串珠纤维对静电纺纤维复合滤纸结构和性能的影响

本研究制备了静电纺串珠纤维复合滤纸和静电纺纳米纤维复合滤纸,对其微观形貌和孔径等结构特性以及过滤阻力、过滤效率和容尘量等过滤性能进行了分析。结果表明,静电纺串珠纤维复合滤纸和静电纺纳米纤维复合滤纸的纺丝层纤维平均直径接近,分别为225、250 nm。通过控制纺丝时间使二者的初始过滤阻力相近时,静电纺串珠纤维复合滤纸过滤效率为73.1%,静电纺纳米纤维复合滤纸过滤效率为38.2%。相同测试条件下,静电纺串珠纤维复合滤纸阻力上升速度比静电纺纳米纤维复合滤纸慢,达到相同终止阻力时,静电纺串珠纤维复合滤纸的作用时间更长、容尘量更大,二者的容尘量分别为119.29、96.23 g/m~2;并采用仿真模拟软件GeoDict建立模型,探究了两者阻力变化情况和容尘量的差异。     

微纳米纤维复合滤纸反吹性能的研究

本研究探讨了3种微纳米纤维复合滤纸在不同面流速及发尘浓度条件下的反吹性能,主要对初始过滤效率接近的湿法纤维复合滤纸、熔喷纤维复合滤纸和静电纺纤维复合滤纸的性能进行了对比研究。结果表明,在面流速11.1 cm/s、发尘浓度1 g/m³时,没有反吹的情况下,湿法纤维复合滤纸、熔喷纤维复合滤纸和静电纺纤维复合滤纸的一次容尘量分别为85.3、84.8、64.1 g/m²;而容尘性能不佳的静电纺纤维复合滤纸在反吹过程中表现优异,完成30次反吹清灰用时约3700 s,是一次容尘实验时用时的13.8倍,终止时阻力为554 Pa;湿法纤维复合滤纸与熔喷纤维复合滤纸的反吹用时分别为2587、2527 s,明显低于静电纺纤维复合滤纸,终止阻力分别为854和724 Pa。随着面流速从11.1 cm/s提高至19.4 cm/s,或发尘浓度由1 g/m3增加至4 g/m³时,滤材的反吹清灰用时均急剧下降。     

两种超细纤维复合空气过滤纸的结构与性能研究

由于超细纤维可以显著提高过滤效率,在过滤材料中的应用得到越来越多的重视,但不同方法制备的超细纤维复合空气过滤材料在性能上存在着较大差异。本文主要对静电纺复合和造纸湿法复合这两种不同方法制备的超细纤维复合空气过滤纸进行结构与性能的研究。结果表明,两种不同方法制备的超细纤维复合空气过滤纸的初始过滤效率非常接近,静电纺复合滤纸的透气度为243mm/s,比造纸湿法复合滤纸的高近1倍;静电纺复合滤纸的容尘量为82g/m~2,造纸湿法复合滤纸的容尘量比其高14g/m~2;经过10次反吹清灰循环,静电纺复合滤纸的粉尘剥离率由91.6%降低为71.9%,造纸湿法复合滤纸的由67.4%降为38.8%,静电纺复合滤纸的反吹清灰性能比造纸湿法复合滤纸的更优异。     

油性液滴和A2灰混合物对空气过滤材料容尘性能的影响

为了更接近滤材的使用工况,将DEHS(癸二酸二异辛酯)液滴与A2灰混合后加载到熔喷纤维复合滤纸上,探究两者不同的质量比对滤材容尘量和压差的影响,并利用SEM对试验后滤材的表面状况进行观察。结果表明,当DEHS含量由0增加至20%时,滤材表面的颗粒逐渐由疏松多孔结构过渡为岛状分布结构,滤材的容尘量由83.1g/m~2迅速增加至峰值447.4g/m~2,压差增长速率降低;当DEHS含量为30%时,滤材的容尘量迅速减小至43.4g/m~2,当DEHS含量继续增加至60%时,滤材表面的颗粒由岛状分布过渡为连续分布,滤材容尘量缓慢减小至26.5g/m~2,当DEHS含量继续增加至100%时,滤材容尘量又逐渐增加至62.7g/m~2。     

静电纺高效防尘复合滤料的制备及其性能

为获得无毒无害高效防尘口罩的过滤材料,采用静电纺丝技术制备直径为（0.088±0.01）μm的锦纶6∕ 壳聚糖（PA6/CS）共混纳米纤维,与丙纶熔喷非织造布复合形成高效防尘复合滤料,研究了静电纺丝时间对复合滤料表面形貌、孔径及其分布、过滤性能和透气透湿性能的影响。结果表明,静电纺（PA6/CS）纳米纤维层可显著提高丙纶熔喷非织造布的过滤效率,静电纺丝 90 min 后复合滤料对 NaCl 气溶胶的过滤效率达到99%以上,明显高于丙纶熔喷非织造布的过滤效率（29%）,但是随着静电纺丝时间的延长,复合滤料的孔径、过滤阻力和透气性能明显下降,而透湿性能变化不明显。     

