葡萄酒酚类物质研究进展

酚类物质作为葡萄酒的“骨架成分”,在葡萄酒中起着重要作用,不仅影响葡萄酒的颜色、滋味和口味等,还具有抗氧化作用。概述了葡萄酒中主要的酚类物质及其作用研究进展。     

酚类物质对葡萄酒品质的影响

葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类,它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物,与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质主要来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶,参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等,对红葡萄酒的风格特征和品质有着非常重要的影响。     

不同种酿酒葡萄酚类物质特性研究

本文对欧亚种,野生种和杂交种共９个酿酒葡萄（种）品种酚类物质特性进行了研究,结果表明不同种酿酒葡萄品种果实酚类物质含量之间存在显著差异;发酵和贮藏过程中各品种酚类物质的变化趋势不同。酚类物质各指标间大都呈极显著相关关系;根据酚类物质特性可以选择适宜的酿酒品种酿造不同类型的葡萄酒。     

葡萄酒酚类物质的研究进展

葡萄酒中含有多种酚类成分,这些成分在葡萄酒中起着重要的作用,首先,影响葡萄酒的口感,使葡萄酒具有苦味和收敛性,尤其是红酒;第二,影响葡萄酒的颜色;第三,起到防腐的作用,延长酒的寿命;第四,在葡萄酒中起抗氧化作用.文中介绍了葡萄酒中主要的多酚类化合物及作用.     

产地与品种对葡萄酒中酚类物质含量的影响

选取同一产地(天水)3 个葡萄品种：“西拉(Shiraz)”、“蛇龙珠 (Carbernet Gernischet)”、“赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)”所酿制的新鲜干红葡萄酒以及5 个不同产地(天水、和硕、玛纳斯、延庆和怀来)赤霞珠葡萄酒,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法分析葡萄酒中11 种酚酸、5 种黄烷-3- 醇、10 种黄酮醇和2 种黄酮的含量。结果表明：同一产地不同品种和同一品种不同产地间的葡萄酒中酚类物质的含量都存在显著差异。其中,赤霞珠葡萄酒是3 个葡萄品种中酚类物质含量最高的品种;在5 个不同产地中,延庆赤霞珠葡萄酒中酚酸含量最高,黄烷-3- 醇含量最高的为和硕赤霞珠葡萄酒,而怀来赤霞珠葡萄酒中所含黄酮醇含量最高。     

葡萄成熟度对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒酚类物质及抗氧化能力的影响

以新疆天山北麓石河子产区的4种不同成熟度‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实所酿葡萄酒为样本,对葡萄酒中的酚类物质组成和抗氧化活性进行测定,分析样品的差异性及相关性,探究葡萄成熟度对葡萄酒酚类物质和抗氧化活性的影响。通过对酚类物质含量、DPPH自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力的测定,结果表明,葡萄成熟度对葡萄酒酚类物质和抗氧化能力有较大影响。花色苷含量随着葡萄成熟度的上升呈现增高趋势,黄酮醇和黄烷-3-醇含量呈现下降趋势。抗氧化能力的不同主要是由酚类物质差异导致。黄酮醇和黄烷-3-醇类物质对DPPH自由基清除率影响较大;花色苷乙酰化物质会使低成熟度的葡萄酒呈现出与高成熟度葡萄酒相似的铁离子还原能力。     

葡萄酒中溶解氧与酚类物质的研究进展

微量溶解氧对葡萄酒的成熟起着十分重要的作用。简要介绍了葡萄酒中主要酚类物质——单宁和花色素苷。着重论述了在微量溶解氧条件下。单宁和花色素苷向更稳定色素转化的三种基本途径，以及葡萄酒中酚类物质的变化对葡萄酒品质的影响。最后。展望了溶解氧在葡萄酒熟化过程中的应用前景以及应注意的问题。     

5 个调色葡萄品种酚类物质轮廓分析

对调色葡萄品种‘烟73’、‘烟74’、‘Kolor’、‘Tintorera’和‘Dornfelder’成熟期果实和小规模发酵的葡萄酒进行基本理化指标和酚类物质分析。结果表明,‘Kolor’和‘烟73’果实花色苷含量较高,均超过4?000?mg/kg（以果实鲜质量计）;‘Tintorera’和‘烟73’果实黄酮醇含量较低,分别为43.99?mg/kg和59.6?mg/kg（以果实鲜质量计）;‘Dornfelder’果皮黄烷醇含量最低。在5?个调色葡萄酿造的葡萄酒中,‘烟73’的花色苷质量浓度最高（1?827.87?mg/L）;‘Tintorera’葡萄酒中黄酮醇（19.87?mg/L）、黄烷醇（35.34?mg/L）和酚酸（43.77?mg/L）质量浓度都低于其他品种。对果实花色苷含量进行主成分分析,能将大部分品种很好地区分。在此基础上构建正交偏最小二乘判别分析模型,能将各品种的果皮和果肉很好地区分,筛选出的差异物质大多为F3’5’H羟基取代花色苷。利用葡萄果实和葡萄酒中共同的酚类物质构建Pearson相关系数模型,结果显示,有70.37%的物质具有较强的相关性。本研究针对调色葡萄的酚类物质轮廓进行分析,能为干红葡萄酒以颜色和辅色为目的的调配提供基础。     

用HPLC法测定干红葡萄酒中的酚类物质

建立了用HPLC测定干红葡萄酒中11种酚类物质的方法，该法具有定量准确，快速的特点，在实验条件下，各物质的含量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系，且回收率较高。     

评价酿酒葡萄成熟度的新方法--酚类物质成熟度

葡萄酒是葡萄的酵母发酵产物,高档葡萄酒的酿造离不开优质的葡萄原料,"七分原料、三分酿造"这句业内行话形象地概括出葡萄原料品质的重要性.葡萄品质主要受葡萄品种、地域特征、气候条件、栽培条件、成熟度等因素的影响.在其他条件已定的情况下,葡萄的适时采收将直接影响葡萄的品质.目前广泛采用的成熟度评判方法有布氏系数、糖/酸比系数等,但实践中常常会发现糖酸比系数已达到采收要求,但葡萄的色度较差、单宁含量较低的现象.如果能够在测定葡萄含糖量、总酸的基础上,测定酚类物质成熟度,则可以对葡萄的成熟度作出更加准确的评价.     

Anthocyanin fingerprint of clones of Tempranillo grapes and wines made with them

Background and Aims:  Different clones with distinctive enological characteristics have been identified in many grape cultivars, but data on differences in anthocyanin composition of clones of the same cultivar are scarce. Thus, it has been considered of interest to check changes in the anthocyanin fingerprint of six different clones of Tempranillo grapes grown in the same vineyard, and of wines made with them, over three consecutive years.
Methods and Results:  Data were submitted to different statistical procedures. Despite slight differences in the anthocyanin fingerprint of some clones (relative content of different anthocyanins analysed), variations from year to year were more important than differences in the anthocyanin profile of the clones considered. This fact was also observed when the content (mg/kg grapes) of those molecules was considered. Moreover, Tempranillo wines made with different clones could be classified by discriminant analysis, using the anthocyanin fingerprint or the levels (mg/L wine) of several anthocyanins as predictor variables, and the year grapes were collected as a classification factor.
Conclusions:  The anthocyanin fingerprint of six clones of Tempranillo grapes grown in the same vineyard and that of wines made with them over three consecutive years was affected mostly by weather conditions, despite slight differences in the anthocyanin fingerprint of some clones.
Significance of the Study:  This is the first report on the anthocyanin composition of different clones of Tempranillo grapes and of wines made with them, and indicates that anthocyanin fingerprint of Tempranillo wines depends mainly on agroclimatic factors, and not on genetic differences among clones.     

三种红色酿酒葡萄品种果实酚类物质比较

为了综合评价酿酒葡萄品种特性,以酿酒葡萄美乐、品丽珠、赤霞珠为研究对象,采用比色法测定果实不同部位酚类物质含量,并对结果进行主成分分析。结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄果皮中总酚、单宁、黄烷醇、花色苷含量分别为28.82 mg/g、23.15 mg/g、41.19 mg/g、9.25 mg/g,均显著高于美乐和品丽珠（P＜0.05）;赤霞珠葡萄种子中总酚、单宁、总类黄酮分别为14.56 mg/g、5.74 mg/g、2.32 mg/g,显著高于品丽珠（P＜0.05）。主成分分析结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄酚类物质在第一主成分和第二主成分综合得分为82.27分,为酚类物质含量丰富的品种。     

不同海拔酿酒葡萄一年生枝条酚类物质含量的测定

为有效利用葡萄园中修剪产生的葡萄枝条,减少资源的浪费,获得高附加值的产品。以四川省横断山脉北麓不同海拔高度赤霞珠、美乐葡萄一年生枝条为材料,比较测定了其酚类物质的含量。结果表明,赤霞珠一年生枝条中共测得有8种单体酚,且随着海拔的升高,其中的表儿茶素、水杨酸、芦丁、绿原酸,香豆素5种酚类单体含量呈现先升高再降低的趋势;美乐一年生枝条共测得了9种单体酚,随着海拔高度的不断上升,枝条中的芦丁、山柰酚、咖啡酸、香豆素4类酚类单体物质均呈整体上升趋势,而桑色素、表儿茶素、槲皮素、绿原酸整体均是呈现下降的趋势。在总类黄酮方面,随着海拔升高,赤霞珠和美乐一年生枝条均呈增加的趋势,但是差异不显著;在原花青素方面,赤霞珠枝条呈现先减少后增加的趋势,而美乐枝条呈现先增加后减少的趋势。     

Comparison of methods for the analysis of smoke related phenols and their conjugates in grapes and wine

