活性碳纤维理化性能测试的几种方法

归纳了活性碳纤维理化性能测试的几种方法,包括活性碳纤维预氧化程度的测试方法、活性碳纤维碘吸附值测试法、四氯化碳蒸气吸附率测试法和采用BET容量法的比表面积测试法等,有利于工厂和科研参考与应用.     

磷酸活化法脱墨污泥活性炭的改性研究

以Cr（Ⅵ）离子吸附效果为目标,对磷酸活化法制备的脱墨污泥活性炭进行改性。通过改性效果对比,确定了HNO₃改性方法,并对其改性工艺进行了优化。得到最佳改性条件为：10 mol/L的HNO₃作为改性剂、炭酸比1∶15（m∶V）、改性2.0 h。改性后活性炭用于废水吸附以去除Cr（Ⅵ）离子,在改性活性炭用量为5.00 g/L时,Cr（Ⅵ）离子的去除率和吸附量分别达到83.9%和25.17 mg/g,与未改性活性炭相比,吸附量提高了140.3%。改性活性炭的碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值分别达到543.92 mg/g和103.5 mg/g,碘吸附值提高了28.9%,而亚甲基蓝吸附值略有降低。N2吸附 脱附表明,与未改性活性炭相比,HNO₃改性活性炭比表面积从715.576 m2/g增至1020.161 m2/g,增大了42.6%;总孔容由0.353 cm3/g增长到0.608 cm3/g,提高了72.4%;中孔孔容由0.344 cm3/g增长到0.393 cm3/g,增长了14.2%。结果表明,HNO3改性可大幅提升脱墨污泥活性炭对Cr（Ⅵ）离子吸附性能。     

ZIF-8/玉米芯吸附功能材料的制备及性能研究

采用亚氯酸钠脱木素、TEMPO氧化改性处理玉米芯原料,并在改性玉米芯表面原位负载锌系金属有机框架物(ZIF-8),制备出ZIF-8/玉米芯吸附功能材料。探讨了改性处理对不同粒径玉米芯结构与性能的影响,对比了块状和粒状改性玉米芯对ZIF-8负载及吸附功能材料性能的影响。结果表明,脱木素与氧化处理可提高玉米芯纤维素及羧基含量,促进纳米ZIF-8晶体在玉米芯上的配位结合与原位锚定。相比块状玉米芯,粒状玉米芯改性后的比表面积更大、Zeta电位更高和羧基含量更多,更有利于ZIF-8的负载与分布,因而具有更好的吸附能力(对甲基橙最大吸附能力:3.5 mg/g比1.0 mg/g)。上述两种吸附功能材料均具有较好的回用性能,循环使用6次后,两种吸附功能材料对甲基橙的去除率仍高于90%。     

活性炭纤维/NiO/MnO2复合电极的结构及其电化学性能

利用溶胶凝胶法制备了活性碳纤维/NiO/MnO2新型复合电极材料。用扫描电镜、X-衍射和等温吸附方法测定了复合电极的相态结构和比表面积,用循环伏安和恒流充放电实验测定了其电化学性能。结果表明：金属氧化物是无定形非晶态结构,以微小颗粒分布在活性碳纤维表面;当Ni/Mn配比为3:1（摩尔比）、热处理温度为400℃、NiO/MnO2负载量为3.9%时,复合电极的比电容达到290.2F/g,比活性碳纤维高1.3倍。     

活性碳纤维吸附法卤水提碘研究

实验利用活性碳纤维(Activated carbon fiber,ACF)提取含碘卤水中的碘,考察了活性碳纤维的预处理方法和卤水中碘离子的氧化方法,采用扫描电镜对ACF表面结构进行了表征,探讨了温度、吸附时间等条件对吸附量的影响,确定了吸附等温曲线和吸附后碘的解吸方法.试验结果表明,吸附平衡数据符合Langmuir等温方程,在pH=2～3左右,用NaNO2作为氧化剂,1 mol/L HCl预处理活性碳纤维的条件下,吸附率达到90%以上.     

