海水鱼优势腐败菌腐败能力分析

研究大黄鱼和大菱鲆无菌鱼块接种优势腐败菌后5℃贮藏中的感官、腐败产物和腐败菌的变化,以生长动力学参数和腐败产物的产量因子(YTVBN/CFU和YTMA/CFU)为指标,探讨两种冷藏海水鱼优势腐败菌希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌的腐败能力。结果表明,大菱鲆鱼块接种腐败希瓦氏菌和恶臭假单胞菌的货架期分别为60,72h,货架期终点时的TVBN含量分别为35.48,37.56mg/100g,腐败菌菌数分别为8.14,8.32lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU分别为1.86×10-7,1.35×10-7 mg TVBN/CFU。大黄鱼鱼块接种腐败希瓦氏菌和荧光假单胞菌的货架期分别为162,174h,货架期终点时的TVBN含量分别为31.74,39.01mg/100g,腐败菌菌数分别为8.71,8.91lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU分别为4.49×10-8,3.72×10-8 mg TVBN/CFU。大黄鱼鱼块的货架期比大菱鲆的明显长,接种假单胞菌的两种鱼块的货架期比接种希瓦氏菌的稍长。两种海水鱼低温有氧贮藏优势腐败菌希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌都有很强的腐败能力。     

冷藏卵形鲳优势腐败菌的分离鉴定及致腐能力分析

为研究卵形鲳鲹冷藏末期的优势腐败菌及其致腐能力,采用传统选择性培养结合16S rDNA序列分析法,对卵形鲳鲹4℃贮藏期间腐败菌分别进行分离纯化、菌相分析及菌属确定,并以腐败物质的产量因子Y_TVB-N/CFU为评价标准,定量分析了贮藏末期优势菌的致腐能力。结果得出,卵形鲳鲹4℃贮藏过程中共分离纯化出16株细菌,其中革兰氏阴性菌10株,革兰氏阳性菌6株,其分属6个菌属。贮藏初期（0 d）时菌相丰富,希瓦氏菌属（Shewanella sp.）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus sp.）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）、乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus sp.）与肠杆菌属（Enterobacter sp.）等均有出现;中期（3 d）菌群种类有所减少,以希瓦氏菌属（Shewanella sp.）与假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）所占比例较高,后期（6 d）种类进一步减少,只有3株菌占较高,分别是2号腐败希瓦氏菌（Shewanella putrefaciens 48%）、5号奥奈达希瓦氏菌（Shewanella oneidensis 26.6%）与16号霍氏肠杆菌（Enterobacter hormaechei 19.4%）;致腐能力由高至低依次为腐败希瓦氏菌 > 奥奈达希瓦氏菌 > 霍氏肠杆菌,其中腐败希瓦式菌致腐能力显著强于另两株菌;综合贮藏末期所占比例及致腐能力结果,最终确定腐败希瓦氏菌为4℃贮藏下卵形鲳鲹的优势腐败菌。     

冷藏鲳鱼贮藏期间的细菌种群变化

分析了鲳鱼(Pampus argenteus)冷藏期间的感官、pH值、微生物指标及主要细菌种群变化。研究表明,初始样品pH值为7.217±0.015,菌落总数(CFU/g)的对数值为3.967±0.012;初始细菌种类较多,其中45.92%为革兰氏阴性菌,54.08%为革兰氏阳性菌,优势菌为腐生葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus saprophyticus 28.81%)、松鼠葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sciuri 15.38%)、嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter spp.12.09%)、草莓假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fragi 9.02%)、荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens 8.53%)与腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens 6.39%),同时检出一定比例的成团肠杆菌、微杆菌与嗜根库克菌。冷藏过程中,腐生葡萄球菌与松鼠葡萄球菌等生长受到抑制,细菌菌相组成逐渐单一,适应低温环境条件的革兰氏阴性菌比例逐渐增加,在贮藏的第3、5、7天至货架期终点(pH值为8.057±0.005,菌落总数(CFU/g)的对数值为9.137±0.032)时,阴性菌比例分别达到83.82%、95.86%、96.88%与93.57%。其中,假单胞菌与腐败希瓦氏菌增长显著,在贮藏末期比例为45.71%与33.57%,荧光假单胞菌(35.00%)明显多于草莓假单胞菌(10.71%)。     

