利用基因敲除技术破坏酿酒酵母乙醇脱氢酶Ⅱ基因的初步研究

文中采用醋酸锂转化法，将一段目的基因转入到酵母体内，破坏酵母乙醇脱氢酶Ⅱ基因的表达。通过对目的基因的扩增和乙醇脱氢酶Ⅱ酶活检测验证基因敲除情况，并通过传代抗性试验验证突变株遗传稳定性良好。     

不同代数啤酒酵母对啤酒风味的影响

对不同代数4株啤酒酵母的发酵性能及其对啤酒风味物质的影响展开了研究。通过研究发现,随着酵母的不断传代,酵母的遗传稳定性会发生相应的变化。一般而言,二、三代酵母活性较高,产风味物质的量较为协调。     

小牛凝乳酶原基因在乳酸克鲁维酵母中的表达及遗传稳定性研究

目的:构建小牛凝乳酶原乳酸克鲁维酵母分泌型表达载体,表达重组凝乳酶原.方法:通过PCR获得小牛凝乳酶原cDNA片段,将目的基因插入酵母表达载体pKLAC1 α结合因子分泌信号下游,得到重组载体pKLAC1-prochymosin.SacII线性化后氯化锂转化乳酸克鲁维酵母GG799,用含5mmol/L乙酰胺的YCB固体培养基筛选转化酵母菌,PCR鉴定目的基因,利用特异性引物筛选多拷贝转化子.阳性转化子经摇瓶表达,取上清TCA沉淀后做Tricine SDS-PAGE分析并检测凝乳酶的活力,通过检测阳性转化子产凝乳酶的活力考察其遗传稳定性.结果:经测序及PCR证实,凝乳酶原cDNA准确插入酵母表达载体pKLAC1中,转化后重组载体通过同源重组整合进入酵母基因组中.Tricine SDS-PAGE分析证明凝乳酶的分子量约为36kD,酸处理后测得培养基中凝乳酶的酶活为83SU/ml,阳性转化子遗传稳定性好.结论:成功构建出酵母表达载体pKLAC1-prochymosin,在培养基中获得分泌的重组凝乳酶原,经过酸处理后凝乳酶原转化为有活性的凝乳酶.     

解脂酵母中POX3基因的敲除研究

对耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)中编码与γ-癸内酯合成相关的乙酰辅酶A氧化酶基因(POX1-POX5)中的POX3基因用Cre/loxP同源重组系统进行敲除.设计含有60个核苷酸与POX3基因的ORF两侧序列同源的长引物,以pUG6为模板构建带有loxP-KanMX-loxP系统的敲除组件,之后转化耶氏酵母,通过PCR确定阳性克隆子.将质粒pSH65转入阳性克隆子,半乳糖诱导表达Cre酶以切除KanMX基因.最后在YPD培养基中传代丢失pSH65质粒,获得POX3缺陷型菌株.由于在解脂酵母中表达生产γ-癸内酯直接牵扯到若干个需要抑制的基因,单独缺失其中的一个基因理论上可能实现不了产量的极大值.本研究为进一步构建组合敲除准备了条件.     

多基因整合型载体转化酿酒酵母生物合成白藜芦醇

目的:以整合型载体p RS303K为框架,以来源于拟南芥的4-香豆酰辅酶A连接酶基因(4cl)和巨峰葡萄的白藜芦醇合酶基因(rs)为目标基因,采用一步等温法构建了表达白藜芦醇的整合型酵母表达载体p RS303KT4C-TRC。方法:采用Li Ac/SS carrier DNA/PEG转化法把表达载体成功转化酿酒酵母工业型菌株EC1118,经筛选和PCR鉴定获得酵母工程菌株EC1118-303K-T4C-TRC。酵母工程菌株采用添加和不添加抗生素的发酵培养。结果:在培养基添加抗生素和不加抗生素的发酵液中白藜芦醇的含量分别为3.4110 mg/L和3.4710 mg/L,两者差异不显著。结论:两个关键酶基因成功整合到酵母的染色体基因组中并得到表达,工程菌株在传代中不受选择压力影响,稳定组合表达白藜芦醇。     

