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真菌毒素是由真菌产生的一类次级代谢产物,而啤酒及其生产原料的真菌毒素感染则对人们饮用啤酒的安全性造成了威胁。本文综述了赭曲毒素A(Ochratoxin,OTA)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)、伏马毒素(Fumonisin,FB)和黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxin,AFB)对啤酒及其生产原料的感染情况、分析方法和限量标准,并简要介绍了谷物中真菌毒素感染的预防措施和脱毒技术。 相似文献
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储粮中真菌毒素及其防控 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
该文概述储粮真菌毒素主要种类、化学结构、污染分布、特性及危害等;同时对储粮真菌毒素产毒条件与影响因素、防控及去除毒素等问题进行较详细综述与讨论,并展望储粮真菌毒素未来研究方向和前景。 相似文献
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建立啤酒样品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮、去环氧脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等7种真菌毒素的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。啤酒样品经过Mycosep226多功能净化柱净化后,取净化液吹干浓缩后,经Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)分离,在负离子模式下,用电喷雾电离串联质谱以多反应监测模式(MRM)进行检测分析,同位素内标法进行定量。结果表明,7种真菌毒素在2~1000μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好(r>0.999),最低检出浓度为0.03μg/L,在20μg/L、200μg/L、500μg/L 3个加标水平下进行了验证试验,平均回收率为82.7%~115%,相对标准偏差为1.94%~9.87%。该方法简便、快速、准确,满足实验要求,可用于啤酒样品中真菌毒素的多残留的检测分析。 相似文献
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制麦及啤酒酿造过程中的真菌及真菌毒素问题 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
谷物感染玉米镰刀霉对麦芽和啤酒都有严重影响。镰刀霉真菌毒素,如脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON),在浸渍过程中能够部分去除,而镰刀霉在浸渍、发芽和干燥过程中会又继续生长,产生真菌毒素,因此谷粒发芽过程脱毒作用不大。如何控制发芽期间真菌的生长。本文对物理、化学及生物学的方法进行了综述。辐射是防止谷物发芽过程中镰刀霉生长的一种好方法,但是对残余真菌产生真菌毒素及对麦芽质量的影响还需要进一步研究。化学方法如臭氧在啤酒中将不会残留,也是一种有前途的方法,但对麦芽和啤酒质量的影响还需要更进一步研究。将解毒基因插入发酵用酵母,麦汁得到解毒,真菌就不再是个问题。这些不同类型的技术能够保证产品质量安全,例如用镰刀霉感染的谷物酿造啤酒。 相似文献
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粮食真菌毒素污染的预防与脱毒 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
粮食真菌毒素的预防包括预防粮食作物田间生长及收获后储藏过程中毒素的生物合成及代谢。真菌毒素的脱毒主要指除去、破坏及减少毒素作用的收获后处理。田间及储藏中没能有效控制真菌毒素的合成必将导致对人类健康的危害及经济损失,而有效的监控将避免真菌毒素成为威胁人类健康的污染源。应用综合预防措施将是控制真菌毒素的有效策略。本文强调的收获前后措施将依特别年份的特定的气候条件而定。弄清适于真菌污染、生长和产毒环境因素是有效控制食物及饲料中真菌毒素的关键措施。有很多新的有效的收获前预防策略正在开发,如利用转基因技术创造粮食作物抗性新品种及利用非产毒真菌菌株生物防治等。收获后的防止真菌毒素产生主要依赖于收获前后的良好的管理措施。脱毒策略可分为物理、化学或微生物脱毒技术,这些脱毒技术主要通过破坏、修饰或吸附真菌毒素,从而达到减少或消除毒素作用。 相似文献
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接种疣状青霉(Penicillium verrucosum)于制麦大麦中,产生含高浓度赭曲毒素 A(ochratoxin A,简称 OA)的麦汁,再进行中试规模的发酵,来测定 OA 在发酵过程中残存的情况。研究发现,糖化阶段原大麦中有高达40%的 OA 损失,很可能是由于蛋白质的降解;另外有16%随酒糟流失。残存于啤酒中的 OA 约占原大麦粉 OA 含量的13~32%。 相似文献
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Akinyinka Akinyoade Ogbuagu Ekumankama Chibuike Uche 《Journal of the Institute of Brewing》2016,122(4):682-692
This paper critiques the attempt by Nigerian Breweries Plc (NB, a subsidiary of Heineken) to increase its use of local raw materials for beer brewing. It argues that the greatest threat to this initiative has been the inconsistent Nigerian Government policies, especially with respect to promoting and encouraging the cultivation of local raw materials for beer production. Policy reversals in this direction have helped to slow down the backward integration initiative of the Nigerian Government aimed at replacing imported barley with local sorghum as the main ingredient for beer production in the country. While NB can help to fund research into the development of high yield sorghum hybrids, the task of ensuring the widespread and proper use of such seeds by local farmers will depend on the existence of a supportive and effective national agricultural policy. The development and operationalization of such a policy cannot be outsourced to multinational beer companies by the Nigerian Government. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling 相似文献
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目的 为更好的指导饲料生产企业对原料质量的把控、采购及配方设计,汇总分析了2020年饲料原料霉菌毒素污染状况。方法 采用胶体金免疫层析法或上转发光免疫分析法(up-conversion immunoassays, UPT)对安佑集团各分子公司在2020年度所收集(含退货)的28519份大宗饲料原料中的呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和黄曲霉毒素B1含量进行快速检测。结果 对比安佑集团企业标准,2020年饲料原料霉菌毒素污染总超标率为0.92%,污染整体情况较轻,其中上半年污染较重,主要由玉米副产物和次粉霉菌毒素污染超标所致,下半年霉菌毒素污染程度整体较轻,但第4季度玉米的玉米赤霉烯酮和黄曲霉毒素B1污染情况加重,玉米的霉菌毒素整体达中度污染;从产地来源看,2020年山东、湖北产地的麸皮和次粉呕吐毒素中度污染,四川、陕西产地的次粉重度污染;四川产地的米糠黄曲霉毒素B1达中度污染,山东产地的玉米呕吐毒素和江苏产地的玉米黄曲霉毒素B1达重度污染;且饲料原料中的霉菌毒素并非单一存在,多数情况下是多种毒素共存。结论 与2019年饲料原料霉菌毒素污染调查数据相比,2020年原料的霉菌毒素污染程度较轻。 相似文献
