整本图书脱酸工艺的研究

应用真空微波干燥技术,对整本图书脱酸工艺进行实验研究。通过测定脱酸前后及热老化后纸张的pH值、抗张强度、色差及对纸张纤维变化的分析来判定脱酸效果。结果表明,整本图书在真空度为-0.1 MPa的条件下,在自制脱酸液中浸泡60 min,并在真空微波干燥箱800 W和60℃的条件下干燥,可达到脱酸要求。     

整本图书水溶液法脱酸研究

介绍了纸质文物的酸化情况和国内外日前常见的脱酸方法,对整本图书水溶液法脱酸的工艺进行实验研究.并对脱酸前后纸张的pH值等理化性能进行对比,用CCD、SEM、IR等分析了纸张纤维的变化.结果表明,应用真空微波干燥技术的整本图书水溶液脱酸是可行的.     

响应面法优化青椒微波-真空冷冻联合干燥工艺及品质分析

该研究采用微波-真空冷冻联合干燥方式对青椒进行干制,研究微波功率、中间转换点含水率及真空冷冻干燥时间对青椒干燥产品维生素C含量、感官评分、复水比及a*的影响。通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化微波-真空冷冻联合干燥工艺,并对青椒联合干燥产品的营养成分、风味进行了比较分析。最后研究了微波-真空冷冻联合干燥、微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥对青椒干燥品质的影响。结果表明,联合干燥的最佳工艺条件为微波功率381.17 W,中间转换点含水率61.81%,真空冷冻干燥时间12.04 h。3种青椒联合干燥产品在营养成分和风味上分别具有一定差异性。微波-真空冷冻联合干燥和真空冷冻干燥的青椒产品在质构、青椒组织微观结构、部分理化指标方面均优于微波干燥的青椒产品。     

真空微波干燥对南美白对虾虾仁品质的影响

试验研究了真空微波干燥南美白对虾虾仁的工艺,观察微波功率、预干燥时间、装载量对虾仁品质的影响,并在此基础上采用混合正交的实验方法进一步优化真空微波干燥虾仁的条件。实验结果表明,微波功率、预干燥时间、装载量对南美白对虾虾仁的复水比、水分活度、弹性和感官评分都有一定的影响,其中影响的主次顺序为微波功率最大,装载量次之,预干燥时间最小。最适宜的真空微波干燥条件为微波功率500 W,装载量100 g,预干燥时间20 min得到的产品感官评分最高。     

甘薯片真空微波干燥工艺的优化

为了获得高品质的膨化甘薯脆片,对真空微波干燥甘薯片工艺进行优化研究.在预干燥甘薯片水分含量、真空度、微波功率和加热时间对真空微波干燥甘薯片品质影响的单因素试验基础上,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计优化真空微波干燥甘薯片的工艺条件.研究结果表明,适宜的水分含量、微波功率和加热时间可以提高甘薯片的膨化率和脆度,高真空度较利于甘薯片膨化;最佳真空微波干燥甘薯片的工艺参数组合为:预干燥甘薯片水分含量31.23％,微波功率771.38 W,微波加热时间39 s,真空度0.085 MPa.     

超声波辅助提取低褐变程度香蕉皮中总酚的研究

本试验首先比较了微波真空干燥、真空冷冻干燥以及热风干燥对香蕉皮干燥后褐变程度的影响。其次,以微波真空干燥得到的香蕉皮为原料,采用正交试验对香蕉皮总酚的提取工艺进行研究,确定了超声波辅助提取香蕉皮中总酚的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:微波真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥的香蕉皮褐变程度远低于热风干燥。香蕉皮中总酚的最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比1:20(g/mL)、60%的乙醇溶液、70℃条件下超声波(固定功率120 W)作用40 min,总多酚提取率最高,香蕉皮总酚的提取量达36.95 mg/g(干基)。     

