质量稳定的盐酸氨基葡萄糖片制备工艺

盐酸氨基葡萄糖片作为骨关节药物,效果显著,但制剂较不稳定,特别是杂质C(脱氧果糖嗪)较难控制。为了得到质量稳定的制剂,笔者对盐酸氨基葡萄糖片的制备工艺进行了研究。首先通过对原辅料相容性、黏合剂种类与用量、干燥时间、润滑剂用量和包衣增重的研究,筛选出最佳配方和制备条件;然后对以上工艺制得的3批制剂,进行影响因素实验、加速稳定性实验和长期稳定性实验,采用HPLC方法测定杂质质量分数。实验结果表明:利用所选工艺可以制备出质量稳定的片剂,品质优于市售品。     

芹菜汁对大鼠离体心脏活动的影响

目的:探讨芹菜汁对大鼠离体心脏的影响。方法:本实验以大鼠为实验动物,采用langendorff离体心脏灌流装置建立大鼠离体心脏模型,以心率和心脏收缩压、舒张压为评价指标,利用BL-410生物机能实验系统描记芹菜作用下的心搏曲线,研究芹菜汁对大鼠心脏活动的影响,为探明芹菜对心脏的功效的机制提供理论依据。结果:2%和5%的芹菜汁均能对大鼠的心脏心率起明显的降低作用(P0.05),而在本实验对大鼠心脏的收缩压及舒张压没有明显的影响(P0.05)。结论:2%和5%的芹菜汁对大鼠的心脏有一定的影响作用,可使心率降低。     

亚利桑那Mohave县金盆区Cyclopic矿金矿化的控制作用

引言第三纪拆离构造带是亚利桑那西北部金盆区的主要构造.这条断裂带可能是中新世中期拆离地体的一部分,该地体从墨西哥的索罗拉穿过亚利桑那、加利福尼亚州东南部,向北一直延伸到内华达州南部.该地体的拆离断层成典型的叠置式,构造部位最高一条拆离断层分     

鹿筋胶原蛋白多肽透皮吸收试验研究

研究2种酶解法制备得到的鹿筋胶原蛋白多肽对体外皮肤吸收的影响。采用单酶法和双酶法制备得到2种鹿筋胶原蛋白多肽DSCP-1和DSCP-2,以离体小鼠的皮肤为透皮屏障,应用透皮吸收仪,分别于不同时间取样,测定透皮液中蛋白质的透皮率和分子量分布。结果表明,鹿筋胶原蛋白多肽经透皮试验后,透皮液中分子质量主要分布在5~26 k Da之间,约占80%以上;DSCP-1的透皮率为3.83%,DSCP-2的透皮率为6.15%。2种酶解方法制备得到的胶原蛋白多肽均可透过皮肤,双酶法制备得到的鹿筋胶原蛋白多肽更易于透过皮肤。     

食品用交联淀粉的研究（下）

结果与分析一、甘薯淀粉的交联正交实验结果见表2。实验结果进行数据处理,结果表明,反应时间和温度、硫酸钠和三氯氧磷用量对产品的热糊粘度稳定性都有显著影响(显著水平0.05);较理想的制备条件为反应时间60分钟,反应温度45℃,硫酸钠用量15.0%,三氯氧磷用量0.075%.     

氨基葡萄糖类物质在保健食品中的应用及研究进展

我国进入老龄化社会后,骨质疏松症、骨关节炎等问题愈发严峻。氨基葡萄糖作为人体关节软骨中蛋白多糖的重要成分,可改善关节软骨代谢,促进骨关节健康。市售的氨基葡萄糖类物质主要以盐酸氨基葡萄糖、硫酸氨基葡萄糖及其复盐形式存在,制备方法主要有酸解法、微生物发酵法、酶解法。目前临床研究表明氨基葡萄糖安全性较高,尚未发现严重不良反应,在促进骨关节健康、抗氧化、免疫调节、抗菌消炎等方面均有明显的改善效果。在保健食品领域,氨基葡萄糖类物质的研究主要以促进骨骼健康为主。本文从氨基葡萄糖类物质的生理功能、制备工艺、安全性、国内外的应用情况等方面进行综述,针对氨基葡萄糖类物质无专属性保健食品原料质量标准、生产工艺不规范等问题提出建议,旨在为氨基葡萄糖类保健食品的开发利用和监督管理提供参考。     