重组人超氧化物岐化酶基因工程菌稳定性研究

目的:研究重组人超氧化物岐化酶毕赤酵母基因工程菌的遗传稳定性。方法:基因工程菌连续传代50次,每10代取样保藏菌种,通过对菌株形态、菌落形态、质粒稳定性、目的基因的PCR鉴定,蛋白表达的SDS-PAGE鉴定来评价工程菌的稳定性。结果:在连续传代50代的过程中,菌株、落形态与原始工程菌相比无明显差异,质粒保有率高,PCR鉴定结果显示,重组载体携带目的基因传至50代未消失,SDS-PAGE结果表明,传至50代蛋白表达量无明显差异。结论:该工程菌有良好的遗传稳定性。     

酵母形态大小对酵母活性和发酵性能影响的研究

从形态上将啤酒酿造的回收酵母分为中等和偏小两类。本文研究这两种不同形态酵母的活性及其酿造性能的差别。结果表明形态偏小的酵母染色率高,采用单细胞挑选、培养后发现形态偏小酵母的平板存活率低;酵母传代发酵试验显示,形态偏小酵母菌株产生高级醇和酯的方差高,其第3代酵母发酵成熟时发酵度比第1、2代高3％,这表明形态偏小酵母均一性和酿造性能稳定性较差。而形态中等的酵母菌株发酵性能稳定,代谢产生的风味物质一致性好。     

构建人Cu,Zn-SOD毕赤酵母转化子及其高表达研究

设计人Cu,Zn-SOD酵母偏爱密码子并化学合成,与pPIC9K连接,构建酵母偏爱密码子的人Cu,Zn-SOD基因真核表达载体,通过电转化和持续加压筛选毕赤酵母GS115高拷贝转化子,获得的重组高表达酵母菌株建立主种子批。经Southern blot鉴定,基因拷贝数提高2～8倍,活性检测显示提高2～4倍。重组菌的目的基因拷贝数与表达产物呈正相关;表达产物为二聚体,其分子质量为40kD左右,低糖基化,均为分泌表达。Western blot法分析,对Cu,Zn-SOD抗体具有特异性反应。转化子在培养16h后进入对数生长期,24h后进入生长稳定期;转化子培养20h左右进行诱导表达最为合适。高拷贝的3株重组菌经50次传代后插入的目的基因保持稳定;Cu,Zn-SOD转化子用正交试验筛选摇瓶的诱导表达条件,经诱导表达,Cu,Zn-SOD表达上清最高活性大于600U/mL。确立最适摇瓶培养条件为pH6.0、30℃、体积分数1.5%甲醇诱导72h测得上清的目的蛋白表达最好,表明构建了高表达菌株。     

热带假丝酵母ctfat1p基因在吸收脂肪族化合物中的功能研究

以热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)1798中的ctfat1p基因为研究对象,利用重叠PCR将ctfat1p基因内约500 bp片段与G418抗性基因(kanr)相连接,经末端单酶切后电转化至C. tropicalis 1798感受态细胞中,通过一次同源单交换,将抗性基因kanr插入至ctfat1p基因内部,实现目的基因的敲除,并通过发酵实验分析Ctfat1p在热带假丝酵母脂肪酸跨膜转运过程中的功能。结果表明,经过G418抗性筛选和基因组PCR鉴定,成功获得ctfat1p基因缺失菌株C. tropicalis 1798 Δctfat1p;分析发现ctfat1p基因敲除对C. tropicalis 1798以油脂为底物培养12 h后重组菌OD600 nm值仅为野生型菌株的47.9%,表明ctfat1p基因敲除后影响C. tropicalis 1798对油脂吸收利用。通过基因敲除手段构建ctfat1p基因缺失菌株,可以减弱细胞对长链脂肪酸的摄取,验证了ctfat1p基因为热带假丝酵母油脂吸收和利用的关键基因。     

利用单灭活原生质体融合技术选育降酸能力强的葡萄酒酵母

目的:选育既有较好的发酵性能,又有较强的降酸能力的葡萄酒酵母菌种用于葡萄酒的生产。方法:通过发酵性能好的长城葡萄酒酵母单倍体L13(Lys-)(赖氨酸缺陷型)的原生质体与灭活的降酸能力强的粟酒裂殖酵母1685(Ino-)(肌醇缺陷型)的原生质体进行融合实验,然后通过传代稳定性、降酸鉴定及发酵实验,选育既有较好的发酵性能,又有较强的降酸能力的葡萄酒酵母菌种。结果:得到28株融合子,融合率为6.8×10-7,最终获得了1株传代稳定的融合子G8,降酸率为30.4%。结论:利用单灭活原生质体融合技术,选育出1株发酵力强、降酸性能好葡萄酒酵母菌株。     

