制浆造纸废水处理及中水回用工程实例

国内某新建造纸企业配套废水处理站设计规模60000 m³/d，废水处理采用预处理+好氧生物处理+混凝沉淀+Fenton氧化处理工艺，出水COD_Cr≤50 mg/L，SS≤13 mg/L，直接进入后续中水回用单元；中水回用单元采用预处理+超滤反渗透工艺进行处理，反渗透出水COD_Cr≤10 mg/L，TDS≤180 mg/L，系统中水回收率70%，脱盐率97%。回用水送至厂区原水池，为企业新增用水源1512万m³/a，约占企业总用水量的50%，极大地缓解了企业用水压力。     

流动床-活性焦曝气生物滤池深度处理造纸废水

以活性焦为曝气生物滤池填料,采用流动床-活性焦曝气生物滤池工艺对天津某造纸厂废水（车间外排造纸白水和少量脱墨废水,COD_Cr 500~800 mg/L,色度300~500倍）进行处理。试验结果表明,流动床-活性焦曝气生物滤池运行过程中出水水质稳定,出水COD_Cr为29.2 mg/L（进水COD_Cr平均值为547.8 mg/L）,COD_Cr去除率为94.7%,色度为20倍（进水色度平均值为480倍）,色度去除率为95.8%,达到《制浆造纸工业水污染排放标准》（GB 3544—2008）的要求。     

微生物燃料电池电极对处理OCC废水的作用

研究了微生物燃料电池（MFCs）中电子传递和电极面积对OCC废水处理效果的影响。当进水COD_Cr为3000 mg/L、电极面积为40 cm²时,MFCs反应器和开路MFCs反应器的COD_Cr去除率分别为93.9%和83.7%,阳极微生物的电子传递作用能够促进有机物的降解；当进水COD_Cr为2000 mg/L、电极面积分别为40和108 cm²时,MFCs反应器获得的最大功率密度分别为292.4和96.6 mW/m²,优于进水COD_Cr为1000和3000 mg/L的MFCs反应器；电极面积越大,产生的输出电压越高,有机物的去除率越高。     

超滤膜在造纸工业废水处理中的应用

研究了有机高分子超滤膜处理废水（制浆黑液与造纸白水）的工艺，并对膜的截留相对分子质量、过滤次数、废水的pH值等影响处理效果的因素进行了探讨。研究结果表明，单独使用超滤膜处理，可使酸析木素后制浆黑液的COD_Cr降为614 mg/L，白水的COD_Cr 降为460 mg/L，不能满足排放标准的要求；而先用混凝法预处理再用超滤膜处理，当膜的截留相对分子质量达到2000时，酸析木素后制浆黑液的CODCr降为61 mg/L，白水的COD_Cr降为49 mg/L，可以达到GB3544—2008排放标准的要求。     

絮凝沉淀与生物曝气滤池结合处理杨木心材生物化学机械法制浆废水

本研究利用白腐菌Trametes sp.48424预处理杨木心材,结合絮凝沉淀与生物曝气滤池（BAF）,处理化学机械法制浆过程中产生的综合废水,研究废水回用对生物化学机械法制浆及BAF的影响,探究处理后废水回用的可行性。结果表明,采用白腐菌预处理技术,能够抵消添加2%（相对于原料绝干质量）的NaOH所产生的COD_Cr。絮凝沉淀处理后,COD_Cr的最高去除率为49.9%。BAF处理后COD_Cr最高去除率可达91.8%,出水COD_Cr浓度降至39.8 mg/L,达到制浆废水回用和排放的标准。废水回用会降低BAF的整体效率,且处理后的废水回用于制浆系统,对浆料的成纸性能也会产生一定的影响;回用1次后出水COD_Cr浓度升至76.3 mg/L,故处理后的废水只能回用1次。     

碳泡沫阴极电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水研究

本研究通过蔗糖发泡-碳化工艺制备了碳泡沫阴极材料并应用于电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对碳泡沫阴极表面形貌和化学结构进行表征。以COD_Cr去除率为评价指标,考察了阴极材料、反应时间、初始pH值、Fe²⁺投加量和电流密度对造纸废水深度处理效果的影响。结果表明,碳泡沫由大量孔洞结构堆叠而成,表面存在含氧官能团。反应时间180 min、pH值3、Fe²⁺投加量0.5 mmol/L、电流密度200 mA/cm²时,以碳泡沫为阴极的电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水的COD_Cr去除率最高,达到88.4%,相比常规碳毡阴极提高了1.3倍。以碳泡沫为阴极的电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水法具有良好的稳定性,10次循环的COD_Cr去除率均超过85%,效率降低率不超过5%。     