高邻位酚醛基纳米活性碳纤维制备及其吸附性能

为提高酚醛基纳米活性碳纤维的吸附性能,首先采用乙酸锌、硫酸双催化合成高邻位酚醛树脂,然后配制酚醛/聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)混合溶液,采用静电纺丝、固化、炭化和活化工艺制备得到柔性高邻位酚醛基纳米活性碳纤维,借助傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、热重分析仪、比表面积及孔径分析仪对其结构和性能进行测试与分析。结果表明:静电纺丝制备的酚醛初生纤维在溶液固化后,酚环对位取代增加,纤维内发生了分子间交联,但PVB有一定的醇解,使酚醛纤维在炭化过程中低温稳定性下降,而高温残碳率升高,炭化后制备得到多孔碳纤维;活化后得到的高邻位酚醛基纳米活性碳纤维比表面积为1 409 m²/g,其对亚甲基蓝及碘的吸附量分别达到837和2 641 mg/g。     

活性碳纤维的制备及性能表征

研究活性碳纤维的KOH活化法与H3PO4 活化法 ,比较两种活化方法的活化条件 ,用碘值、苯值测定了活性碳纤维的吸附性能。结果显示KOH活化的活性碳纤维无论是比表面积 ,还是吸附能力上 ,都优于H3PO4 活化的活性碳纤维。     

高中空生物质活性碳纤维制备及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

为提高活性碳纤维对有色废水的吸附效率,以牛角瓜纤维为前驱体,采用磷酸活化、高温炭化工艺制备了具有高中空结构的活性碳纤维。采用扫描电镜/能谱仪、红外光谱仪等表征其微观形貌及化学结构,分析了所制备活性碳纤维对水溶液中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能与吸附机制。结果表明:牛角瓜活性碳纤维的平均中空度大于92%,具有粗糙表面和发达介孔结构,比表面积和平均孔径分别为1 244.812 m ²/g和3.744 nm;活性碳纤维表面富含O、P元素,构成了活性表面;亚甲基蓝溶液(100 mg/L)的饱和吸附量为198.840 mg/g,该吸附满足准二级动力学方程,同时符合Freundlich模型,以多层吸附为主。     

载锆蒙脱石对蔗糖溶液中没食子酸的吸附特性分析

该研究以氧氯化锆和蒙脱石为原料,通过共沉淀法制备载锆蒙脱石。通过扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和比表面积分析（BET）研究改性和吸附对载锆蒙脱石表观结构和表面基团的影响,并考察了载锆蒙脱石对蔗糖溶液的吸附特性。表征结果显示,载锆蒙脱石相较于蒙脱石表面更加粗糙,比表面积达到了204.47 m2/g,是改性前的3.39倍;表面有纳米小颗粒堆积,FT-IR和XPS结果证明氧化锆成功负载到蒙脱石表面,载锆蒙脱石等电点为7.39。吸附试验表明载锆蒙脱石吸附量相较于蒙脱石吸附量提高了102.54%,载锆蒙脱石对蔗糖溶液中没食子酸吸附的最佳pH为7.0,时间为300 min时达到平衡。吸附过程可以准二级吸附动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型准确描述,饱和吸附量达到129.87 mg/g;热力学研究表明吸附过程为吸热过程,能自发进行。经过5次再生后,载锆蒙脱石可以保持初次吸附量的80%以上。吸附过程主要通过静电引力和氧化锆的配位离子交换吸附没食子酸。综上所述,载锆蒙脱石对蔗糖溶液中没食子酸具有良好的吸附性能,是一种有前景的糖用吸附剂。     

活性碳纤维净化室内空气的研究

本文分析了活性碳纤维的吸附特性与气相吸附性能 ,探讨了其在净化室内空气中的作用 ,并举例说明采用改性活性碳纤维去除室内空气污染物的效果。     

Antimicrobial effect of silver particles on bacterial contamination of activated carbon fibers

