砂仁多糖提取及其生物活性研究进展

砂仁是姜科草本植物，其中品质最佳的当属阳春砂仁。作为药食同源的植物，砂仁主治脾胃气滞、宿食不消、腹痛痞胀，噎膈呕吐，寒泻冷痢。砂仁具有多糖、挥发性油和黄酮类等多种成分，其中多糖是砂仁中重要的活性物质，现代研究证明，多糖具有提高机体免疫力，调节淋巴细胞等功效，已经成为食品、医药及生物等领域的研究热点。砂仁多糖的提取方法与其提取率和生物活性密切相关，为了明确不同提取方法对砂仁多糖提取率的影响，本文对溶液提取法、超声波辅助提取法和微波提取法3种主要的砂仁多糖的提取方法及其生物活性进行综述，为后续砂仁多糖进一步研究提供参考和借鉴，以便于药食两用的砂仁多糖在日常生活中能广泛应用。     

药食同源原料发酵酒的研究进展

药食同源原料发酵酒富含活性物质,具有较高的营养价值。本文在总结研究的基础上,对药食同源原料在发酵酒中的应用、发酵工艺、发酵过程中主要活性物质变化及原因、发酵酒的功能活性评价研究进展进行综述,以期为药食同源原料发酵酒的深入研究提供参考,进一步提高药食同源酒类产品的附加价值。     

药食同源中药抗衰老研究进展

"药食同源"即"医食同源,药食同根",药食同源中药兼具了丰富的营养价值和药用价值。近年来,对药食同源中药进行抗衰老研究的报道越来越多,药食同源中药所具有的抗衰老活性也逐渐被人们所认知,因此将其开发成抗衰老药物具有广阔的发展前景。本文以药食同源中药为研究对象,通过其抗氧化活性以及已报道药食同源中药抗衰老研究的文献数量,筛选出可以用作抗衰老研究的中药;同时,以衰老机制为基础,对药食同源中药的研究进行综述,并对其今后的研究方向进行展望。     

乳酸菌生物转化药食同源植物活性成分研究进展

随着人们对营养与健康意识的不断提高,植物基食品尤其是药食同源类植物近年来受到极大关注,其主要活性物质包括皂苷、黄酮、多糖及挥发油等,而作为传统及现代食品发酵工业中常用发酵剂菌种的乳酸菌,属于人体肠道内固有有益微生物,具有良好的生物转化及促进人体健康的作用。因此,利用具有高安全性的乳酸菌发酵转化药食同源植物以产生更多活性物质来提高功效已成为研究热点之一。本文从生物转化作用及转化机制的角度,重点阐述了乳酸菌对药食同源植物皂苷、黄酮及多糖类化合物的生物转化作用,旨在为乳酸菌生物转化药食同源植物活性成分的相关研究及其产品开发提供思路。     

药食同源中药抗衰老研究进展

"药食同源"即"医食同源,药食同根",药食同源中药兼具了丰富的营养价值和药用价值。近年,对药食同源中药进行抗衰老研究的报道越来越多,药食同源中药所具有的抗衰老活性也逐渐被认知,因此将其开发成抗衰老药物具有广阔的发展前景。本文综述了药食同源中药抗衰老的研究进展,抗衰老的作用机制,及其在抗衰老中的应用,为抗衰老研究工作的后续开展提供借鉴。     

“药食同源”植物酵素研究进展

"药食同源"植物酵素含有丰富的有益菌和活性成分,结合了药食两用植物的药效作用和酵素食品的营养保健功能,成为近年来酵素产品开发的新热点。该文在总结前人研究的基础上,综述了"药食同源"植物酵素的主要微生物和酶类、活性成分、保健作用、发酵工艺等方面的研究进展,以期对"药食同源"植物酵素的深入开发和研究提供参考。     

炮制对药食同源植物功能成分和活性的影响

药食同源植物兼具药用和食用价值，毒副作用小，应用前景广阔。目前国内外对药食同源植物的研究从整体疗效的判定深入到了对特定活性成分的定性定量和构效关系研究。经炮制后，药食同源植物中的化学成分组成、含量和功效活性都会发生改变。目前，有关炮制对药食同源植物功能成分的含量和功效等影响尚未有系统的总结，实际应用时常根据经验选择炮制方法，缺少理论支撑。因此，本文分析并总结了蒸制、炒制、炙制等多种炮制方法对常见药食同源植物中主要功能成分，如多糖、黄酮类化合物、皂苷、有机酸等含量的影响，及其对抗氧化能力、免疫活性和改善肠胃功能等功效活性的影响，为合理选择炮制方法提供参考依据。     

基于雌激素靶标的药食同源中药抗骨质疏松活性网络药理学初探

药食同源中药以其广泛的生物活性和安全的可食性越来越受到人们的关注。如何快速筛选并明确其活性成分一直是科学研究的热点。以15种药食同源中药为对象,应用网络药理学的方法,在前期工作中确定的中药雌激素相关靶标的基础上,通过构建化学成分数据库,预测生物口服利用度,计算类药性,构建分子对接及化合物-靶标网络,筛选具有潜在抗骨质疏松活性的中药,明确其具有雌激素样作用的活性成分。结果表明,15种药食同源中药的1 502个化学成分中,共有12种药食同源中药的361个化学成分(24%)为活性成分。其中,336个活性成分可与11个中药雌激素样作用靶标相互作用。化合物-靶标网络进一步展现了这12种药食同源中药防治骨质疏松的潜在活性。其中,黑芝麻和枸杞的潜在活性成分与靶标作用最密切,青果、山楂、甘草、莲子活性成分与靶标高度连接,表明这些活性化合物在骨质疏松防治功能方面发挥了重要作用。本研究可为药食同源中药抗骨质疏松保健功能的认识及开发提供新方法和理论依据。     

药食同源植物多糖提取方法、结构解析和生物活性研究进展

药食同源植物多糖具有抗氧化、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、降糖和降脂等多种生物活性，是当前食品领域的研究热点。药食同源植物多糖的来源、提取工艺和分子结构均对多糖的生物活性有显著影响。该文总结近年来药食同源植物多糖的研究进展，以期为充分挖掘药食同源植物资源、开发富含活性多糖功能食品的研究提供重要的理论基础。     

4种降血糖药食同源原料研究进展

该文对4种降血糖药食同源原料（桑叶、葛根、桔梗、枸杞）的活性成分及其作用机制进行综述，将目前市场上的降血糖食品及研究进展进行汇总，指出药食同源降血糖食品开发前景和方向，以期为药食同源原料在降血糖产品中的应用提供理论基础。     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Fungicides in forestry in Great Britain

In Great Britain, fungicides are used in the forest only for the control of root and stem rot, caused by Fames annosus. In forest nurseries they are erriployed on a small scale to control damping-off, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), needle-cast of pine caused by Lophodermium pinastri, needle-cast of larch caused by Meria laricis, needle blight of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) caused by Didymascella thujina, and oak mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides).