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1.
李维霞  魏佳  苏玉红  吴斌  张平 《食品科学》2016,37(10):151-157
采用质谱仪对巴旦木青皮提取物中齐墩果酸(oleanolic acid,OA)和熊果酸(ursolic acid,UA)进行鉴定,进一步用高效液相色谱法测定OA和UA含量,优化提取条件。高效液相色谱条件:利用Platisil ODS C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.2%磷酸(85:15,V/V)溶液为流动相,流速0.8 mL/min;柱温20℃;检测波长210 nm。结果表明:OA在0.005~0.5 mg/mL范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.999 9),回收率在89.67%~94.85%之间,相对标准偏差在1.28%~3.16%之间(n=3);UA在0.005~0.5 mg/mL范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.999 9),回收率在88.67%~94.77%之间,相对标准偏差在1.07%~1.92%(n=3)之间。在不同提取条件下,提取剂为体积分数95%乙醇、料液比1:40(g/mL)、提取时间40 min及提取3次为最佳条件。  相似文献   

2.
This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of corn silage (CS) with 2 cultivars of forage millet silages [i.e., regular millet (RM) and sweet millet (SM)] on milk production, apparent total-tract digestibility, and ruminal fermentation characteristics of dairy cows. Fifteen lactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment and fed (ad libitum) a high-forage total mixed ration (68:32 forage:concentrate ratio). Dietary treatments included CS (control), RM, and SM diets. Experimental silages constituted 37% of each diet DM. Three ruminally fistulated cows were used to determine the effect of dietary treatments on ruminal fermentation and total-tract nutrient utilization. Relative to CS, RM and SM silages contained 36% more crude protein, 66% more neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and 88% more acid detergent fiber. Cows fed CS consumed more dry matter (DM; 24.4 vs. 22.7 kg/d) and starch (5.7 vs. 3.7 kg/d), but less NDF (7.9 vs. 8.7 kg/d) than cows fed RM or SM. However, DM, starch and NDF intakes were not different between forage millet silage types. Feeding RM relative to CS reduced milk yield (32.7 vs. 35.2 kg/d), energy-corrected milk (35.8 vs. 38.0 kg/d) and SCM (32.7 vs. 35.3 kg/d). However, cows fed SM had similar milk, energy-corrected milk, and solids-corrected milk yields than cows fed CS or RM. Milk efficiency was not affected by dietary treatments. Milk protein concentration was greatest for cows fed CS, intermediate for cows fed SM, and lowest for cows fed RM. Milk concentration of solids-not-fat was lesser, whereas milk urea nitrogen was greater for cows fed RM than for those fed CS. However, millet silage type had no effect on milk solids-not-fat and milk urea nitrogen levels. Concentrations of milk fat, lactose and total solids were not affected by silage type. Ruminal pH and ruminal NH3-N were greater for cows fed RM and SM than for cows fed CS. Total-tract digestibility of DM (average = 67.9%), NDF (average = 53.9%), crude protein (average = 63.3%), and gross energy (average = 67.9%) were not influenced by dietary treatments. It was concluded that cows fed CS performed better than those fed RM or SM likely due to the higher starch and lower NDF intakes. However, no major differences were noted between the 2 forage millet silage cultivars.  相似文献   

3.
The occurrence of calcium lactate crystals (CLC) in hard cheeses is a continual expense to the cheese industry, as consumers fail to purchase cheeses with this quality defect. This research investigates the effects of the protein concentration of cheese milk and the pH of cheese on the occurrence of CLC. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to determine total and soluble calcium concentrations in skim milk (SM1, 8.7% total solids), and skim milk supplemented with nonfat dry milk (CSM1, 13.5% total solids). Calcium, phosphorus, lactic acid, and citrate were determined in cheeses made with skim milk (SM2, 3.14% protein), skim milk supplemented with ultrafiltered milk (CSM2, 6.80% protein), and nonfat dry milk (CSM3, 6.80% protein). Supplementation with nonfat dry milk increased the initial total calcium in CSM1 (210 mg/100 g of milk) by 52% compared with the total calcium in SM1 (138 mg/100 g of milk). At pH 5.4, soluble calcium concentrations in CSM1 were 68% greater than soluble calcium in SM1. In cheeses made from CSM2 and CSM3, total calcium was 26% greater than in cheeses made from SM2. As the pH of cheeses made from SM2 decreased from 5.4 to 5.1, the concentration of soluble calcium increased by 61.6%. In cheeses made from CSM2 and CSM3, the concentrations of soluble calcium increased by 41.4 and 45.5%, respectively. Calcium lactate crystals were observed in cheeses made from SM2 at and below pH 5.1, whereas CLC were observed in cheeses from CSM2 and CSM3 at and below pH 5.3. The increased presence of soluble calcium can potentially cause CLC to occur in cheese manufactured with increased concentrations of milk solids, particularly at and below pH 5.1.  相似文献   