单核细胞性李斯特菌基因dal的敲除及其生物学特性初步分析

在单核细胞性李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)野生株EGDe act A及inl B双基因缺失株(EGDeΔact AΔinl B)的基础上,利用同源重组的方法进一步构建了缺失营养基因dal的菌株(EGDe Δact AΔinl BΔdal),并对该缺失菌株生长状态、毒力基因表达水平、生物被膜的形成量及细胞侵袭等方面作进一步分析。结果显示,37℃摇床培养6 h后,缺失株的菌浓度显著低于EGDe Δact AΔinl B(P0.001),培养基中补充D-丙氨酸的缺失株生长速率与亲本株相比无显著差异;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应结果显示,缺失株的sig B基因表达水平变化最明显(P0.01),约下调90%;缺失株生物被膜形成量显著增加(P0.05),培养基补充D-丙氨酸后缺失株生物被膜的生成量与亲本株相比无差异;对Coca-2细胞的侵袭无影响,表明该基因对细菌生长能力及生物被膜形成具有重要的调控作用,并不影响菌株对细胞的侵袭力。此缺失株的构建为进一步研究基因dal的功能提供了理论支持。     

Isolation and genetic determination of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant that produces an endo-polygalacturonase

A Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant that produces an endo-polygalacturonase (PGase) was isolated. The PGase gene was revealed to be located on chromosome X in both the mutant and its parental strain. The 5'-upstream region of the PGase gene in the mutant was entirely identical with that of its parent. Crossing of the mutant with a PGase-negative strain showed that the phenotype of PGase production was recessive. These results suggest that the mutant is rendered defective in a transacting factor that normally represses the expression of the PGase gene.     

A high-efficiency method to replace essential genes with mutant alleles in yeast

Temperature-sensitive (TS), internally deleted and truncated alleles are important tools to facilitate the characterization of essential genes. We have developed a straightforward method to replace a wild-type gene with a mutant allele at the endogenous locus. This method is an efficient alternative to the two-step method for integration of alleles that are compromised in function or contain multiple mutations. A strain is constructed that has the essential gene of interest disrupted by a selectable marker. Strain viability is maintained by a plasmid carrying a copy of the essential wild-type gene and the ADE3 gene. The mutant allele is cloned into an integratable vector carrying a selectable/counter-selectable marker, such as URA3. The plasmid is linearized and transformed, directing integration to the 5' or 3' region flanking the essential open reading frame (ORF). Transformants that have integrated the mutant gene at the endogenous locus can lose the autonomous plasmid carrying the wild-type copy of the essential gene and the ADE3 gene. These transformants are identifiable as white sectoring colonies, display the mutant phenotype and may be characterized. An optional second selection step on 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA) selects for popouts of the integrating vector sequences, leaves the mutant allele at the endogenous locus, and recycles selectable markers. We have used this method to integrate a TS allele of SPC110 that could not be integrated by standard methods.     

干酪乳杆菌yhaI基因敲除菌株的构建及其耐药表型的分析

为了深入研究干酪乳杆菌Zhang在抗生素环境中适应性进化机制,构建yhaI基因敲除体系,并对突变体的耐药表型进行研究。运用PCR技术分别扩增yhaI基因的同源臂序列,构建带有内部缺失yhaI基因的敲除载体。采用Cre/lox基因重组系统,筛选双交换子L.casei Zhang-G-1200-yhaI::lox66-P32-cat-lox71,构建突变株L.casei Zhang-G-1200-Che yhaChe I,通过稀释法研究突变株的耐药表型。通过PCR和PCR产物经测序验证,yhaI基因缺陷的菌株构建成功。耐药表型结果表明,突变株在庆大霉素浓度为8和16 μg/mL时,浊度变为原始菌株的1/2;在庆大霉素浓度为16 μg/mL时,活菌数变为原始菌株的7/10。成功构建干酪乳杆菌Zhang的基因敲除体系,为研究干酪乳杆菌Zhang的基因功能提供了技术平台。     

