菹草类胡萝卜素体外抗氧化活性的研究

菹草类胡萝卜素是红心鸭蛋中红色素的天然来源。本文用D—脱氧核糖法研究菹草类胡萝卜素清除·OH的效果,用硫代巴比妥酸法测定小鼠肝组织及肝线粒体中丙二醛含量,用分光光度法测定小鼠红细胞溶血和肝线粒体肿胀程度,从而研究类胡萝卜素的抗氧化效果。结果表明:菹草类胡萝卜素可以清除·OH,抑制·OH所致丙二醛的产生,减少红细胞溶血,减轻肝线粒体肿胀程度。可以得出菹草类胡萝卜素具有明显的抗氧化的作用。     

菹草类胡萝卜素提取物诱导人肝癌细胞QGY-7703凋亡的细胞学观察

采食菹草的蛋鸭所产红心蛋蛋黄的类胡萝卜素提取物具有良好的抑制S180肿瘤的作用，为阐明其抗肿瘤作用机制，研究了菹草类胡萝卜素提取物(CEPC)对人肝癌细胞QGY-7703细胞增殖和凋亡的影响，本文报道采用体外培养、细胞增殖实验，然后以可见光、荧光、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)观察肝癌细胞的形态变化。结果表明：分别用含10、20和40μmol／L的CEPC的培养介质处理QGY-7703细胞24、48和72h，在可见光、荧光显微镜、LSCM下观察细胞形态，分别出现了肝癌细胞数量明显减少、皱缩变形、体积缩小、触角伸长、细胞表面凸起多个小泡，显示亮黄色荧光的细胞核呈现“新月状”、条状甚至碎片状形状，细胞核中呈黄色的DNA面积较明显减小等典型的凋亡细胞形态特征。用荧光显微镜观察计数凋亡细胞的方法测定了CEPC对QGY-7703细胞凋亡指数影响，细胞凋亡指数随CEPC剂量的增加及处理时间的延长而上升。因此CEPC对QGY-7703细胞的增殖具有明显的抑制作用，在较短的时间内及使用较小的CEPC剂量能有效地诱导QGY-7703细胞凋亡。本项研究说明菹草中的类胡萝卜素化合物具有明显的抑制肝癌细胞增殖、诱导肝癌细胞凋亡的功能。     

菹草的营养价值、饲料开发及功能特性研究进展

对菹草的营养成分进行了分析,对菹草常规饲料及菹草颗粒饲料的研制及开发应用等方面进行了综述,并从类胡萝卜素的角度对菹草的功能特性进行了探讨。     

天然红心鸭蛋中红色素的化学及光谱性质研究

采用薄层、化学反应、紫外-可见和红外光谱的方法，分析了天然红心鸭蛋中的红色色素性质。结果表明天然红心鸭蛋中红色色素为类胡萝卜素。该红色类胡萝卜素不含羟基，具有与类胡萝卜素双键呈共轭状态的羰基。     

天然红心鸭蛋中类胡萝卜素色素的提取及稳定性的研究

探讨了天然红心鸭蛋类胡萝卜素色素的提取及其稳定性的影响因素。结果表明：以冻干天然红心蛋粉为原料的提取最优条件为：石油醚．丙酮(2：1，V／V)，温度40℃，料液比1：4，提取3次，每次提取时间60min。天然红心鸭蛋类胡萝卜素色素在低温下稳定；对金属离子K^ 、Na^ 、Ca^2 、Mg^2 、Cu^2 、Zn^2 、Fe^3 、AP^3 等不稳定；对二价铁离子及光线极不稳定。常用抗氧化剂VC，VE，二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)及常用食品防腐剂对羟基苯甲酸乙酯等对提取物中的类胡萝卜素有保护作用。     