翻白草水提液对离体肝细胞糖代谢影响的研究

本实验研究了翻白草水提液对离体肝细胞糖代谢的影响。结果表明:翻白草水提液不仅能显著促进胰岛素抵抗原代小鼠肝细胞的葡萄糖代谢(p<0.05),而且还能显著提高正常小鼠肝细胞对葡萄糖的吸收和利用(p<0.01)。实验表明含有5×10-7mol/L胰岛素的DMEM培养液可成功制备胰岛素抵抗原代小鼠肝细胞模型;固形物含量为0.9mg/ml的翻白草水提液能更好的促进离体肝细胞对葡萄糖的吸收和利用。     

三种麻醉剂对小鼠离体子宫平滑肌收缩性影响的比较

目的探讨氨基甲酸乙酯、戊巴比妥钠、水合氯醛3种麻醉剂对小鼠离体子宫平滑肌收缩性的影响。方法将制备的小鼠离体子宫标本置入37℃低钙洛氏液，用BL-410生物机能实验系统记录加麻醉剂前、后及更换低钙洛氏液后各10min的收缩曲线，测量收缩频率和收缩强度，计算运动指数。结果3种麻醉剂对子宫平滑肌的收缩频率、收缩强度、运动指数都有明显的抑制作用，去除麻醉剂后都可恢复收缩。水合氯醛的抑制作用最强，为完全抑制，去除麻醉剂后很长时间才能恢复收缩；戊巴比妥钠的抑制作用最弱，去除麻醉剂后很快恢复收缩，且收缩强度和运动指数的恢复率都最高。3种麻醉剂在抑制率、恢复率上大部呈现量-效关系。结论在以动物子宫为研究对象的实验中宜用戊巴比妥钠作为麻醉剂。     

三种麻醉剂对小鼠离体子宫平滑肌收缩性影响的比较

目的探讨氨基甲酸乙酯、戊巴比妥钠、水合氯醛3种麻醉剂对小鼠离体子宫平滑肌收缩性的影响。方法将制备的小鼠离体子宫标本置入37℃低钙洛氏液,用BL-410生物机能实验系统记录加麻醉剂前、后及更换低钙洛氏液后各10min的收缩曲线,测量收缩频率和收缩强度,计算运动指数。结果3种麻醉剂对子宫平滑肌的收缩频率、收缩强度、运动指数都有明显的抑制作用,去除麻醉剂后都可恢复收缩。水合氯醛的抑制作用最强,为完全抑制,去除麻醉剂后很长时间才能恢复收缩;戊巴比妥钠的抑制作用最弱,去除麻醉剂后很快恢复收缩,且收缩强度和运动指数的恢复率都最高。3种麻醉剂在抑制率、恢复率上大都呈现量-效关系。结论在以动物子宫为研究对象的实验中宜用戊巴比妥钠作为麻醉剂。     

玉米肽的酶法糖基化修饰及产物溶解性的研究

以玉米醇溶蛋白为原料,先利用Alcalase碱性蛋白酶酶解制备玉米肽,再以转谷氨酰胺酶为催化剂,氨基葡萄糖为酰基受体,通过糖基化反应修饰玉米肽,以接糖量为指标,采用单因素实验和正交实验优化糖基化反应条件,并对修饰产物的溶解性进行研究。结果表明,氨基葡萄糖糖基化修饰玉米肽的最优条件为:反应初始pH 7.7,反应温度44℃,玉米肽质量分数3.5%,玉米肽与氨基葡萄糖质量比1∶3,酶添加量55 U/g(以玉米肽质量计),反应时间7 h。在最优条件下,接糖量为149.60 mg/g。与玉米肽相比,玉米糖肽的溶解性显著增加,尤其是pH 6.0时,玉米糖肽的溶解性增加16.31%。     

