93%~95%。     

低温预贮对青尖椒采后冷害的影响

为研究低温预贮(Low temperature conditioning,LTC)对青尖椒果实冷害的影响,本实验将青尖椒分为两组处理,分别为对照组(4℃贮藏25 d)和LTC组(10℃贮藏2 d再放入4℃贮藏23 d),测定贮藏期间青尖椒果实的冷害指数、相对导电率、丙二醛、叶绿素、POD、APX和CAT等生理指标,探究LTC处理对青尖椒果实冷害发生的影响。研究结果表明,相对于直接将青尖椒放入冷库贮藏,LTC处理可更好抑制青尖椒冷害的发展,有效减缓青尖椒冷害指数的增加,抑制相对导电率的升高和丙二醛(MDA)含量的积累,延缓Vc和叶绿素含量的下降,提高青尖椒果实细胞内过氧化氢酶(CAT),过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性,提高青尖椒果实抗冷性,保存青尖椒的贮藏品质,延长青尖椒果实贮藏时间。     

壳聚糖-甲氧基果胶涂膜在蓝莓冷藏保鲜中的应用

将壳聚糖-甲氧基果胶复合涂膜应用于蓝莓冷藏(4℃)保鲜。贮藏前期,对照组与涂膜组的蓝莓各项生理指标差异不显著;10~15 d后,差异逐渐显著:冷藏条件下,涂膜有效降低了果实的腐烂率和失重率,延缓了果实的软化,保持8.75 CO2 mg·kg-1·h-1左右呼吸强度的生长状态;20 d时对照组VC含量下降12.92%,涂膜组下降8.04%,维持贮藏后期较高的CAT及POD活性,减少MDA积累,减轻对细胞损害,保持了果实的营养成分。此外,涂膜后蓝莓的玻璃态转变温度Tg’从-33.83℃提高至-26℃,为实现蓝莓的玻璃化贮藏提供了参考。     

1-甲基环丙烯处理对采后甜瓜活性氧代谢的影响

研究1- 甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对甜瓜(Cucuis melo L.ssp.melo pang)果实在贮藏过程中对其活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)相关代谢的影响,在室温 (22～25℃)条件下,用1μL/L 1-MCP 处理早熟甜瓜“早黄蜜” 24h,贮藏于22℃,对果实中活性氧代谢的相关酶：超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性及超氧阴离子(O2 － ·)和丙二醛(MDA)含量进行测定。结果表明：1-MCP 处理抑制了甜瓜果实CAT 活性的下降,贮藏前期提高了SOD 活性,促进POD 活性迅速升高,并使其在第4 天达到峰值,贮藏过程高于对照果实。1-MCP 处理可显著降低果实中O2 － ·的产生速率,抑制MDA 的产生,延缓甜瓜果实采后衰老。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.