天然红心鸭蛋中色素物质的提取研究

探讨了天然红心鸭蛋中色素物质的提取及抗氧化活性。结果表明:天然红心鸭蛋中的红色物质呈现类胡萝卜素的特征反应,故其色素中主要成分为类胡萝卜素类物质。以冻干红心蛋粉为原料提取红心蛋黄中的色素物质的最优提取条件为:以石油醚∶丙酮=2∶1为溶剂,温度4O℃,3次提取,每次提取时间60min,料液比为1∶4。     

天然红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素及对S180肿瘤抑制作用的初步研究

本文对天然红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素做了初步分析,同时探讨了红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素对S180肿瘤的作用。初步结果表明,天然红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素包含有虾青素及其它一些种类的类胡萝卜素。天然红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素对肝匀浆MDA的产生有显著的抑制作用, 对昆明小白鼠S180肿瘤具有显著的抑制作用,且具有明显的量效关系。低、中、高剂量组的类胡萝卜素对肿瘤的抑制率分别为23.2%、35.7%和42.9%,对肿瘤小鼠的内脏指数有显著改善作用,并可显著地降低肿瘤小鼠血清MDA含量。     

采用反相C18-HPLC分离天然红心鸭蛋中红色类胡萝卜素的异构体

采用5μm,25cm×4.6mmODSRP-C18柱,0.5ml/min流速,5μl进样量,流动相为甲醇-水(99.5:0.5V/V),检测波长480nm的条件下,18℃柱温,天然红心蛋中的红色类胡萝卜素可以被分离出五个分离峰,经MS检测,五个分离峰具有相同的分子量。结果表明:采用上述条件,可以有效地分离天然红心蛋中的红色类胡萝卜素的同分异构体。     

菹草类胡萝卜素诱导Hela细胞凋亡的细胞学观察

本文研究了菹草类胡萝卜素提取物(CEPC)对人宫颈癌Hela细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,采用体外培养技术,用可见光显微镜、荧光倒置显微镜、透射电镜和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)观察Hela细胞的形态变化。结果表明:分别用浓度为2.5、5、10μg/ml的CEPC处理Hela细胞,在可见光、荧光显微镜、电镜和LSCM下观察细胞形态,分别出现了细胞数量明显减少、皱缩变形、体积缩小、触角伸长,显示亮黄色荧光的细胞核呈现“新月状”、条状甚至碎片状,细胞膜表面绒毛减少,胞浆内空泡明显增多,细胞核染色体发生固缩,细胞中RNA的含量明显增加等典型的凋亡细胞形态特征。实验结果表明CEPC对Hela细胞的增殖具有明显的抑制作用并能有效地诱导Hela细胞凋亡。     

菹草颗粒饲料对蛋鸭生产红心蛋生产性能的试验

将菹草颗粒添加在蛋鸭饲料中喂养,以考察它对红心蛋生产性能的影响。试验设置4个组,试验15d(含适应期1d),菹草颗粒添加量为0(对照组)、15%、20%和25%,并将其分别与100%、85%、80%和75%的普通蛋鸭配合饲料混合组成试验饲料。试验结果表明,在一定范围内,菹草颗粒的添加量与红心蛋的平均色度(指罗氏色度)及15度以上红心蛋所占的比例呈现一定的量效关系;其中将20%的菹草颗粒与80%的普通蛋鸭配合饲料混合组成的试验饲料综合效果最好。如正式喂养第4d,蛋黄平均色度就由对照组的7度上升到15度,其差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01);并随喂养天数的增加其蛋黄色度平均值保持在15度以上。喂养第13、14d时,15度以上红心蛋占所产蛋总数的80%,并全部达到14度以上。该试验组饲料的平均产蛋率为96.2%,与对照组比较没有显著差别(P>0.05);该试验组饲料可显著增加平均蛋重(P<0.05)。     

Separation and identification of the yellow carotenoids in Potamogeton crispus L.