Even though activated carbon fiber (ACF) filters have been widely used in air cleaning for the removal of hazardous gaseous pollutants, because of their extended surface area and high adsorption capacity, bacteria may breed on the ACF filters as a result of their good biocompatibility; ACF filters can themselves become a source of bioaerosols. In this study, silver particles were coated onto an ACF filter, using an electroless deposition method and their efficacy for bioaerosol removal was tested. First, various surface analyses, including scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma and X-ray diffraction were carried out to characterize the prepared ACF filters. Filtration and antimicrobial tests were then performed on the filters. The results showed that the silver-deposited ACF filters were effective for the removal of bioaerosols by inhibition of the survival of microorganisms, whereas pristine ACF filters were not. Two bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, were completely inhibited within 10 and 60 min, respectively. Electroless silver deposition did not influence the physical characteristics of ACF filters such as pressure drop and filtration efficiency. The gas adsorptive ability of the silver-deposited ACF filter, as represented by the micropore specific surface area, decreased by about 20% compared to the pristine filter because of the blockage of the ACF micropores by silver particles. Therefore, the amount of silver particles on the ACF filters needs to be optimized to avoid excessive reduction of their adsorptive characteristics and to show effective antimicrobial activity.     

工艺条件对粘胶基活性碳纤维比表面积与收率的影响

以粘胶纤维为原料,用磷酸盐浸渍,水蒸气活化,制备了活性碳纤维,研究了磷酸盐附着率、炭化温度、活化温度与活化时间对粘胶基活性碳纤维的比表面积与得率的影响。结果表明:适宜的磷酸盐附着率、较高的炭化起始温度及较快的升温速度有利于得到较大比表面积和较高得率的活性碳纤维。     

Modeling effective diffusivity of volatile organic compounds in activated carbon fiber

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) comprise 67% of total hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) that are emitted by major industrial point sources into the U.S. atmosphere (1). Adsorption by activated carbon fiber (ACF) has been recognized as one of the feasible regenerative control processes to separate and recover VOCs for reuse. Characteristics of VOCs transport in ACFs are required to efficiently design ACF sorption systems. However, extensive resources are spent experimentally obtaining transient sorption data to design adsorption systems. As an alternative, this work develops a new model that predicts effective diffusivities of VOCs into ACFs. The diffusion process is modeled as Knudsen transport into the ACF open pore spaces coupled with activated surface diffusion on the ACF's internal surface area. Temperature and Darken's factors are included in the surface diffusion model to provide corrections for thermodynamic state and deviation from Fick's Law, respectively. Depth of the adsorption potential well is considered as the product of the heat of adsorption of a reference VOC, an adsorption similarity factor, and a surface diffusion energy factor. Introduction of the adsorption similarity factor in the effective diffusivity model is a new concept providing a means to predict effective diffusivity of similar adsorption systems from a reference system. Experimental data from a short length column are used to determine effective diffusivity of acetone in ACF. Results from this diffusivity model are compared to experimental values for the acetone/ACF system to describe the degree of closure between modeled and experimental results.     

活性炭纤维形态对吸附性能的影响

比表面积和孔结构是影响活性炭纤维吸附性能的重要因素。选用相同的活化工艺,制备相似孔结构和比表面积的活性炭毡和活性炭布,讨论在比表面积相近的情况下,活性炭纤维的形态和厚度对吸附性能的影响。结果表明:在一定条件下,活性炭毡的吸附性能略优于活性炭布,活性炭纤维的吸附能力并不随着活性炭织物厚度的增加而线性增强。     

活性炭纤维电热再生新方法

为了降低活性炭纤维(ACF)的使用成本,促进其推广应用,提出了一种新的再生方法。以甲醛为吸附质,采用动态吸附法和电热脱附,研究了ACF的吸附及电热再生性能,着重分析了电热再生的影响因素。实验结果表明:ACF对甲醛的饱和吸附量达299.5 mg/g;脱附时间为5 min,再生效率达91.3%;且ACF损耗很小。本方法再生时间短,效率高,吸附剂损失少,操作简便,是一种较为理想的再生方法。     

