红麻皮低温NaOH-AQ浆EpHP漂白

对红麻应低温NaOH-AQ浆常规多殷漂白(CEH)及少氯短序漂白(EpHP、HAP)工艺进行了对比研究。采用CEH漂白，总用氯量8%，可漂至84．4%的白度，采用EpHP漂白，用氯量4％，总H2O2用量1.3%，可漂至85．3%的白度，漂白得率较高，污染负荷较低，漂白浆的各项物理指标均接近漂白术浆的水平，比cEH漂白具有明显的优越性。     

硬杂木硫酸盐浆的少氯漂白

对硬杂木硫酸盐浆的少氯漂白进行了研究。HHP三段漂与HP两段漂对比研究结果表明,HP两段漂浆料的黏度随H段有效氯用量的增大而降低,H段漂后浆料白度越高,经P段漂后浆料白度增值越低;在次氯酸盐段总有效氯用量相同时,HHP漂后浆料的白度均高于HP漂;HHP三段漂白的第1段有效氯用量3%、第2段有效氯用量2%、H2O2用量3%时,硬杂木KP可漂到78%~80%的白度。红外光谱分析结果表明,H2O2漂白主要使浆料中的共轭羰基减少或苯环结构的破坏与溶出。     

过碳酸钠对洋麻硫酸盐浆漂白效果的研究

对过碳酸钠(SPC)在洋麻硫酸盐浆中的漂白效果进行了研究,采用4因素3水平正交实验对其主要影响因素漂剂用量、温度、时间及用碱量进行了探讨。结果显示各因素对过碳酸钠漂白有不同程度的影响,极差分析显示温度对白度及黏度的影响最大,较优的漂白条件为:SPC用量3%(以H2O2含量计),用碱量1%,温度70℃,时间60 m in。过碳酸钠在洋麻硫酸盐浆OpQP和OpQDP漂序中的漂白能力略优于过氧化氢,而对纤维的降解程度相当。采用过碳酸钠的OpQDP漂序,终漂浆白度可达80%以上。     

玉米秸皮AS-AQ浆全无氯漂白研究

对玉米秸皮的AS-AQ浆进行了全无氯漂白研究。结果表明,经过酸性DTPA预处理的AS-AQ浆,经H2O2强化氧漂,可使浆的白度达到77.4%。在Op漂白之后进行H2O2漂白,浆的白度可达81.4%;Op之后进行连二亚硫酸钠漂白,可使浆的白度达到80.6%。采用OpPY漂白程序,浆的白度可提高7.8个百分点,漂白效果好于OpYP漂白程序。     

非木材汽蒸爆破浆HP漂白的研究

对麦草、棉秆、白蜡秆三种非木材原料汽蒸爆破浆进行了次氯酸盐和H2O2漂白（HP）实验,探讨了影响漂白的因素.确定了HP漂白的最佳工艺参数：温度85℃,pH值10.5左右,用氯量10%,H2O2用量2%,浆浓10%,H段漂白时间20min,P段为1 h.在此最优条件下,三种浆均可漂至70%SBD以上的白度.     

旧报纸浆过氧化尿素漂白工艺的探讨

以旧报纸浆为原料,用过氧化尿素对其进行漂白.采用响应面分析法对影响漂白的主要工艺条件包括过氧化尿素用量、温度和时间进行优化,并与H2O2漂白进行比较.研究结果表明,旧报纸浆过氧化尿素漂白的最佳工艺条件为:过氧化尿素用量12.10％,Na2 SiO3用量3％,MgSO4用量0.05％,时间120m in,温度80℃.在此工艺条件下,漂后浆白度为59.8％,比漂白前提高了12.5个百分点,优于相同实验条件下的H2O2漂白,过氧化尿素漂白浆的白度比H2O2漂白浆的高2.6个百分点.     

螯合段对芦竹硫酸盐蒽醌浆H2O2漂白的影响

采用含有H2O2和ClO2漂白段的不同漂序,研究了TCF和ECF漂序在芦竹硫酸盐蒽醌浆漂白中的应用。实验结果表明,XOQDP漂序的漂白效果最好,最终白度达到80％;H2O2漂白前进行螯合处理可使浆料具有较高的黏度,减少H2O2用量,并获得较高的浆料白度。     