冷藏鲤鱼和罗非鱼优势腐败菌腐败能力分析

通过分析接种腐败菌的鲤鱼和罗非鱼无菌鱼块贮藏中感官、腐败代谢产物和腐败菌的变化,以腐败菌的生长动力学参数和腐败代谢产物的产量因子(YTVBN/CFU)为指标,探讨冷藏鲤鱼和罗非鱼优势腐败菌假单胞菌和腐败希瓦氏菌的腐败能力。结果表明:接种腐败希瓦氏菌和恶臭假单胞菌的鲤鱼无菌鱼块的货架期分别为132h和162h,此时的TVBN值为27.12mg/100g和22.51mg/100g,腐败希瓦氏菌和恶臭假单胞菌菌数为8.96 lg(CFU/g)和9.07 lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU为9.28×10-9mg TVBN/CFU和1.81×10-8mg TVBN/CFU。接种荧光假单胞菌和腐败希瓦氏菌的罗非鱼无菌鱼块的货架期分别为132h和144h,此时的TVBN值为23.46mg/100g和24.30mg/100g,荧光假单胞菌和腐败希瓦氏菌菌数为8.83 lg(CFU/g)和9.12 lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU为1.67×10-8mg TVBN/CFU和9.10×10-9mg TVBN/CFU。结合两种养殖鱼冷藏过程中的菌相变化和腐败菌在腐败过程中的作用,初步得出冷藏罗非鱼和鲤鱼的特定腐败菌是假单胞菌,两种腐败菌都具有较强的腐败能力。     

大黄鱼源腐败菌的腐败能力与粘附性研究

以从大黄鱼中分离得到的腐败菌为研究对象,从菌体粘附性这一角度解释希瓦氏菌成为海水鱼的优势腐败菌的原因。以细菌总数、TVB-N、TMA和K值为腐败指标,测定分离纯化自冰鲜大黄鱼体的3株希瓦氏菌(MA1-5,MA1-7,MA1-13)和3株假单胞菌(R3-1,R3-2,R3-5)的腐败能力,测定此6株腐败菌对大黄鱼体表、鱼鳃和鱼肠黏液的粘附能力,建立腐败能力与粘附能力之间的相关性。结果表明,希瓦氏菌的致腐性强于假单胞菌:希瓦氏菌的细菌总数增速显著高于假单胞菌,产TMA能力显著强于假单胞菌,K值变化快,TVB-N含量与冷藏时间呈指数增长趋势;而假单胞菌产TVB-N含量与冷藏时间呈正比趋势。希瓦氏菌对鱼体各部位黏液的粘附能力强于假单胞菌:希瓦氏菌对鱼鳃和鱼肠的粘附性高于体表,在高盐条件下时的粘附能力随氯化钠含量的升高而增强,而假单胞菌则对体表的粘附性较高。腐败能力与粘附力相关性分析表明,腐败菌的腐败能力和粘附能力呈正相关,尤其腐败菌对肠黏液的粘附能力与腐败能力呈极显著的正相关性。结果表明,希瓦氏菌在高盐浓度下对鱼鳃和鱼肠的高粘附力是其成为海水鱼优势腐败菌的原因之一。     

超高压处理对牡蛎冷藏过程腐败菌群结构的影响及典型菌株——腐败希瓦氏菌致死机理研究

为揭示超高压处理对牡蛎腐败菌群的影响及其作用机制,采用高通量测序技术分析生鲜和腐败牡蛎的细菌群落结构,并以存活率、胞外碱性磷酸酶活力、胞外还原糖含量等为指标,结合电镜观察,探讨超高压处理对牡蛎中典型致腐菌株的致死机制。结果表明:新鲜牡蛎中菌群以弧菌属、希瓦氏菌属和交替假单胞菌属为主,而腐败时交替假单胞菌属和希瓦氏菌属比例较高。超高压处理改变了牡蛎冷藏过程中的菌群结构,腐败样本中嗜冷菌属占绝对优势,而交替假单胞菌属比例仅为0.8%,希瓦氏菌属比例小于0.1%。代表性菌株腐败希瓦氏菌经100 MPa以下的压力处理后,存活率无明显变化(P0.05),之后随处理压力的增大而迅速下降,用400 MPa及以上压力处理后未检出活菌。胞外碱性磷酸酶活力、还原糖含量均在较低压力处理条件(100 MPa)下发生显著变化,之后随着处理压力的增大变化趋于缓和。菌体经超高压处理,细胞发生相互黏连,出现聚集成簇的现象。随着处理压力的进一步增大,菌体细胞彼此间的界限已模糊不清,直至丧失原有形态,最终死亡。     