具有梯度结构的超细纤维复合空气过滤材料对油-灰混合颗粒的容尘性能研究

通过湿法成形制备了超细纤维在厚度方向呈梯度分布的复合空气过滤材料,并分析了滤材对不同粒径的NaCl颗粒的过滤效率及对纯A2灰、纯癸二酸二异辛（DEHS）和不同DEHS含量的DEHS-A2灰混合尘的容尘量。结果表明,滤材最易穿透粒径为100 nm,对纯A2灰及纯DEHS的容尘量分别为92.0 g/m²和182.5 g/m²。对DEHS含量为20%的混合尘的容尘量最大,为414.7 g/m²,对DEHS含量为60%的混合尘的容尘量最低,为84.1 g/m²,远高于商业化产品熔喷纤维复合滤材的容尘量（26.5 g/m²）。对DEHS含量为20%的混合尘滤材压差增加速率最小,混合尘在滤材表面形成疏松的滤饼;对DEHS含量为80%的混合尘滤材压差增加速率最大,A2灰颗粒浸没在DEHS中,灰尘颗粒间的孔隙被完全堵塞,混合尘形成“海岛”结构的滤饼。     

聚丙烯腈静电纺/聚丙烯熔喷复合材料的制备及过滤性能研究

以聚丙烯腈(PAN)为原料,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂制备纺丝液并进行静电纺丝,用熔喷聚丙烯(PP)非织造材料为基材接收静电纺PAN纳米纤维膜,制备PAN静电纺/PP熔喷复合材料。研究了静电纺丝工艺参数对纤维直径及均匀度的影响,优化了静电纺丝工艺,在此基础上改变纺丝时间控制熔喷非织造材料表面复合的静电纺纳米纤维含量,通过AFC-131滤料性能测试系统测试了PAN静电纺/PP熔喷复合材料的空气过滤性能。结果表明,在熔喷非织造材料喷覆静电纺PAN纳米纤维膜后,过滤效率明显提高,颗粒越小,过滤效率提高越多,且随喷覆时间的增加,过滤效率提高,滤阻增加,但滤阻增加值小于过滤效率增加值,综合考虑在纺丝时间为10min时,可以制备高效低阻的PAN静电纺/PP熔喷复合非织造过滤材料。     

过滤时间对空气过滤材料过滤性能的影响

通过设定不同的过滤时间,测试静电纺纳米纤维膜和熔喷非织造材料的过滤性能,研究其过滤效率和过滤阻力随过滤时间的变化规律。结果发现:过滤时间的增加使得过滤效率和过滤阻力呈现不同程度的增长。过滤时间的增加对静电纺纳米纤维膜过滤性能的影响较显著,设计面密度为10.00 g/m~2的静电纺纳米纤维膜的过滤效率和过滤阻力明显上升,而设计面密度为20.00和40.00 g/m~2的静电纺纳米纤维膜因孔径过小导致其过滤阻力在短时间内超过1 000 Pa,故面密度较大的静电纺纳米纤维膜不适合用于普通的空气过滤。熔喷非织造材料结构较蓬松,孔径较大,孔隙不易被堵塞,当过滤时间为12 h时,除设计面密度为40.00 g/m~2的熔喷非织造材料过滤阻力增加较明显外,其他熔喷非织造材料的过滤效率和过滤阻力增幅均不大。     

静电纺PA6/CS复合纤维膜的过滤性能研究

采用自制单喷头静电纺丝设备,以聚丙烯熔喷非织造布为基布,制备静电纺聚酰胺6/壳聚糖(PA 6/CS)复合纤维膜,研究了静电纺丝时间对复合膜表面形貌、孔径和过滤性能的影响。结果表明:随着静电纺丝时间增加,复合纤维膜对Na Cl气溶胶的过滤效率显著增加,过滤阻力明显增加,品质因子先增加后减小;连续纺丝90 min后,复合纤维膜的过滤效率达到99%以上。     

定量对双层空气复合滤纸原纸性能的影响

双层复合滤纸的设计对双层复合空气滤纸原纸的性能具有重要的影响。研究了不同总定量及不同定量比的双层复合空气滤纸原纸,探究定量变化对双层复合空气滤纸原纸性能的影响。结果表明,随着总定量的增加,孔径减小,透气度减小,过滤效率增加,容尘量减小;120g/m2时过滤效率为99.68%,容尘量为117g/m2;改变复合滤纸定量比,容尘量先上升后下降,过滤效率基本不变,结合载尘纸样内部结构图,定量比1∶3为最佳值;与单层滤纸相比,复合滤纸过滤效率高于单层滤纸,最大差值为0.1%。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status