大鼠经皮电阻试验在化妆品安全性评价中的应用

目的 探讨大鼠经皮电阻试验在化妆品皮肤腐蚀性/刺激性评价中的应用。方法 依照我国《化妆品安全技术规范》(2015版)中体外皮肤腐蚀性大鼠经皮电阻试验方法, 分别以Wistar大鼠和SD大鼠对7种化学品和5种化妆品进行皮肤腐蚀性检测, 考察该方法在化妆品成品检验中的可行性。结果 两品系大鼠经皮电阻试验判定7种化学品和5种化妆品结论一致, 方法灵敏性100%, 特异性75%, 两品系大鼠判定结果均将异丙醇和十二烷基磺酸钠(20%)判定为假阳性。结论 大鼠经皮电阻试验方法可用于化妆品及其原料皮肤腐蚀性的初筛。     

反相离子对色谱法测定保健食品中硫酸软骨素和盐酸氨基葡萄糖

建立检测保健食品中硫酸软骨素和盐酸氨基葡萄糖含量的反相离子对色谱分析方法。称取样品,以乙腈/水(5/95,v/v)混合溶液进行超声提取,稀释定容后,滤过。采用高效液相色谱法进行测定,以Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq(4.6×250mm,5μm)色谱柱作为分析柱,柱温30℃,流速0.8mL/min,流动相为乙腈/10mmol/L戊烷磺酸钠溶液(5/95,v/v),等度洗脱,以外标法定量。硫酸软骨素和盐酸氨基葡萄糖分别在0.1~0.75mg/mL和0.2~1.5mg/mL的浓度范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数R²分别为0.995和0.998;硫酸软骨素加标回收率在101.2%~105.4%之间,精密度RSD为0.3%;盐酸氨基葡萄糖加标回收率在102.1%~106.0%之间,精密度RSD为0.3%。此方法操作简单,准确性好,重复性好,适用于保健食品中硫酸软骨素和盐酸氨基葡萄糖的含量测定。     

硫酸氨基葡萄糖亚急性毒性研究

目的了解硫酸氨基葡萄糖的毒性。方法 80只SD大鼠分成4组,雌雄各半,试验剂量设为0.75、1.5、3.0 g/kg BW及空白对照组,将受试物均匀拌入饲料中喂养30 d,每周称重,记录饲料消耗量,试验结束时摘眼球采血作血常规及生化指标测定,然后取肝、肾、脾、胃称重,同时作组织病理学检查。结果受试物各剂量组大鼠体重增重、食物利用率与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义;血红蛋白含量、红细胞计数、白细胞计数及白细胞分类均在正常值范围内;血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、尿素、肌酐、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、血糖、总蛋白、白蛋白测定值均在正常值范围内;各剂量组大鼠的肾体比、脾体比、肝体比、睾体比与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义;各剂量组大鼠的肝、肾、胃、脾切片染色后光镜检查结果未见特异性病理改变。结论硫酸氨基葡萄糖喂养30 d对动物机体未产生毒性,提示作为保健食品人们长期服用是安全无毒副作用的。     