PCR-DGGE法结合传统技术研究4℃冷链贮运条件下三文鱼菌相变化

为研究三文鱼在冷链贮运4℃条件下的细菌腐败机制,运用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)技术、传统鉴定技术以及PCR技术分析了4℃冷链贮运条件下的三文鱼中腐败菌菌相变化规律,并通过产量因子测得各优势菌株致腐能力,从而确定特定腐败菌。DGGE指纹图谱显示,贮藏期间微生物多样性降低,假单胞菌属和希瓦氏菌属条带亮度却逐渐提高。这表明这两个属的微生物在三文鱼冷藏期间逐渐成为优势菌。通过分离和鉴定贮藏末期腐败三文鱼的优势腐败菌,本实验得到5株优势腐败菌,分别为麦芽糖肉食杆菌(Carnobacterium maltaromaticum LMA28)、丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv.syringae B728a)、荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25)、肉食杆菌(Carnobacterium sp.WN1359)和波罗的海希瓦氏菌(Shewanella baltica OS678)。将这5株纯培养的腐败菌分别接种到无菌三文鱼中并冷藏一定时间后,各腐败菌的挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)产量因子分别为1.26×10~(-7)、1.25×10~(-7)、1.36×10~(-7)、1.08×10~(-7)mg TVB-N/CFU和1.03×10~(-7)mg TVB-N/CFU。这5株腐败菌对三文鱼致腐败能力的顺序依次为荧光假单胞菌SBW25麦芽糖肉食杆菌LMA28丁香假单胞菌B728a肉食杆菌WN1359波罗的海希瓦氏菌OS678。     

传统生理生化鉴定技术结合PCR法分析复合保鲜剂对冷藏带鱼贮藏期间菌相变化的影响

将微生物传统生理生化鉴定技术与PCR法相结合,研究了复合保鲜剂对冷藏带鱼贮藏期间菌相变化的影响。通过对冷藏对照组与保鲜剂处理组样品贮藏期间的主要微生物进行分离纯化、16SrDNA序列分析与生理生化鉴定,并作系统发育树分析,最终鉴定出13株具有典型特征的纯菌株。对照组样品在货架期终点时,其主要微生物的种类与所占比例依次为:腐败希瓦氏菌(34.7%)、荧光假单胞菌(14.5%)、松鼠葡萄球菌(10.2%)、嗜水气单胞菌(8.2%)、弧菌(6.1%)、恶臭假单胞菌(6.1%)、绿色气球菌(4.1%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(4.1%)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(4.0%)、铜绿假单胞菌(2.0%)、嗜冷杆菌(2.0%)、成团肠杆菌(2.0%)、约氏不动杆菌(2.0%)。其中,腐败希瓦氏菌为特定优势腐败微生物。假单胞菌属在带鱼冷藏过程中所占比例大小依次为荧光假单胞菌>恶臭假单胞菌>铜绿假单胞菌。经复合保鲜剂处理后,能够使冷藏带鱼的二级鲜度货架期延长9d,并使其贮藏期间的细菌菌相组成比例发生变化,细菌种类减少到9种。主要优势菌的比例明显减少,表明复合保鲜剂对带鱼体内腐败菌具有不同程度的抑制作用。     

生鲜罗非鱼片在冷藏过程中细菌群落演替的PCR-DGGE分析

分析了生鲜罗非鱼片在腐败过程中细菌群落的演替规律。以4℃有氧冷藏条件下的生鲜罗非鱼片为研究对象,定期提取鱼片上的细菌总DNA,采用16S rDNA PCR-DGGE技术连续分析细菌群落演替,对DGGE电泳胶片上的主要DNA条带进行序列分析并构建系统发生树。结果表明:9个主要的DNA条带所代表的细菌来源于以下几个属:希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、迪茨氏菌属(Dietzia)、紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)。在冷藏初期即第0～6d鱼片上的细菌包括8个属,即无色杆菌属、希瓦氏菌属、嗜冷杆菌属、假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、短杆菌属、迪茨氏菌属、紫色杆菌属;冷藏9d后鱼片发生腐败,此时无色杆菌属、希瓦氏菌属、嗜冷杆菌属和假单胞菌属的细菌成为优势种;冷藏12d时出现黄杆菌属细菌。     

PCR结合生理生化鉴定对冷藏带鱼主要细菌菌相组成分析

将传统的微生物生理生化鉴定技术与16S rDNA分子生物学方法相结合,并通过系统发育树分析,对冷藏带鱼贮藏期间的主要细菌组成比例进行研究。样品在(4±1)℃贮藏,分别于不同贮藏时间取样,对各个阶段的微生物菌落进行分离纯化、形态观察和部分生理生化鉴定,对最终得到的细菌纯培养物直接提取DNA,作16SrDNA PCR扩增,产物经测序后于NCBI与已知序列进行相似性比对,最终得到13株具有典型特征的纯菌株。结果得出,冷藏带鱼在货架期终点时,其主要微生物的种类与所占比例依次为:腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens 34.7%)、荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens 14.5%)、松鼠葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sciuri 10.2%)、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila 8.2%)、弧菌(Vibrio rumoiensis 6.1%)、恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida6.1%)、绿色气球菌(Aerococcus viridans 4.1%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus 4.1%)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus 4.0%)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2.0%)、嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter sp.2.0%)、成团肠杆菌(Enterobacter agglomerans 2.0%)、约氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter johnsonii 2.0%),其中腐败希瓦氏菌为带鱼冷藏期间的主要优势腐败菌,假单胞菌在带鱼冷藏过程中的所占比例大小依次为荧光假单胞菌>恶臭假单胞菌>铜绿假单胞菌。     

Review of techniques to manufacture micro-hydrogel particles for the food industry and their applications

Microgels are ‘soft’ microscopic cross-linked polymeric particles that are being increasingly exploited in a variety of industries for rheology control, encapsulation and targeted delivery. They are valued because of the ability to tune their functionality to address specific applications in oil recovery, coatings, drug delivery, cosmetics, personal care and foods. Food microgels are typically biopolymer hydrogels in the form of microspheres, nanospheres (also called nanogels), spheroids and fibres. The utilisation of engineered microgels in foods has so far been limited, despite their great potential to address several needs in the food industry, including: satiety control, encapsulation of phytonutrients and prebiotics, texture control for healthier food formulations (e.g. reduced fat products), and targeting delivery to specific areas in the digestive tract. We review the scientific and patent literature on the utilisation and manufacturing methods for producing microgels with an emphasis on micro-hydrogels for food applications.     

12—A CRITIQUE OF SOME HYPOTHESES RELATING TO THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE HIGH-SULPHUR PROTEINS OF WOOL

Joubert and Burns prepared a large number of fractions from the high-sulphur proteins of wool and estimated their molecular weights and amino-acid compositions. Their data have been re-examined in order to look for statistically significant interrelations between amino acids and between the proportion of various amino acids and molecular weight. Statistical analysis of the data is also used to examine the credibility of some hypotheses concerning the mechanism of keratin biosynthesis and to provide further evidence for the existence of families of proteins within the high-sulphur fractions of wool.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of     

The Latest Data about Development of Chinese Printing Industry in 2013

In the 2014 China（Shanghai）International Printing Week,Director Wang Yanbin released the latest data about development of Chinese printing industry in 2013.According to statistics,in 2013,the total output value of Chinese printing industry exceeded 1trillion Yuan for the first time,reaching 1.03985 trillion Yuan.There were 105,000 printing enterprises in China,employees were 3.415 million.The total asset was 1.06247 trillion Yuan;     

The State Council Issued "Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"

正On December 2nd,2013,the State Council issued the notification of"Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"(hereafter referred to as"notification").It is pointed out in the"notification"that in order to further deepen reforms in investment systems and administrative examination and approval systems,simplify administrative procedures and delegate powers to lower levels,earnestly     

Top Ten News of China's Paper Industry 2013

On December 24th, 2013, the meeting on the selection of top 10 news of China＇s paper industry 2013 sponsored by 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 was held in Beijing. The yearly selection of the top l0 news, which began in 2000, has become a brand activity widely recognized in the industry thanks to the support from the authorities at all levels and public participation.     

National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the "13~(th) Five-Year Plan"

In Apri Commi major p Plan＂ （h 2014, the National Development and Reform ssion issued an announcement for selection of reliminary research projects for the ＂13th Five-Year ereafter referred to as ＂The Announcement＂）     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the latest scientific     

China textile machinery: taking off in progress

正Among the 1600 exhibitors who take apart in the ITMA ASIA+CITME2014 2/3 are Chinese manufactures.If the numerous figures failed to attract your attention,the increase of quality should draw your focus.To adopt the demand of developing textile machine market,domestic textile machinery enterprises now follow the slogan of"technology drives development"to enhance product competitiveness.Our domestic sellers will showcase product ranging from spinning,weaving,dyeing and printing,     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.