4.
A total of nine milk products were analyzed for total and free amino acids and total and nonprotein nitrogen. The products were: (1) whole milk (WM), (2) skim milk (SM), (3) WM fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus, (4) SM fermented by S. thermophilus, (5) WM fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus, (6) SM fermented by L. bulgaricus, (7) WM fermented by L. acidophilus, (8) SM fermented by L. acidophilus and (9) commercially prepared buttermilk. Essential amino acid content of the fermented milk was lower than that of the whole or skim milk. Fermentation of milk by lactic cultures decreased the total lysine (except butter milk) and methionine contents of all the samples. Since these two amino acids are limiting amino acids in protein malnourished areas, lactic fermentation of milk may be undesirable based on the chemical scores of the protein. However, the free amino acid content, including that of lysine and methionine, increases significantly upon lactic fermentation of milk. This predigestion of protein might result in an increased availability of the amino acids to offset the reduction in amino acids during fermentation and may even result in a better quality protein. Biological evaluation of the fermented milk proteins is necessary to evaluate their nutritional quality. L. bulgaricus was the most proteolytic of all the organisms used.  相似文献   

5.
目的建立一种简单、准确的检测牛乳中抗生素残留的方法-乳酸菌发酵法。方法以接种量和温度为变量,优化发酵条件;以青霉素为目标抗生素,建立检测方法;以发酵4 h未凝乳的样品中抗生素最低浓度为检测限,测定本方法对20种抗生素的检测限;对比本方法和GB/T 4789.27方法检测111个商品乳样品中抗生素残留检出率,验证本方法的准确性。结果建立了乳酸菌发酵法检测乳中抗生素残留的具体方法;确定了本方法对8类20种抗生素的检测限,其中4类12种抗生素的检测限低于其在牛乳中的最大残留限量(MRL);本方法和GB/T 4789.27方法检测111个商品乳样品抗生素残留检出率分别为9.0%和11.7%。结论本方法操作简单,结果准确,适合企业及基层检测单位作为初筛方法检测牛乳中的抗生素残留。  相似文献   

6.
目的:筛选出富产血管紧张素转化酶(Angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制肽的乳酸菌并评定其益生特性。方法:依据蛋白水解度及ACE抑制率对乳酸菌进行初筛,然后依据模拟胃肠消化后的ACE抑制率最终筛出2株乳酸菌ZJUIDS09和ZJUIDS11,进一步评价其耐酸、耐胆盐、抗生素耐药性和抑菌活性等益生特性,最后评定两株菌对荷斯坦脱脂乳、荷斯坦乳清、水牛脱脂乳和水牛乳清发酵后产物ACE抑制率。结果:筛选出菌株ZJUIDS09和ZJUIDS11,其发酵乳的蛋白水解度分别为5.79%±0.14%和5.75%±0.10%,ACE抑制率分别为87.39%±2.44%和90.41%±0.99%,IC50值分别为0.31和0.25 mg/mL,经人工胃肠液消化后ACE抑制率分别为70.13%±0.15%和76.39%±2.91%。菌株ZJUIDS09和ZJUIDS11都具有良好的耐酸耐胆盐、抗菌和抗生素敏感性,经16S rDNA鉴定分别为罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)和瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus)。通过对比同一蛋白浓度下不同底物(荷斯坦脱脂乳、荷斯坦乳清、水牛脱脂乳和水牛乳清)经菌株发酵后的ACE抑制率,确定菌株ZJUIDS09和ZJUIDS11的最佳发酵底物为荷斯坦脱脂乳。结论:本研究筛选的罗伊氏乳杆菌ZJUIDS09和瑞士乳杆菌ZJUIDS11有较强的产ACE抑制肽能力,具有开发降血压功能发酵乳制品的潜力。  相似文献   

7.
Antioxidant activities and the mechanism of water-soluble Trolox and ascorbic acid on the oxidation of riboflavin in milk were studied. Trolox or ascorbic acid at 0, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 ppm was added to milk with or without added 50 ppm riboflavin and stored under light at 27 °C. Headspace oxygen was analysed by GC and Trolox, ascorbic acid, and riboflavin were determined by HPLC. The headspace oxygen of milk with added 50 ppm riboflavin depleted faster than that of milk without added riboflavin (p < 0.05). Trolox and ascorbic acid decreased during storage under light and riboflavin was completely destroyed within 24 h. As the concentration of Trolox or ascorbic acid increased, the riboflavin loss decreased. Riboflavin, Trolox, and ascorbic acid competed to react with singlet oxygen which was formed in the presence of riboflavin under light. Trolox and ascorbic acid protected riboflavin in milk under light by reacting with singlet oxygen.  相似文献   