硫酸软骨素螯合锌的制备、表征及体外生物活性

本研究利用正交试验优化硫酸软骨素螯合锌制备工艺条件。选用硫酸软骨素与硫酸锌为原料,以锌螯合率为指标,通过单因素实验及正交试验考察pH、反应时间、硫酸软骨素与七水合硫酸锌质量比、反应温度对锌螯合率的影响。采用紫外光谱分析、傅里叶红外光谱分析、扫描电镜分析、热重分析、X射线衍射分析等方法对硫酸软骨素螯合锌进行结构表征。利用体外模拟胃肠消化吸收方法测定硫酸软骨素螯合锌中锌离子的生物利用率。结果表明:硫酸软骨素螯合锌的最佳制备工艺条件为pH4,反应时间1 h,硫酸软骨素与七水合硫酸锌质量比1:1,反应温度30 ℃,此条件下锌螯合率为（80.6%±1.31%）。紫外光谱分析结合红外光谱分析显示,锌离子与硫酸软骨素的羟基、羧基、磺酸基结合,形成硫酸软骨素螯合锌螯合物;扫描电镜分析及X射线衍射分析表明硫酸软骨素螯合锌的微观形貌为具有晶体结构的微颗粒;热重分析证明硫酸软骨素螯合锌的热稳定性优于硫酸软骨素。体外模拟消化吸收分析结果表明:硫酸软骨素螯合锌中锌离子在胃肠道中的溶解率与透过率均高于无机锌盐,硫酸软骨素螯合锌具有更好的生物利用率。该研究结果可为开发新型补锌剂提供研究思路和理论依据。     

Sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionation during benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene degradation by sulfate-reducing bacteria

We examined the oxygen and sulfur isotope fractionation of sulfate during anaerobic degradation of toluene by sulfate-reducing bacteria in culture experiments with Desulfobacula toluolica as a type strain and with an enrichment culture Zz5-7 obtained from a benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX)-contaminated aquifer. Sulfur isotope fractionation can show considerable variation upon sulfate reduction and may react extremely sensitively to changes in environmental conditions. In contrast, oxygen isotope fractionation seems to be less sensitive to environmental changes. Our results clearly indicate that oxygen isotope fractionation is dominated by isotope exchange with ambient water. To verify our experimental results and to test the applicability of oxygen and sulfur isotope investigations under realistic field conditions, we evaluated isotope data from two BTEX-contaminated aquifers presented in the recent literature. On a field scale, bacterial sulfate reduction may be superimposed by processes such as dispersion, adsorption, reoxidation, or mixing. The dual isotope approach enables the identification of such sulfur transformation processes. This identification is vital for a general qualitative evaluation of the natural attenuation potential of the contaminated aquifer.     

Effect of a dietary supplement containing glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin sulfate and quercetin glycosides on symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

BACKGROUND: Oral glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, alone and in combination, have been used worldwide for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), but their efficacy is controversial. This clinical study was aimed at investigating the potential of a dietary supplement containing glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in combination with derivatives of quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, (GCQ supplement) for knee OA care. RESULTS: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study was conducted in 40 Japanese subjects with symptomatic knee OA. Subjects were randomly assigned to GCQ supplement (1200 mg glucosamine hydrochloride, 60 mg chondroitin sulfate and 45 mg quercetin glycosides per day) or placebo and the treatment and follow‐up were continued for 16 weeks. The results of symptomatic efficacy assessment based on Japanese Orthopaedic Association criteria showed that scores for two of the four symptom/function subscales, as well as the aggregate scores, were significantly improved at week 16 or earlier in the GCQ group compared to the placebo group. Moreover, analyses of cartilage metabolism biomarkers showed a trend of improvement in type II collagen synthesis/degradation balance in the GCQ group during follow‐up. CONCLUSION: GCQ supplement was thought to be more effective than placebo in decreasing the intensity of knee OA‐associated clinical symptoms. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Why is sodium cocoyl isethionate (SCI) mild to the skin barrier?–An in vitro investigation based on the relative sizes of the SCI micelles and the skin aqueous pores

