有机溶剂处理提高固定化脂肪酶活性及稳定性

为提高固定化脂肪酶催化转酯化反应的活性和稳定性,采用活性炭、硅胶G和DM-130树脂吸附固定脂肪酶LVK-F100,并用甲醇、丙酮、丙醇、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、正己烷以及环己烷处理湿的固定化脂肪酶。结果表明,甲醇、正己烷和环己烷处理对固定化脂肪酶有钝化作用,而丙酮、丙醇、异丙醇和乙酸乙酯处理能显著提高固定化脂肪酶的活性。用乙酸乙酯和异丙醇处理吸附固定的脂肪酶1 h,可使固定化脂肪酶活力分别提高1.70~2.25倍、半衰期延长3.2~8.4 h、催化大豆油转酯化反应延长使用周期2~5批。异丙醇和乙酸乙酯处理还可提高固定化脂肪酶的热稳定性。     

基于红外光谱分析热处理对牛乳蛋白质二级结构的影响

运用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对乳蛋白及其酰胺Ⅰ带进行解析,进一步用红外解谱法对其二级结构进行表征。以原料乳为对照,研究65℃/30 min(低温长时巴氏杀菌)、80℃/15 s(高温短时巴氏杀菌)、95℃/5 min(酸乳热处理)、137℃/5 s(超高温灭菌)等不同热处理条件对乳中蛋白质二级结构的影响。结果表明,热处理会导致乳蛋白间发生相互作用,乳蛋白原空间结构受到破坏,导致分子内氢键被破坏。不同热处理程度的乳蛋白酰胺Ⅰ带均向低波数方向发生了不同程度的红移,表明乳蛋白变性过程中疏水氨基酸残基暴露形成分子间氢键。同时热处理后乳蛋白各二级结构比例发生明显改变。α-螺旋含量显著降低(P0.05),无规卷曲含量显著升高(P0.05),β-转角及β-折叠含量在加热过程均呈先增加后减少变化趋势,表明热处理程度增强导致部分有序结构向无规卷曲结构转化,蛋白质热变性后会发生热聚集现象,且β-折叠、β-转角结构在热聚集体的形成过程中具有重要作用。     

卵白蛋白-壳聚糖静电相互作用对蛋白质结构和热特性的影响

明确蛋白质与多糖之间静电相互作用对蛋白质结构和热特性的影响,可为深入理解两者静电复合物界面特性机制提供新见解。基于此,本研究借助紫外可见光谱、内源荧光光谱、圆二色谱、傅里叶变换光谱和差示扫描量热仪探究卵白蛋白（Ovalbumin,OVA）与壳聚糖（Chitosan,CS）之间的静电相互作用对OVA二级、三级结构及热特性的影响。结果表明,静电排斥力和静电吸引力都会导致OVA的结构发生去折叠,主要表现为色氨酸残基向亲水区域迁移且暴露程度下降;α-螺旋、β-转角和自由卷曲含量分别下降约26.9%、52.3%、6.0%,β-折叠增加约33.9%。此外,OVA的热变性温度也由于静电结合作用由78 ℃上升至83 ℃。这些发现可为利用多糖通过静电作用调控OVA功能特性提供参考和思路借鉴。     

超高压对脂肪酶活性及构象的影响

研究了压力、保压时间、pH值等对脂肪酶活性的影响,并且通过圆二色光谱和内源荧光光谱研究了脂肪酶的构象变化。结果表明,经过70℃、pH 7.5、压力200 MPa、保压时间15 min的处理后,脂肪酶的酶活力比常压对照提高了32%;200 MPa下,随着保压时间延长,脂肪酶活性较稳定,相对酶活性均保持在120%以上;最适pH增加了0.5个单位。光谱分析显示,高压处理后,脂肪酶二级结构中α-螺旋含量明显升高,β-折叠含量降低,内源荧光中的色氨酸特征峰的荧光强度增强10%～20%。     

傅里叶红外光谱法油脂定量分析研究进展

论述了傅里叶红外光谱法油脂定量分析基本原理、优越性以及在油脂过氧化值、游离脂肪酸、反式脂肪酸、碘值、皂化值、顺式和反式脂肪酸和固体脂肪含量等方面应用研究进展.同时,对傅里叶光谱法分析模型的稳定性和传递性及其在自动化分析中应用进行探讨,以期为傅里叶光谱法油脂自动分析检测提供参考.     