Background and Aims: Australian grape growers and winemakers have typically relied on guaiacol and 4‐methylguaiacol measurements to determine smoke exposure of grapes following bushfires or prescribed burns. However, the guaiacol and 4‐methylguaiacol content of grapes does not always correlate with the extent of taint in resultant wines. This study compared several methods for the analysis of smoke related phenols and their conjugates in grapes and wine, to determine their capacity as diagnostic assays for smoke exposure. Methods and Results: Smoke‐affected grapes were sourced from commercial vineyards exposed to bushfire smoke and from experimental field trials involving the application of smoke to grapevines, and small‐scale wines were made from a number of these samples. Several analytical methods were applied to grapes and wine to determine the concentration of smoke related phenols and their conjugates. Strong correlations were observed between the glycoconjugate content of smoke‐affected grapes and the concentration of guaiacol and 4‐methylguaiacol released following acid hydrolysis of juice. Conclusions: Where smoke‐affected grapes contain low or non‐detectable levels of guaiacol and 4‐methylguaiacol, analytical methods that quantify their glycoconjugate forms (either directly or indirectly) provide a better indication of the extent of smoke exposure. Significance of the Study: This is the first study to compare different methods for assessing smoke exposure in grapes and wine, through analysis of free and bound guaiacol and 4‐methylguaiacol. These methods will allow grape growers and winemakers to more reliably assess smoke exposure of grapes, enabling better informed decisions to be made with regards to harvesting and processing smoke‐affected grapes.     

Development changes of anthocyanins in Vitis vinifera grapes grown in the Douro Valley and concentration in respective wines

Grapes of Touriga Nacional and Touriga Francesa red Vitis vinifera varieties have been sampled from two vineyard sites at different altitudes during three consecutive vintage years (1997, 1998 and 1999) in the Douro Valley. The total anthocyanidin monoglucosides (AMGs) detected by HPLC/DAD and the red colour of grape skin extracts were monitored during the last month of maturation. Microvinifications were performed with the grapes studied and the resulting Port wines were analysed. Malvidin 3‐glucoside and its acylated esters were the major AMGs irrespective of cultivar at harvest date. Vineyard altitude, together with other variables, was found to be an important factor contributing to the amount of anthocyanin compounds found in grapes of Touriga Nacional and Touriga Francesa. Overall, the climatic conditions observed at higher vineyard sites appeared to be advantageous, resulting in larger amounts of AMGs in grapes. The same outcome was obtained in the resulting wines, which showed higher levels of AMGs when made from grapes grown at higher altitude, especially for Touriga Francesa. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

葡萄多酚的保健作用及其在酿酒葡萄成熟度判定中的应用

葡萄酒含有极其复杂的物质,其中葡萄多酚对葡萄酒品质具有决定性的作用。本文综述了当前葡萄多酚的研究成果以及在酿酒葡萄成熟度判定中的应用。通过实验证明,酿酒葡萄中葡萄多酚含量的测定值可以用于判断葡萄成熟度,对酿酒葡萄的适时采收具有普遍的指导意义。     

Effect of Esca disease on the phenolic and sensory attributes of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes,musts and wines

Background and Aims: The impact of Esca, a cryptogamic disease affecting woody tissues of grapevines (trunk, branches and shoots), was investigated on phenolic and sensory qualities of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, derived musts and wines. Methods and Results: Global phenolic analyses revealed no major difference between healthy and affected grapes whereas high‐performance liquid chromatography analyses showed decreases in the skin concentrations of catechin and epicatechin and of anthocyanins for the two vintages assessed. Proanthocyanidin characteristics, and particularly mean degree of polymerisation, were strongly decreased in skin proanthocyanidin polymeric fractions. Chemical analyses of wines made with different percentages of fruit from Esca infected grapevines confirmed the moderate impact of Esca on phenolic composition. Nevertheless, sensory analyses revealed a loss of wine sensory quality perceptible with as little as 5% of affected fruit in wines. Conclusions: Phenolic variations in grapes and in derived wines may be related to changes to grapevine physiology caused by Esca fungi that impact on flavonoid metabolism. The chemical and sensory variations between wines can also be related to the delayed ripening delay of fruit from Esca infected grapevines. Significance of the Study: Esca moderately affected the phenolic composition of grapes and decreased the sensory quality of wines, suggesting a dramatic increase in the economic importance of Esca if no control methods are found.     

干化对酿酒葡萄品质的影响

贵腐酒、冰酒、稻草酒等通常采用干化葡萄原料进行酿造,适当的干化处理可显著改善或提高酿酒葡萄品质,这是酿造高品质葡萄酒有效的技术途径之一。该文对葡萄干化的常见方式、优缺点进行总结,从葡萄形态和物理特性、表皮和葡萄醪颜色、糖类和有机酸、花色苷和非花色苷多酚以及挥发性成分等方面分别综述干化对酿酒葡萄原料品质的影响,以期为提高干化葡萄酒的质量提供科学依据。