四乙酰乙二胺活化过氧化氢漂白欧美杨AS-AQ浆的研究

以欧美杨AS-AQ氧漂浆为研究对象,研究四乙酰乙二胺（TAED）对过氧化氢漂白中提高漂白效果,减少漂剂用量起到的活化作用。实验结果发现,P-TAED活化体系的最佳工艺条件是：TAED与H2O2的摩尔比为0．6：1,NaOH3．0％,MgSO40．05％,Na2SiO3 3．0％,浆浓10％,温度70℃,时间90min,PH13．0。P-TAED活化体系中H2O2用量取5．0％时,一段漂白度达到78．0％ISO,比常规H2O2漂白中5．0％H2O2用量的白度要高5．6个百分点,从而节约2．0％H2O2,且不损伤纸浆的黏度。此外,与常规漂白达到相同漂白效果时,可以降低温度,缩短时间。采用OD（P-TAED）多段漂,只需2．0％H2O2就可以达到白度86．0％ISI,比对照浆节约1．0％H2O2。采用OXD（P-TAED）酶预处理多段漂的白度为85．0％ISO,与对照浆的白度接近,而H2O2用量仅为1．0％,可以节约2．0％H2O2。     

桉木KP浆H_2O_2漂白的酰胺活化效果

分别从酰胺助剂的用量、漂白时间、温度、用碱量、助剂的加入方式、H2 O2 用量、助剂对残余H2 O2含量的影响等几个方面研究了酰胺助剂对兰桉KP浆H2 O2 漂白的活化效果。结果表明 ,在H2 O2 漂白时添加酰胺可以显著提高漂浆白度 ,同时能保护纸浆的粘度。当酰胺与H2 O2 的用量之比为 0 3时 ,使用 2 %H2 O2 漂白兰桉KP浆白度可达 73 42 % (ISO) ,白度增值高达 38 65 % (ISO) ,与相同条件下的单纯H2 O2 漂白段相比 ,白度提高 1 6 64%。此外 ,添加酰胺助剂还具有降低漂白温度、缩短漂白时间等优点。     

速生杨NaOH-AQ浆短程序漂白

对速生杨NaOH-AQ浆进行了短程序漂白,并优化了漂白工艺条件.结果表明,HDD漂白程序在H段NaCIO用量6%,D1段CIO2用量0.8%,D2段CIO2用量0.6%时漂白浆白度达81.7%ISO.HDED漂白程序在H段NaCIO用量6%,D1段和D2段CIO2用量均为0.8%时漂白效果较好,漂白浆白度为85.5%1SO.H/DED漂白程序在H/D段NaCIO用量6%,CIO2用量0.6%,D段CIO2用量0.8%时可将速生杨NaOH-AQ浆漂至85.0%ISO以上.三种漂白程序CH/DED优于HDD和HDED漂序,优化的H/DEpD三段漂序漂白可获得87.0%ISO以上的高白度.     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

壳聚糖及其衍生物作为果蔬保鲜剂和食品助剂的研究进展及应用

介绍了壳聚糖及其衍生物涂膜延缓果蔬衰老软化的可能机制,涂膜与果蔬贮藏期间品质、生理关系,常见的果蔬壳聚糖处理的最佳浓度和效果的研究进展,以及壳聚糖及其衍生物作为食品加工助剂的研究和应用.     

壳聚糖及其衍生物涂膜保鲜果蔬和食品的研究进展及应用

本文介绍了壳聚糖及其衍生物涂膜延缓果蔬衰老软化的可能机制,涂膜与果蔬贮藏期间品质、生理关系,常见果蔬壳聚糖处理的最佳浓度和效果的研究进展。最后对壳聚糖及其衍生物在食品的涂膜保鲜方面也做了综述。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

国家标准、行业标准的立项与制定的程序和要求

根据GB/T 20000.1-2002<标准化工作指南 第1部分:标准化和相关活动的通用词汇>中的定义,标准是"为了在一定范围内获得最佳秩序,经协商一致制定并由公认机构批准,共同使用的和重复使用的一种规范性文件".     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

Colour legislation and cosmetics and toiletries

An historical reference is followed by a review of cosmetic colours’ regulations based on the EEC Directive with particular reference to the U.K. Cosmetic Products Regulations and their effect on formulation. Les reglementations des colorants pour cosmetiques     

导电和耐热纤维及纱线

法国R．Stat公司活跃在导电纤维市场已有20年之久,但是,办公室雇员、宾馆客人、飞机乘客、在易爆炸环境中工作的人员、木材或纸浆工业操作人员、消防队员和军人,由于得益于R．Stat公司生产的导电纤维的保护,而免遭令人不舒服的电击,或者免遭火灾和爆炸的伤害,这些却无人知晓。