电场对脂肪酶二级结构及其活性的影响

脂肪酶被不同强度的电场处理5 min,用红外光谱法研究电场对其二级结构的影响,并测定酶活性的变化。实验结果显示:在1.0~6.0 kV/cm范围,电场作用对脂肪酶二级结构单元相对含量的影响程度不同。与对照组相比,处理组的α-螺旋和β-折叠含量普遍减少,减少幅度分别为4.9%~10.9%和3.2%~22.6%;β-转角和无规卷曲含量普遍增加,增加幅度分别为12.5%~37.7%和3.1%~24%。并且各种结构的含量在3.0 kV/cm电场强度条件下变化最为明显。经电场处理后脂肪酶活性显著增加,这与β-转角和无规卷曲含量的增加有一定的相关性。     

FT-IR法测定温度对牛奶脂肪酸结构的影响

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究不同温度下牛奶中脂肪酸结构的变化。IR谱图表明45℃时牛奶中脂肪酸在974 cm-1处出现吸收峰,说明牛奶中的不饱和脂肪酸结构开始由顺式变为反式结构。在65℃时该吸收峰强度增大,表明大部分的不饱和脂肪酸结构由顺式变为反式结构。在105℃时974 cm-1处的吸收峰仍然存在,牛奶中的不饱和脂肪酸结构以反式结构存在更加稳定。实验结果表明,温度对牛奶中的不饱和脂肪酸结构有一定的影响。     

热老化对柞蚕丝蛋白二级结构的影响

利用ATR-FTIR光谱技术和红外光谱去卷积拟合计算蛋白质二级结构百分含量,研究热老化对柞蚕丝纤维:级结构的影响,并用XRD技术分析测定了老化后柞蚕丝的结晶度.结果表明:一定温度下,随着老化时间的延长,柞蚕丝β-sheet结构的相对百分含量下降,而a-helix结构和Random结构的相对百分含量上升;老化温度越高,柞...     

湿热老化过程对桑蚕丝性能与结构的影响

对桑蚕丝织物湿热老化样品进行了相关表征,利用衰减全反射-傅里叶转换光谱技术和红外光谱去卷积拟合计算技术对样品的性能和结构变化情况进行了考察,并用X射线衍射技术考察了样品的结晶度变化规律。结果表明,随着老化时间延长和温湿度的增加,蚕丝断裂强度及白度总体呈下降趋势;湿热老化下,桑蚕丝的β-sheet结构相对百分含量也随时间延长而下降,且同样湿度下,温度越高下降越明显;湿热老化下,桑蚕丝β-sheet结构相对百分含量变化、结晶度与断裂强度及白度的变化趋势相关。     

热处理对蘑菇多酚氧化酶活性及结构的影响

以蘑菇多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）为原料,研究不同温度热处理对PPO活性的影响。选取不同温度（50、55、60、65 ℃）处理10 min后的PPO样液,应用圆二色光谱（circular dichroism,CD）和荧光光谱研究热处理对PPO二级结构和三级结构的影响。结果表明：在各温度下进行热处理的PPO活性均随着处理时间的延长逐渐降低,热处理温度越高抑制效果越明显;CD光谱表明热处理后的PPO二级结构发生了改变,主要表现在α-螺旋含量下降,β-折叠含量升高,而β-转角及无规卷曲含量则没有太大的变化;荧光光谱表明热处理后的PPO三级结构发生改变,表现在最大荧光发射峰发生了明显红移。     

基于傅里叶变换红外光谱的食用油质量安全检测技术研究进展

为了进一步拓展傅里叶变换红外（Fourier transform infrared,FTIR）光谱技术在食用油分析和检测中的应 用范围,本文综述了近年来FTIR光谱技术在食用油品质分析和安全检测方面的研究进展。其中品质分析包括理化 指标（过氧化值、反式脂肪酸含量、游离脂肪酸含量、水分体积分数、碘值、羰基值及多指标分析和检测）和氧化 稳定性;安全检测即食用油真伪鉴别。通过对光谱采集、光谱范围选择、数据处理及基底效应消除等方面进行分析 和探讨,以期为FTIR光谱技术在食用油质量安全检测方面的进一步应用提供参考。     