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尽管啤酒是一个微生物稳定的产品,但是在啤酒酿造过程中容易受到一些有害微生物的污染。这些微生物的污染不但会影响到啤酒的质量,如产生异味、混浊等,而且严重时还会给啤酒厂家造成经济损失。因此,在啤酒酿造过程中防止有害微生物的生长具有特别重要的意义。本文介绍了啤酒酿造过程中污染微生物种类、控制要求及控制策略。 相似文献
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本文探讨了微生物感染对啤酒质量的影响,文中首先阐述了微生物感染的概念、啤酒生产中各工序可能感染微生物的种类及其对啤酒质量的影响,然后介绍了检测微生物感染的方法和防止感染的措施。 相似文献
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《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2013,30(1):137-146
Beer is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. Malted cereal grains are among the basic ingredients and hence mycotoxin contamination might occur. Previous studies reported the presence of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON), as well as of the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) in beer. In the present survey, 374?beer samples from 38?countries with a focus on Austrian (156) and German (64) beers were analysed for the presence of D3G, DON and 3ADON. Beers were assigned to the following six categories: pale (217), wheat (46), dark (47), bock (20), nonalcoholic beers (19) and shandies (25). In total, 348 and 289 beers (93 and 77%, respectively) contained D3G and DON at the levels above the limit of detection, whereas 3ADON was not detected in any of the samples. Average concentrations of all beers were 6.9?µg?L?1 for D3G and 8.4?µg?L?1 in the case of DON. Nonalcoholic beers and shandies showed the lowest contaminations, 1.5 and 3.2?µg?L?1 for D3G and 2.7 and 4.4?µg?L?1 for DON, respectively. In bock beers characterised by a higher gravity, a significant trichothecene load of 14.8?µg?L?1 D3G and 12.4?µg?L?1 DON was found. The highest contamination (81?µg?L?1 D3G, 89?µg?L?1 DON) was detected in a pale beer from Austria, underlining the importance of this study for food safety. The molar D3G to DON ratio ranged between 0.11 and 1.25 and was 0.56 on average. Concluding, the average contamination of beer is not of toxicological concern for moderate beer drinkers. However, in the case of heavy beer drinkers, beer consumption may considerably contribute to the overall intake of DON, which might even lead to exceeding the maximum tolerable limits established for this Fusarium toxin. 相似文献
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《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2013,30(3):392-402
This paper reports the determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), one of the most carcinogenic substances known. A multi-commuted flow injection–solid phase spectroscopy (FI–SPS) system combined with photochemically induced fluorescence (PIF) was developed, for the first time, for its quantitative determination. A strongly fluorescent degradation product was obtained on-line by irradiation with ultraviolet light. The determination was carried out by measuring the fluorescence intensity of the photo-product at 353/424 (λ ex/λ em), once retained on C18 silica-gel filling the flow-cell. A linear dynamic range of 0.09–12?µg?l?1, detection limit as sensitive as 29?ng?l?1 and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.4% were obtained. The method proposed was satisfactorily applied to the determination of AFB1 in different types of beer (normal and non-alcoholic). Hydrophobic compounds were eliminated from beer samples and AFB1 was extracted with acetonitrile by solid-phase extraction on C18 sorbent. Recoveries of the target compound from spiked beers were between 94 and 106%. The results obtained in the analysis of real samples are in good agreement with those provided by a reference chromatographic method. 相似文献