美拉德反应产物对芝麻香典型风格形成的影响

论述了美拉德反应的机理及美拉德反应的影响因素,提出了芝麻香型白酒典型风格是由3-甲硫基丙醇等为特征成分的含硫化合物与美拉德反应产物的复合体;美拉德反应对芝麻香型典型风格的影响。讨论了美拉德反应对指导芝麻香型白酒生产与科研工作建议。     

白酒糟水解液的美拉德反应条件优化

以酒糟酸酶联合水解液为原料制备美拉德反应产物。采用单因素实验考察了反应温度、时间和pH3个因素对美拉德反应褐变程度的影响,并利用正交设计优化反应条件。结果表明,酒糟水解液进行美拉德反应的最佳条件为:温度110℃,时间100min和pH10,该条件下吸光度值为0.995,感官评价反应产物具有独特的酱香味。酒糟酸酶联合水解液进行美拉德反应具有可行性。     

干热条件下壳聚糖-木糖的美拉德反应

以木糖为模式还原糖,研究干热条件下壳聚糖与木糖发生美拉德反应的可能性,探讨反应温度、相对湿度、反应时间和壳聚糖/木糖配比4个因素对美拉德反应的影响,并对在最适条件下获得的美拉德反应产物的热性能和流变学性质进行表征。结果表明,在干热条件下壳聚糖与木糖易于发生美拉德反应,且发生反应的最适条件为将两者按1∶1质量比例混合,在90℃及61.2%的相对湿度条件下反应4 h。在此条件下获得的壳聚糖-木糖美拉德反应产物的热分解温度与壳聚糖相比有所降低,流变学研究表明美拉德反应产物在溶液中的弹性明显增强。     

美拉德反应产物的抗氧化性能研究

通过赖氨酸（甘氨酸）和木糖的美拉德反应可制备具有抗氧化活性的产物。研究了不同反应条件（如时间、pH和反应物摩尔比）对美拉德反应产物（Maillard Reaction Products，MRPs）的抗氧化性能的影响，并与常用食品抗氧化剂特丁基对苯二酚（TBHQ）进行了对比。     

浅析绍兴黄酒生产中的美拉德反应

针对绍兴黄酒中的美拉德反应,介绍了美拉德反应的机理和影响因素,认为黄酒生产中发生美拉德反应的反应底物有还原糖和氨基酸,在黄酒生产中发生美拉德反应的条件是水分、温度和pH值,在黄酒制曲过程、发酵过程、煎酒过程和贮存过程中都会产生美拉德反应,同时讨论了黄酒中美拉德反应的利与弊.     

嗜热芽孢杆菌对美拉德反应的作用初探

从白云边高温大曲中筛选到一株嗜热芽孢杆菌BG05,通过美拉德模式反应和除菌灭酶实验发现,BG05对美拉德反应有一定的促进作用,存在某种酶能够催化美拉德反应的进行。以麸皮为固体发酵培养基,研究外界条件对BG05促进美拉德反应的影响因素,结果表明：55℃高温发酵、8d的发酵时间、初始pH7.0、料液比1：0.7、接种量10%的外界条件能够更好的促进美拉德反应的进行,Fe3＋对美拉德反应的发生有较明显的促进作用。     

美拉德反应制备美味牛肝菌风味基料的工艺研究

以美味牛肝菌酶解液为原料,以美拉德反应产物的褐变指数（A420nm）和感官评分为试验指标,在单因素试验结果的基础上采用正交试验设计优化美拉德反应参数,制备出美味牛肝菌风味调味料基料。结果表明：在反应时间2.0 h、反应温度95℃、葡萄糖添加量3%,L-谷氨酸添加量0.5%及初始pH3条件下,美拉德反应产物呈棕色、有浓郁的美味牛肝菌香气、海鲜及烧烤风味。     

枫槭叶酶解液美拉德反应及其挥发性成分分析

为了开发新型食用香精,以枫槭叶为原料对枫槭叶酶解后的酶解液在不同温度下进行美拉德反应,然后使用GC-MS分析美拉德反应样品的挥发性成分,采用主成分分析法对挥发性成分进行分析,探讨不同温度下美拉德反应样品的差异及特征成分。结果表明:枫槭叶酶解液与枫槭叶水提取物进行美拉德反应后相比,挥发性物质的种类数和含量都有所增加。GC-MS分析结果表明:美拉德反应90℃的样品挥发性香味成分的种类最多,为67种,并且挥发性物质总含量最多,为235.9 μg/g。通过主成分分析可知美拉德反应90、100、110℃的样品彼此距离较远,说明其主成分差异均较大,90℃美拉德反应挥发性物质分布最多,3,4-二甲基-3-环己烯-1-甲醛、金合欢基丙酮、萜品烯、棕榈酸、丁香酚、左旋-beta-蒎烯、桃金娘烯醇、十二烷酸、2,2'-亚甲基双-（4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚）、甲基庚烯酮为枫槭挥发性成分的主要特征化合物。结合上述结果,在美拉德反应温度为90℃时得到的样品具有最佳的风味和感官品质。     

美拉德反应制备带鱼香精的研究

本文研究利用带鱼下脚料蛋白酶解物为原料,添加一些氨基酸和还原糖进行美拉德反应,通过单因素和正交实验确定带鱼香精反应体系的最佳物质配比及反应条件。研究表明美拉德反应的最佳物质配比及反应条件为m（葡萄糖）：m（木糖）=1：2,糖的总添加量为8%,m（甘氨酸）：m（L-谷氨酸）=1：3,氨基酸的总添加量为2%,pH值5.0,温度110℃,反应时间30 min,得到的美拉德反应液为红褐色的澄清透明的液体,具有典型的特征带鱼香气。     

响应面法优化焦糖香精的制备工艺研究

以感官评定为主要衡量指标,优化了焦糖香精的制备工艺条件。通过单因素实验及响应面分析,以还原糖和氨基酸为美拉德反应原料,探讨反应温度、反应时间、pH、反应体系含水量对美拉德反应产物感官特性的影响,并用顶空固相微萃取法-气相色谱-质谱联用(SPME/GC-MS)对产物的挥发性风味成分进行分析。结果表明:在甘氨酸和葡萄糖的组合下,反应时间为91.2min,反应温度为119℃,反应体系含水量为35.37%,反应体系pH值为6.10时,制备出的美拉德反应产物具有最佳的焦糖香气。在此工艺条件下进行风味成分分析,共检测出糠醛、2-乙酰基呋喃、甲基吡嗪、2-乙酰基吡咯等33种挥发性风味物质。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.