用傅立叶变换红外光谱研究有机溶剂对脂肪酶构象的影响

利用衰减全反射（ＡｔｅｎｕａｔｅｄＴｏｔａｌＲｅｆｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ＡＴＲ）傅立叶变换红外光谱研究了脂肪酶在不同非水有机溶剂中的构象变化。结果表明，各种溶剂均能使酶的二级结构发生一定程度的变化，极性愈强效果愈明显。这种构象变化是一动态过程，且具有一定的可逆性。另外，两亲分子也能导致酶构象的改变。     

基于涂膜法FTIR的食用油羰基值快速检测

为了建立食用油羰基值快速检测方法,以菜籽油为实验材料,茴香醛为羰基标准物配制系列羰基值（0～60 mmol/kg）油样。用涂膜法采集油样光谱,建立羰基值与特征吸收峰1 703/1 570 cm－1处（1 703 cm－1处峰高两点基线均为1 570 cm－1,下同）吸光度的关系。然而,不同种类零羰基值的食用油在特征吸收峰1 703 cm－1处的吸收不相同而引起基底效应。因此,利用二维相关振动光谱技术寻找特征吸收峰的相关吸收峰,以校正食用油间的基底效应。结果表明：油样在1 703 cm－1处的吸光度与羰基值高度线性相关,利用相关吸收峰3 472 cm－1校正后的模型为y=0.005 4x＋0.090 9;相关系数（R）为0.991 9,标准偏差（s）为0.013 mmol/kg。模型预测值与国标法测定值高度线性相关,所得方程的斜率接近于1,R值均在0.99以上,两种方法测定结果十分接近。表明涂膜法傅里叶变换红外光谱检测食用油羰基值是可行的。     

Effect of different retting processes on yield and quality of banana pseudostem fiber

The main objective of this study is to develop a suitable technology to utilize banana pseudostem waste in an effective manner. The choice of a specific extraction method depends on the intended end uses of the fibers and hence different methods (mechanical, microbial, chemical, and enzymatic) were carried out to extract cellulosic fibers from Poovan variety and the chemical properties were investigated. The flexural and tensile properties of fibers were explored to analyze the suitability of fibers for different applications. Results obtained from these analyses confirmed that the tex value of chemical retted fiber was lesser than others. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the surfaces of the chemically retted fibers were rougher than mechanically extracted fibers with an average diameter of 180 µm. The elemental composition of the chemical-treated banana pseudostem fibers was investigated by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectrum indicated the presence of similar functional groups in all the fiber samples.     

Effect of high pressure treatment on aggregation and structural properties of soy protein isolate

The aggregation and structural properties of soy protein isolate (SPI), induced by high pressure (HP) treatment at 200-600 MPa were investigated by size-exclusion chromatography combined with multi-angle laser scattering (SEC-MALLS) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. HP treatment at lower pressure level (e.g., 200 MPa) resulted in formation of marked insoluble aggregate of SPI, while the treatment at higher pressure level (e.g., 600 MPa) led to transformation of insoluble aggregate to soluble one. The soluble aggregate formed at 400 or 600 MPa had much less mean molecular weight (MW) (about 5.2 × 10⁶ g/mol) than that at 200 MPa (about 1.6 × 10⁷ g/mol), and was also much more homogenous in MW distribution. FTIR analyses confirmed changes in secondary and tertiary structures, induced by HP treatment. These results can provide direct evidence or explanation for HP-induced modification of soy proteins.     

FTIR spectroscopic characterization of irradiated hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.)

Radiation induced molecular changes in macromolecular components of hazelnut tissues were investigated by mid-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Irradiation dose of 1.5 kGy (low) and 10 kGy (high) were applied. The changes in frequency, signal intensity and intensity ratio of IR bands revealed that the unsaturated lipid concentration increased for low dose treated samples whereas it decreased and peroxidation appeared at high dose treatment. The low dose irradiation treatment, slightly increased the total lipid content whereas it dramatically decreased for high dose treatment. A slight increase in the lipid to protein ratio was observed for low dose treatment, whilst this ratio significantly decreased for high dose treatment. In addition, the high dose γ-irradiation caused alterations in the structure of hazelnut proteins, as cross-linking and aggregation occured in protein molecules. These results indicate that FTIR spectroscopy can be successfully used to monitor food irradiation.     