Approaches to mitigate the impact of dissolved organic matter on the adsorption of synthetic organic contaminants by porous carbonaceous sorbents

Adsorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) and atrazine, two synthetic organic contaminants (SOCs) having different optimum adsorption pore regions, by four activated carbons and an activated carbon fiber (ACF) was examined. The selected adsorbents had a wide range of pore size distributions but similar surface acidity and hydrophobicity. Single solute and preloading (with a dissolved organic matter (DOM)) isotherms were performed. Single solute adsorption results showed that (i) the adsorbents having higher amounts of pores with sizes about the dimensions of the adsorbate molecules exhibited higher uptakes, (ii) there were some pore structure characteristics, which were not completely captured by pore size distribution analysis, that also affected the adsorption, and (iii) the BET surface area and total pore volume were not the primary factors controlling the adsorption of SOCs. The preloading isotherm results showed that for TCE adsorbing primarily in pores < 10 angstroms, the highly microporous ACF and GACs, acting like molecular sieves, exhibited the highest uptakes. For atrazine with an optimum adsorption pore region of 10-20 angstroms, which overlaps with the adsorption region of some DOM components, the GACs with a broad pore size distribution and high pore volumes in the 10-20 angstroms region had the least impact of DOM on the adsorption.     

Exploring molecular sieve capabilities of activated carbon fibers to reduce the impact of NOM preloading on trichloroethylene adsorption

Adsorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) by two activated carbon fibers (ACFs) and two granular activated carbons (GACs) preloaded with hydrophobic and transphilic fractions of natural organic matter (NOM) was examined. ACF10, the most microporous activated carbon used in this study, had over 90% of its pore volume in pores smaller than 10 A. It also had the highest volume in pores 5-8 A, which is the optimum pore size region for TCE adsorption, among the four activated carbons. Adsorption of NOM fractions by ACF10 was, in general, negligible. Therefore, ACF10, functioning as a molecular sieve during preloading, exhibited the least NOM uptake for each fraction, and subsequently the highest TCE adsorption. The other three sorbents had wider pore size distributions, including high volumes in pores larger than 10 A, where NOM molecules can adsorb. As a result, they showed a higher degree of uptake for all NOM fractions, and subsequently lower adsorption capacities for TCE, as compared to ACF10. The results obtained in this study showed that understanding the interplay between the optimum pore size region for the adsorption of target synthetic organic contaminant (SOC) and the pore size region for the adsorption of NOM molecules is important for controlling NOM-SOC competitions. Experiments with different NOM fractions indicated that the degree of NOM loading is important in terms of preloading effects; however the waythatthe carbon pores are filled and loaded by different NOM fractions can be different and may create an additional negative impact on TCE adsorption.     

Gas-phase formaldehyde adsorption isotherm studies on activated carbon: correlations of adsorption capacity to surface functional group density

Formaldehyde (HCHO) adsorption isotherms were developed for the first time on three activated carbons representing one activated carbon fiber (ACF) cloth, one all-purpose granular activated carbon (GAC), and one GAC commercially promoted for gas-phase HCHO removal. The three activated carbons were evaluated for HCHO removal in the low-ppm(v) range and for water vapor adsorption from relative pressures of 0.1-0.9 at 26 °C where, according to the IUPAC isotherm classification system, the adsorption isotherms observed exhibited Type V behavior. A Type V adsorption isotherm model recently proposed by Qi and LeVan (Q-L) was selected to model the observed adsorption behavior because it reduces to a finite, nonzero limit at low partial pressures and it describes the entire range of adsorption considered in this study. The Q-L model was applied to a polar organic adsorbate to fit HCHO adsorption isotherms for the three activated carbons. The physical and chemical characteristics of the activated carbon surfaces were characterized using nitrogen adsorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Boehm titrations. At low concentrations, HCHO adsorption capacity was most strongly related to the density of basic surface functional groups (SFGs), while water vapor adsorption was most strongly influenced by the density of acidic SFGs.