It was found that ducks fed with Potamogeton crispus L. could lay natural red-yolk eggs with good quality in vast lake areas. P. crispus L. was found to be a new resource of carotenoids based on this fact. Carotenoids from P. crispus L. were extracted using petroleum ether-acetone and saponified using 40% methanolic potassium hydroxide. Four major yellow carotenoid pigments were obtained by a MgO column and thin-layer chromatography. These carotenoids were identified as neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein and β-carotene based on visible spectra in different solvents compared with values reported in the literature, functional group tests and mass spectrum by LC-MS. The content of total carotenoids from P. crispus L. was measured to be 231 μg/g (dry weight) by visible absorption spectroscopy.     

菹草类胡萝卜素对小鼠肝癌H22的抑制作用及其对免疫功能的影响

本文研究了菹草类胡萝卜素(CEPC)的抗癌作用及其对免疫功能的影响。以动物移植性肿瘤小鼠肝癌H22为模型,以环磷酰胺为阳性对照,以色拉油为阴性对照,观察5、10、20mg/kg·d的CEPC的体内抗肿瘤作用及其对荷瘤小鼠肝脏中MDA、SOD的影响,通过CEPC对二硝基氟苯(DNFB)诱导的迟发型变态反应(DTH),对淋巴细胞增殖反应的作用和NK细胞活性的测定来观察其对免疫系统的影响。结果表明低中高浓度的CEPC与阴性对照组相比对肝癌H22瘤细胞均有较强的杀伤力,对荷瘤小鼠肝脏中MDA有降低作用,对SOD有增强作用,且CEPC对小鼠免疫系统具有较强的激活作用。提示CEPC对移植性H22肿瘤小鼠具有抗肿瘤作用,并对免疫功能有调节作用。     

Effect of the cultivation mode on red pigments production from Monascus ruber

In submerged cultures performed in chemically defined fermentation medium containing glucose and glutamate, the growth and production of water‐soluble red pigments and citrinin by the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber were studied under various carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios. The specific production of the red pigments was optimal at a glucose/glutamate ratio of about 10 and then steadily decreased at higher C/N ratio. In contrast, the production of the mycotoxin increased with increased C/N with an optimum in the range of 30–45. In a fed‐batch mode, it was also found that the production of pigments was not favoured in fed‐batch mode by feeding the medium with glucose while keeping the C/N ratio lower than 10. This low production likely resulted from concurrent high accumulation of L‐malic acid that was reported to inhibit this production. In contrast, this mode of cultivation was rather favourable for the production of the mycotoxin.     

Assessment of Cell Disruption and Carotenoids Extraction from Sporidiobolus salmonicolor (CBS 2636)

The increasing demand for carotenoids by industries has drawn attention to their bio-production. Since pigments are intracellular, extraction steps are then needed after cell cultivation. In this work, different strategies for extraction of carotenoid pigments from Sporidiobolus salmonicolor (CBS 2636) were studied. Different solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide, petroleum ether, hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and acetone), liquid N₂, and diatomaceous earth were used to disrupt the cell and thus release the intracellular carotenoids. The results of this study showed that when multiple solvents were used, a synergistic effect on the extent of carotenoids recovery was obtained. Maximum concentration of total carotenoids (913 μg/L) was obtained in the treatment using liquid N₂ and dimethyl sulfoxide to disrupt the cell, followed by the extraction with a solution of acetone/methanol (7:3, v/v).     

Investigation of the sensory properties of the flesh of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets with astaxanthin, shrimp waste meal and red pepper meal

Sensory properties (colour, general appearance and taste) were investigated in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fed standard diets supplemented with either 60 mg/kg astaxanthin, shrimp waste meal or red pepper meal. The fish were divided into three experimental groups (fed diets supplemented with pigments) and one control group, and fed experimental and control diets for 100 days. After the feeding period, the fish were evaluated for sensory properties. Colour was evaluated using a colour card for salmonids. General appearance and taste were evaluated using hedonic scaling. Significant differences between the fish fed diets with and without pigment supplementation were found. Feeding of rainbow trout with diets supplemented with pigments affected their sensory properties.     