MSN4基因的过表达对酿酒酵母耐受性的影响研究

以实验室现有菌种AY12a为出发菌株,URA3基因作为筛选标记,利用胞内重组,在MSN4基因的N端加上强启动子PGK1p以实现基因的过表达,最终通过多聚酶链式反应（PCR）验证,成功构建突变株AY12a-msn4。结果表明,该突变株具有一定的耐高温性能,在55 ℃条件下热击后仍能正常生长。同时将突变株AY12a-msn4与出发菌株AY12a进行玉米高温浓醪发酵,并测定发酵完成后的酒精度、残糖、48 h细胞存活率、CO2失重及发酵时间。结果表明,突变株AY12a-msn4发酵液酒精度提高3.85%,48 h细胞存活率上升,残糖含量下降14.5%。     

M-31 mutant (virA::Tn5) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is capable of transferring its T-DNA into the nucleus of host cell, but incapable of integrating it into the chromosome

An avirulent mutant (M-31 strain) was produced by the transposon (Tn5) mutagenesis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A-208 strain). A binary vector, pIG121-Hm, containing a kanamycin resistance gene (nptII) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene with an intron, was introduced into M-31 and A-208 strains. The resultant Agrobacteria were inoculated onto leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana and to tobacco BY-2 cells to assay GUS activity to monitor the T-DNA transfer into the nuclei of host cells. The results indicated that T-DNA was transferred into the nuclei of cells of both host plants inoculated with the M-31 mutant. The M-31 mutant strain had an insertion of Tn5 in the virA gene on its Ti plasmid. The introduction of the virA gene in the M-31 mutant complemented its avirulent phenotype. No kanamycin-resistant cells were observed when the M-31 mutant harboring the pIG121-Hm was inoculated to tobacco BY-2 cells. The M-31 mutant (virA::Tn5) seems to transfer T-DNA into the nucleus of the host cell, but is unable to integrate it to the chromosome.     

碳源对manA基因突变大肠杆菌代谢的影响

ManA基因编码的甘露糖-6-磷酸异构酶在大肠杆菌中催化D-甘露糖和D-果糖的异构化,促进大肠杆菌对碳源的代谢吸收。本文通过研究manA基因突变大肠杆菌对碳源的利用和编码糖代谢基因情况,探讨甘露糖-6-磷酸异构酶对大肠杆菌糖代谢的影响。采用Ⅱ型内含子逆转录突变方法构建manA基因突变大肠杆菌,分析manA基因突变大肠杆菌对不同碳源的利用情况和manA基因突变对大肠杆菌糖代谢相关基因表达的影响,结果显示,大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)ΔmanA以甘露糖、果糖为碳源时,菌株生长受到显著抑制;以淀粉为碳源时,BL21(DE3)ΔmanA菌株的生长显著优于野生型大肠杆菌;以葡萄糖为碳源时,manA基因突变对大肠杆菌的生长无显著影响。通过基因表达分析,发现大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)ΔmanA中甘露糖代谢相关基因的表达显著性降低;果糖代谢途径中6-磷酸果糖激酶Ⅰ亚基的编码基因(pfkA)显著下调表达;水解淀粉的α-淀粉酶编码基因(malS)显著性上调表达。ManA基因突变影响大肠杆菌甘露糖、果糖和淀粉代谢途径中相关基因的表达,从而影响大肠杆菌对碳源的利用。     

空肠弯曲菌flhA突变株的构建及其功能研究

flhA是空肠弯曲菌鞭毛输出装置的关键基因,通过构建Campylobacter jejuni flhA突变株HXW001,进行毒力相关表型研究和分析。结果显示HXW001生长性能稳定,但其鞭毛和运动能力丧失,生物膜形成和自身凝集现象明显下降。RT-PCR实验证明flhA对鞭毛丝主要结构蛋白基因flaA的表达有一定的调控功能。研究表明flhA是空肠弯曲菌鞭毛生成和运动能力重要的分子基础,与空肠弯曲菌致病性密切有关。     

The study of polymorphism rs9939609 FTO gene in patients with overweight and obesity

In 94 persons living in the Moscow region, with a body mass index >25 kg/m2 were identified on the polymorphism rs9939609 FTO gene. The results showed that 83% of them were carriers of the mutant allele, and 43%--contained the mutant allele in the homozygous state. Carriers of the mutant allele rs9939609 FTO gene were distinguished by higher absolute and relative values of fat mass and triglycerides in serum.