葡萄糖氧化酶对面团水分状态及蛋白质结构的影响

采用核磁共振和傅立叶变换红外光谱技术,研究了葡萄糖氧化酶(0~0.5%)对面团水分分布状态和蛋白质结构参数变化的影响,并结合面团热力学特性和二硫键含量变化对各实验指标进行相关性分析。结果表明:添加葡萄糖氧化酶可降低面团T2弛豫时间,在0~0.5%范围内,T21和T22呈现先减小后增大的趋势,添加量为0.4%时,T21、T22测定值最小,且添加量与T21和T22具有显著负相关(p0.05);β-折叠片层、β-折叠、α-螺旋、无序结构和β-转角含量先增加后降,且添加量与r具有极显著正相关(p0.01);葡萄糖氧化酶可提高面团糊化温度,增强面团热稳定性,并促使面团体系中的-SH转化为S-S,且对S-S变化影响显著(p0.05);面团中水分迁移与面团糊化温度、二硫键(S-S)含量、α-螺旋、β-转角和无序结构均具有显著相关性(p0.05);团糊化峰值温度(Tp)与S-S、α-螺旋和β-转角具有显著正相关(p0.05)。     

Authentication of Olive Oil Adulterated with Vegetable Oils Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Determination of the authenticity of extra virgin olive oils has become more important in recent years following some infamous adulteration and contamination scandals. The study focused on application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to identify the adulteration of olive oils. Single-bounce attenuated total reflectance measurements were made on pure olive oil and olive oil samples adulterated with varying concentrations of sunflower oil (20-100 mL vegetable oil/L of olive oil). Discriminant analysis using 12 principal components was able to classify the samples as pure and adulterated olive oils based on their spectra. A partial least squares model was developed and used to verify the concentrations of the adulterant. Furthermore, the discriminant analysis method was used to classify olive oil samples as distinct from other vegetable oils based on their infrared spectra.     

基于FTIR技术快速测定食用油中叔丁基对苯醌含量的研究

研究了傅里叶红外光谱技术（FTIR）快速测定食用油中叔丁基对苯醌（TBBQ）含量的分析方法,系统地比较了FTIR结合朗伯比尔定律法及FTIR结合偏最小二乘法（PLS）的建模效果。结果表明,原始波谱经差谱和二阶导数预处理后在1 656 cm-1处采用朗伯比尔定律法建模,所得的线性回归方程为TBBQ（μg/mL）=1 089.5Abs-11.35,相关系数R2为0.998 1,15组煎炸油和10组市售食用油的外部验证实验的平均相对偏差分别仅为4.89%和6.80%。采用FTIR结合PLS法对原始波谱建模,建模区间为1 675~1 645 cm-1,模型相关系数R2为0.995 6,校正均方差为0.57,预测均方差为3.32,15组煎炸油和10组市售食用油的外部验证实验的平均相对偏差分别为8.53%和8.40%,说明基于FTIR的朗伯比尔定律法和PLS法均能有效测定食用油中TBBQ含量,其中朗伯比尔定律法预测准确度较高、模型稳定性更好。     

FTIR spectroscopic characterization of soy proteins obtained through AOT reverse micelles

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method was used to study the conformations of soy protein obtained through aqueous solution and bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelle extraction. The results showed that there were changes in signal intensity and/or position of IR bands at 4000–400 cm⁻¹ when the soy proteins were separated by two extraction methods. The FTIR spectral changes were subsequently assessed using the second derivative spectroscopy in the amide I region (1700–1600 cm⁻¹). The contents of α-helix, β-sheet, turn and irregular conformations for soy proteins using aqueous solution extraction were 11.6%, 32.8%, 44.3% and 11.3%, respectively; while using AOT reverse micelle extraction 13.1%, 41.6%, 32.5% and 12.9%, respectively. The amount change of these structures might affect functional properties of soy proteins.