高效液相色谱法测定柑橘汁中类胡萝卜素

用正己烷、丙酮、乙醇混合溶剂提取宽皮柑橘大叶尾张中类胡萝卜素,10%KOH的甲醇溶液皂化12h,比较了hypersilODS2和YMCC30两种不同的色谱柱的分离效果。结果表明C30色谱柱分离效果优于hypersilODS2色谱柱。通过类胡萝卜素典型的特征吸收峰,结合在线的PAD检测器,初步判断在C30色谱柱分离的类胡萝卜素有18种。     

Characterization and Stability of Pigments Extracted from Terminalia Catappa Leaves

ABSTRACT: Terminalia catappa is a tree growing in Southeast Mexico; its leaf color ranges from red to yellow and it is a potential source of natural pigments. Petroleum ether:acetone and hexane:acetone were used for pigment extraction. The maximum extraction was 24 mg/100 g of leaves with 70:30 petroleum ether:acetone. Seven pigments were identified in the extracts (violaxanthin, violeoxanthin, lutein epoxide, lutein, two lutein isomers and β-cryptoxanthin). A lower pigment concentration was obtained in saponified than in unsaponified extracts. Antioxidant-free extracts underwent deterioration when stored under light. Conversely, pigments remained stable after 10 days at 40 °C, provided they were preserved with 0.1% BHT and stored in the dark.     

Thermal and photochemical degradation of myoglobin pigments in relation to colour stability of sliced dry-cured Parma ham and sliced dry-cured ham produced with nitrite salt

Lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts of the red pigments from Parma ham and nitrosylated pigment of dry-cured ham produced with nitrite salt were prepared with acetone/water (75/25 v/v %) solution and aqueous phosphate buffer, respectively. The spectral characteristics differed for both the lipophilic and the hydrophilic Parma ham pigment compared with the dry-cured ham produced with nitrite salt. The red lipophilic pigment(s) extractable from Parma ham was(were) found to be very stable towards thermal degradation in acetone/water (75/25 v/v %) solution for temperatures up to 70 °C in contrast to the lipophilic pigment(s) extractable from dry-cured ham produced with nitrite salt, which was(were) found to have an energy of activation of 99 kJ/mol for thermal degradation. In contrast, quantum yields for photodegradation of the lipophilic ham pigments exposed to 366 nm (420 nm) monochromatic light were larger for Parma ham than for nitrite-cured ham [1.6×10^–5 (6.9×10^–6) versus 1.6×10^–6 (2×10^–6) mol einstein^–1] as determined for acetone/water (75/25 v/v %) solution. In agreement with these findings for the extracted lipophilic pigments, sliced Parma ham showed better colour stability than sliced dry-cured ham produced with nitrite salt, when stored in the dark at low oxygen concentration, in contrast to a faster initial discolouration for Parma ham when exposed to light, as shown for chilled storage for 35 days under retail conditions for the two products each packed at two oxygen levels (0.4 and 21%).     

Assessment of Carotenoids Recovery through Cell Rupture of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sporidiobolus salmonicolor</Emphasis> CBS 2636 Using Compressed Fluids

The increasing demand for carotenoids by industries has drawn attention to their bio-production. Since pigments are intracellular, extraction steps are then needed after cell cultivation. In this work, different strategies for extraction of carotenoid pigments from Sporidiobolus salmonicolor (CBS 2636) were investigated. The cell rupture was carried out using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), two pure compressed fluids, supercritical carbon dioxide and propane, and also a combination of pressurized fluid treatment followed by liquid DMSO. Dichloromethane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone were tested for the carotenoids extraction. Results obtained show that when multiple solvents were used a synergetic effect on the extent of carotenoids recovery was verified. Maximum concentration of total carotenoids (2,875 μg/L) was obtained in the treatment using supercritical CO₂ (300 bar/120 min) followed by dimethyl sulfoxide to disrupt the cell, and then the extraction with a solution of acetone/methanol (7:3, v/v).