Sodium cocoyl isethionate (SCI) is an important surfactant ingredient in mild, syndet (synthetic detergent) cleansing bars. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that SCI is mild and less damaging to the skin barrier than soaps and surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). We have recently shown that SDS forms small micelles in aqueous solutions contacting the skin relative to the aqueous pores in the stratum corneum (SC), and as a result, the SDS micelles can contribute to SDS skin penetration and induce skin barrier perturbation. In this paper, we attempt to explain the well-documented skin mildness of SCI by examining the size of the SCI micelles relative to that of the aqueous pores in the SC. For this purpose, we have conducted in vitro mannitol skin permeability and average skin electrical resistivity measurements upon exposure of the skin to an aqueous SCI contacting solution in the context of a hindered-transport aqueous porous pathway model of the SC. These in vitro studies demonstrate that an SCI micelle of radius 33.5 ± 1 Å (as determined using dynamic light-scattering measurements) experiences significant steric hindrance and cannot penetrate into the SC through aqueous pores that have an average radius of 29 ± 5 Å.We believe that this inability of the SCI micelles to contribute to SCI skin penetration and associated skin barrier perturbation is responsible for the observed skin mildness of SCI. Through in vitro quantitative skin radioactivity assays using ¹⁴C-radiolabeled SCI and pig full-thickness skin (p-FTS), we also show conclusively that SCI skin penetration is dose-independent, an important finding that provides additional evidence that the larger SCI micelles cannot penetrate into the SC through the smaller aqueous pores that exist in the SC, and therefore, cannot induce skin barrier perturbation.     

Survey of stable sulfur isotope ratios (34S/32S) of sulfite and sulfate in foods

A study was conducted to determine the natural abundance sulfur isotope ratios in foods containing sulphite preservatives. This involved determining (1) the accuracy and repeatability of sulfur isotope ratios measured using an elemental analyser (EA) coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS); and (2) the isotope ratios of 21 samples of commercially available S(IV) oxo-anion compounds, nine samples of S(VI) sulfate salts and the isotope ratios of the sulfate obtained by modified Monier-Williams distillation of SO₂ from 33 retail foods containing sulfite preservatives. The sulfur isotope ratio data for SO₂ recovered from foodstuffs showed a large spread of results, which suggested that the SO₂ derived from sulfite preservatives does not have a distinctive sulfur signature ratio. The range of results (3.1-52.1) overlapped with that found for a range of commercially available sulfite and sulfate reagents commonly used to preserve food (sulfites 2.5-13.7, sulfates 10.0-16.9). Whilst the variability in isotope ratios originated from the food samples themselves, evidence from the analysis of SO₂ gas suggested that isotope fractionation during dissolution, reaction and recovery was also a confounding factor.     

The role of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles in inducing skin barrier perturbation in the presence of glycerol

The stratum corneum (SC) serves as the skin barrier between the body and the environment. When the skin is contacted with an aqueous solution of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a well‐known model skin irritant, SDS penetrates into the skin and disrupts this barrier. It is well established, both in vitro and in vivo, that the SDS skin penetration is dose‐dependent, and that it increases with an increase in the total SDS concentration above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDS. However, when we added the humectant glycerol at a concentration of 10 wt% to the aqueous SDS contacting solution, we observed, through in vitro quantitative skin radioactivity assays using ¹⁴C‐radiolabeled SDS, that the dose dependence in SDS skin penetration is almost completely eliminated. To rationalize this important observation, which may also be related to the well‐known beneficial effects of glycerol on skin barrier perturbation in vivo, we hypothesize that the addition of 10 wt% glycerol may hinder the ability of the SDS micelles to penetrate into the skin barrier through aqueous pores that exist in the SC. To test this hypothesis, we conducted mannitol skin permeability as well as average skin electrical resistivity measurements in vitro upon exposure of the skin to an aqueous SDS contacting solution and to an aqueous SDS + 10 wt% glycerol contacting solution in the context of a hindered‐transport aqueous porous pathway model of the SC. Our in vitro studies demonstrated that the addition of 10 wt% glycerol: (i) reduces the average aqueous pore radius resulting from exposure of the skin to the aqueous SDS contacting solution from 33 ± 5Å to 20 ± 5Å, such that a SDS micelle of radius 18.5 ± 1Å (as determined using dynamic light‐scattering measurements) experiences significant steric hindrance and cannot penetrate into the SC, and (ii) reduces the number density of aqueous pores in the SC by more than 50%, thereby further reducing the ability of the SDS micelles to penetrate into the SC and perturb the skin barrier.