麦草浆制浆造纸废水难降解有机物成分鉴定

麦草浆制浆造纸废水可生化性差，采用混凝-加核絮凝组合工艺处理后，出水COD_Cr仍偏高，而COD_Cr残留问题一直是困扰制浆造纸企业水处理的难点。为探究其成因，采用气相色谱与质谱联用（GC-MS）全扫描有机物定性分析方法对处理前后的废水进行了分析。结果表明，处理后废水COD_Cr偏高主要是由留在水中未被成功去除的小分子有机物所致，如邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯和邻苯二甲酸单乙基己酯等；通过测定处理前后废水UV254，间接反映出混凝-加核絮凝组合工艺对麦草浆制浆造纸废水中难降解大分子芳烃类有机污染物有较好的去除效果，同时提高了其可生化性。     

纳米TiO2胶体絮凝-光催化氧化-砂滤深度处理造纸废水研究

研究了纳米TiO₂胶体絮凝-光催化氧化-砂滤深度处理造纸废水的效果。分析了絮凝剂的选择和用量、光催化剂用量、光催化时间和外加氧化剂等对废水COD_Cr去除效果的影响；研究证实了样品中残留微量纳米TiO₂胶体对COD_Cr测定的影响，并利用砂滤除去。实验结果表明，以用量为0.01%(相对于废水质量，下同)的纳米TiO₂胶体为絮凝剂对经序列间歇式活性污泥法（SBR）处理后的造纸废水进行处理，在光催化剂用量（质量分数）0.05%，曝气并紫外光照射2 h时，沉降后的上层液体经过砂滤，废水COD_Cr从210 mg/L降到43.0 mg/L。     

高级氧化集成技术深度处理造纸废水工艺研究

本课题介绍一种活性炭吸附+芬顿氧化+臭氧催化氧化的高级氧化集成技术,并将其应用于造纸废水处理。结果表明,最佳处理条件为：活性炭添加量为0.5 g/L,吸附时间30 min,COD_Cr去除率达60%;芬顿氧化工艺处理活性炭吸附出水时,H₂O₂添加量为0.25 g/L,n(Fe²⁺):n(H₂O₂)=1:4、反应时间为1 h,COD_Cr去除率最高可达到32%;臭氧催化氧化处理芬顿氧化出水时,臭氧浓度为10%,H₂O₂加入量为0.1 g/L,气液比为2:1,反应时间为1.0 h,去除效果最佳。该高级氧化集成技术可将废水COD_Cr从180 mg/L降至25 mg/L,去除率为86.1%;达到地表水准Ⅳ类,综合运行成本为8.9元/t。     

Al2O3负载ZnO催化臭氧氧化处理造纸废水的研究

将ZnO负载在Al₂O₃上，制备用于催化臭氧降解造纸废水中有机物的催化剂（Al₂O₃@ZnO）；采用场发射扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）对Al₂O₃@ZnO催化剂进行物相分析；研究了造纸废水的初始pH值、反应时间和催化剂用量对Al₂O₃@ZnO催化臭氧氧化处理造纸废水效果的影响；并进行了自由基捕集剂叔丁醇实验，以探讨降解造纸废水中有机物的主要因素。结果表明，本研究成功制备了具有良好催化性能的Al₂O₃@ZnO催化剂；在造纸废水初始pH值为11、催化剂用量为2.0 g/L、反应时间为60 min的条件下，Al₂O₃@ZnO催化剂对造纸废水中COD_Cr的去除率可达到84.6％，与单独使用臭氧氧化方法相比，COD_Cr去除率明显提高，且COD_Cr的动力学降解反应遵循准一级动力学方程；叔丁醇的实验结果表明，在Al₂O₃@ZnO催化臭氧氧化处理造纸废水有机物的过程中，羟基自由基是降解废水有机物的主要因素。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.