8.
Two groups of three cows each were fed either 5 or 25 mg of hexachlorobenzene per day for 60 days. A reference compound, DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene), was fed to the cows at the same rate. Residues were determined in milk at 5-day intervals during the 60-day dosing period and for 60 days after dosing was stopped. The concentration of hexachlorobenzene in milk fat increased more slowly than did that of the reference compound during feeding. The ratio of the two was 1:2 at 10 days, but approached 1:1 after 40 days of feeding. The average concentrations in milk fat for the 40th to 60th days of feeding were 9.0 and 10.4 ppm with the 25-mg/day intake and 2.1 ppm for each compound with the 5-mg/day intake. Corresponding values in subcutaneous body fat were 8.8, 8.0, 1.9, and 1.4 ppm at 60 days. Milk fat concentrations of hexachlorobenzene declined 32% and those of the reference 51% within 15 days after feeding stopped. Thereafter, the decline was slower but similar for both compounds. Biological half-lives ranged from 29 to 64 days for individual cows. The milk fat:body fat concentration ratio was .87:1 for hexachlorobenzene and .71:1 for the reference during the 60 days when cows were not fed the compounds.  相似文献   

9.
In this study, a pilot-scale plant was built to examine the practicality of producing biogas from seaweeds, widely available in Japan. Laminaria sp. and Ulva sp. seaweeds were mixed with other organic waste (milk) and used as fermentation materials. Though quantities and ratios of the materials were varied, the ratio of generated methane to input chemical oxygen demand (COD) was largely stable (0.2–0.3 m3 methane/kg COD) and the organic acid concentration in the methane fermentation solution was low (< 1200 ppm) during prolonged operation. These findings indicate that stable methane fermentation was achieved and that mixing with other organic material was effective in suppressing fluctuations in material amounts caused by the variable supply of seaweeds. Our results demonstrate the practical feasibility of biogas generation using seaweeds.  相似文献   

10.
The onset of lactation in dairy cows is characterized by severe negative energy and protein balance. Methionine availability during this time for milk production, hepatic lipid metabolism, and immune function may be limiting. Supplementing Met to peripartal diets with adequate Lys in metabolizable protein (MP) to fine-tune the Lys:Met ratio may be beneficial. Fifty-six multiparous Holstein cows were fed the same basal diet from 50 d before expected calving to 30 d in milk. From −50 to −21 d before expected calving, all cows received the same diet [1.24 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM), 10.3% rumen-degradable protein, and 4% rumen-undegradable protein] with no Met supplementation. From −21 d to expected calving, the cows received diets (1.54 Mcal/kg of DM, 10% rumen-degradable protein, and 5.1% rumen-undegradable protein) with no added Met (control, CON; n = 14), CON plus MetaSmart (MS; Adisseo Inc., Antony, France; n = 12), or CON plus Smartamine M (SM; Adisseo Inc.; n = 12). From calving through 30 d in milk, the cows received the same postpartum diet (1.75 Mcal/kg of DM and 17.5% CP; CON), or the CON plus MS or CON plus SM. The Met supplements were adjusted daily and top-dressed over the total mixed ration at a rate of 0.19 or 0.07% (DM) of feed for MS or SM. Liver tissue was collected on −10, 7, and 21 d, and blood samples more frequently, from −21 through 21 d. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with the preplanned contrasts CON versus SM + MS and SM versus MS. No differences in prepartal DM intake (DMI) or body condition score were observed. After calving, body condition score was lower (2.6 vs. 2.8), whereas DMI was greater (15.4 vs. 13.3 kg/d) for Met-supplemented cows. Postpartal diet × time interactions were observed for milk fat percentage, milk fat yield, energy-corrected milk:DMI ratio, and energy balance. These were mainly due to changes among time points across all treatments. Cows supplemented with either Met source increased milk yield, milk protein percentage, energy-corrected milk, and milk fat yield by 3.4 kg/d, 0.18% units, 3.9 kg/d, and 0.18 kg/d, respectively. Those responses were associated with greater postpartum concentration of growth hormone but not insulin-like growth factor 1. There was a diet × time effect for nonesterified fatty acid concentration due to greater values on d 7 for MS; however, liver concentration of triacylglycerol was not affected by diet or diet × time but increased postpartum. Blood neutrophil phagocytosis at 21 d was greater with Met supplementation, suggesting better immune function. Supplemental MS or SM resulted in a tendency for lower incidence of ketosis postpartum. Although supplemental MS or SM did not decrease liver triacylglycerol, it improved milk production-related traits by enhancing voluntary DMI.  相似文献   

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