预冷冻处理对微波真空干燥下菠萝蜜和胡萝卜果蔬干干燥特性和品质特性的影响研究

果蔬原料含糖量的差异容易影响干燥过程并对产品品质产生影响。文章通过对两种典型的高糖菠萝蜜和低糖胡萝卜果蔬原料在微波真空干燥下的干燥特性与品质特性的研究,探讨了预冷冻处理对果蔬干的干燥特性(干燥速率和干基含水率)和品质特性(膨化率、硬度、脆度、组织结构、感官品质)的影响。结果表明:与未处理果干相比,在干燥前期,预冷冻处理均提高了菠萝蜜和胡萝卜果干的干燥速率,当微波功率为0.5 W/g和1.5 W/g时,预冷冻处理后的菠萝蜜果干的干燥速率提高了1.04倍和1.13倍,预冷冻处理后的胡萝卜果干的干燥速率提高了1.18倍和1.24倍;微波功率越高,干燥速率提高越明显,且菠萝蜜果干的干燥速率提升程度远小于胡萝卜果干,说明果蔬的含糖量对于果蔬制品的干燥效率具有很大的影响,果蔬干制品的品质特性同样受到微波功率及原料含糖量的影响。与未处理果干相比,预冷冻处理的菠萝蜜果干的品质特性无显著差异,胡萝卜果干的品质特性差异性显著(P0.01),膨化率、硬度和脆度分别提高了1.2,0.32,0.94倍。预冷冻处理的菠萝蜜果干样品的表面有糖溢出,容易焦糊,质地较硬,口感不好,影响产品品质,而预冷冻胡萝卜果干颜色鲜艳,表面干燥,质地较好;显然,通过预冷冻提高果蔬干的干燥特性和品质特性是可行的,但其效果受到果蔬原料组织及含糖量的显著影响,综合评价,低含糖量的胡萝卜通过预冷冻处理可获得干燥效率和品质特性更好的产品。     

不同干燥方式燕麦蛋白的性质及对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

为研究添加不同干燥方式处理的燕麦蛋白对肉类食品质构等特性的影响,采用4种不同干燥方法(喷雾干燥、冷冻干燥、真空干燥和微波干燥)处理燕麦蛋白,考察不同干燥方法对燕麦蛋白结构和性质的影响,以及添加不同干燥方法处理的燕麦蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响。结果表明:不同干燥方法对燕麦蛋白的结构及性质影响不同,与喷雾干燥处理的燕麦蛋白相比较,冷冻和微波干燥处理的燕麦蛋白游离氨基和羰基含量显著下降;红外光谱分析结果显示,相比较于冷冻、真空和微波干燥,喷雾干燥处理的燕麦蛋白α-螺旋和β-转角结构含量无显著性差异,但β-折叠结构含量下降而无规则卷曲结构含量上升;荧光光谱分析结果表明,相比较于冷冻和微波干燥,喷雾和真空干燥处理的燕麦蛋白的最大发射波长出现了红移;微波干燥处理的燕麦蛋白表面疏水性最低且溶解性最好。不同干燥方法处理的燕麦蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶性质影响不同,与肌原纤维蛋白相比,添加冷冻、真空和微波干燥处理的燕麦蛋白未改变凝胶温度,而添加喷雾干燥处理的燕麦蛋白凝胶温度降低了2℃; 添加微波、真空和喷雾干燥处理的燕麦蛋白均提高了凝胶的G′ 和G″,表明混合凝胶的弹性和黏性提高,而添加冷冻干燥处理的燕麦蛋白降低了凝胶的黏性和弹性; 扫描电子显微镜结果显示,喷雾干燥处理的燕麦蛋白与肌原纤维蛋白形成的混合凝胶网络具有更为紧密的网状结构,且孔径相对较小,而冷冻干燥处理的燕麦蛋白与肌原纤维蛋白形成的混合凝胶网络较为疏松,孔径相对较大。本研究旨在为功能型肉制品,包括谷物-肉类乳化型肉制品的开发提供一定的技术参数。     

真空微波加工马铃薯脆片的工艺特性

研究了真空度、微波功率、冷冻处理以及不同初始含水量对真空微波加工马铃薯脆片的影响。马铃薯片在真空度 0 0 8MPa时有较好的脆度 ;真空微波处理时间相对于普通微波干燥短 ,而其疏松程度更大一些。冷冻处理可以得到表面平整 ,变形小 ,表面颜色均匀的脆片 ,其断裂力较未冷冻处理脆片小。对由热风干燥得到的不同初始含水量的薯片进行真空微波加工 ,在初始含水量 3 6%左右有较高的膨化率。     

蓝莓冰温微波真空干燥工艺研究

以蓝莓为原料,对蓝莓冰温微波真空干燥工艺进行了研究。通过响应面分析法确定蓝莓冰温微波真空干燥的最佳工艺条件,即微波功率为8.8 W/g,真空压力为654.1 Pa,干燥时间为4.8 h,装料盘转速为78 r/min。采用确定的冰温微波真空干燥工艺干燥蓝莓,与真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥蓝莓进行比较。研究表明,当干燥时间为4.8 h时,冰温微波真空干燥蓝莓的含水率为4.2%,比真空冷冻干燥速度快;冰温微波真空干燥蓝莓的感官品质优于热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥蓝莓,并且与热风干燥蓝莓差异显著。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.