植物性杀虫剂防治储粮害虫的研究进展

储粮害虫的危害能够引起粮食减产和品质下降,目前使用化学农药的负面影响的出现,使得亟待发现新的环境友好型农药进行储粮害虫的防治.植物成为寻找新的环境友好型绿色农药的重要来源,很多学者在植物性杀虫剂的应用研究方面做了大量的工作.针对植物性杀虫剂在储粮害虫防治研究中所取得的成果,系统介绍了植物性杀虫剂的作用方式、作用机理、活性成分等方面的研究进展,以期为从事植物性杀虫剂研究的工作提供参考.     

微生物杀虫剂甲维盐对玉米象成虫的防治效果研究

采用滤纸药膜法和拌粮法,分别测试微生物杀虫剂甲维盐对玉米象成虫的触杀作用和种群抑制作用。实验结果表明,甲维盐对玉米象成虫具有一定的触杀作用和很强的种群抑制作用。其触杀作用随着时间延长和浓度增加而显著增强,经16μg/cm2浓度处理72 h后,校正死亡率为40.0%;其子代种群抑制作用效果大于当代种群抑制作用,16 mg/kg甲维盐对玉米象当代种群抑制率为95%,4 mg/kg甲维盐对玉米象子代种群抑制率为100%。为微生物杀虫剂甲维盐在储粮害虫生物防治方面的合理应用提供了基本依据。     

食用植物油可用作储粮害虫触杀剂

食用植物油用作储粮害虫触杀剂，在防治四纹豆象、玉米象、米象和麦蛾时具有潜力，但其使用范围受到限制。在粮食储藏中，它不但可以减少化学杀虫剂的使用量，而且可以降低使用化学杀虫剂所带来的对储粮和环境污染的风险。     

植物性杀虫剂在粮食储藏中的应用

开发和应用植物性杀虫剂防治储粮害虫在国内外都有着悠久的历史,早在3000年前我国就有利用植物药剂来防止种籽生虫的做法,在《齐民要术》上记载了“麦一石艾一把”的防虫经验。在国外,南斯拉夫人于15世纪就知道利用“除虫菊”消灭害虫;印度人在20世纪初就进行了苦楝籽杀虫效果的研究。由于储粮害虫对化学杀虫剂抗性呈百倍的增长,导致用药量的增加和粮食中药剂残留的升高,国内外研究者意识到应该重视植物杀虫剂的研究,开发出高效低毒的新型杀虫药剂。近20多年来,植物性杀虫剂防治储粮害虫的研究和应用受到重视。尤其是跨入21世纪后,人们需求…     

植物性杀虫剂防治仓库害虫研究概况

<正> 一、几种植物性杀虫剂杀虫机理的研究概况植物性杀虫剂即由植物而来的杀虫剂。它们的毒性是由于植物为了防御植食性昆虫才产生的。植物性杀虫剂按其形态可分为粉剂(如花椒粉)、油剂(如菜籽油)、抽提制剂(如α-蒎烯)和合成制剂(如溴氰菊酯等类型。     

生物药剂乙基多杀菌素对玉米象的毒杀作用

室内测定新型生物杀虫剂乙基多杀菌素(spinetram)对主要储粮害虫玉米象成虫的控制作用。结果表明,乙基多杀菌素对玉米象成虫具有很强的触杀作用和种群抑制作用。当浓度为16μg/cm2,作用时间48 h时,乙基多杀菌素对玉米象成虫的校正死亡率达97.8%;当处理剂量为1 mg/kg时,乙基多杀菌素对玉米象成虫当代和子代种群抑制率均达100%。乙基多杀菌素对玉米象成虫没有驱避作用。     

玉米象生物学特性与防治方法综述

阐述了玉米象（SitophilusZeamaisMotschulsky）生物生态学行为和种群（Population）动态预测，并重点报道了国内外对玉米象抗药水平及防治方法研究。     

谷物保护剂--现状和前景(续)

2谷物保护剂的应用前景由于大量且长期使用化学杀虫剂作为谷物保护剂,储粮害虫对它们已产生了严重的抗药性。以马拉硫磷为例,它对于玉米象Sitophilus zeamais敏感品系的最小有效剂量为1￣2ppm;但我国的实际情况是要用20ppm以上的剂量才能把玉米象完全杀死,因为,多种储粮害虫对它产生了抗药性。用化学杀虫剂作为谷物保护剂,不仅产生了严重的抗药性,而且也污染了环境(对人和哺乳动物有一定毒性以及有难闻的气味)。为了克服上述缺点,各国科学家致力研究新型的谷物保护剂。这里所指的“新型”,是其杀虫机理与化学杀虫剂不同的一些物质,例如昆虫…     

5种植物精油对玉米象的杀虫活性研究

旨在筛选新型安全、环保的植物源杀虫剂,研究了5种植物精油不同浓度及处理时间对玉米象熏蒸活性的效果,并分析了罗勒精油主要成分对玉米象的熏蒸活性。研究表明,精油浓度为0.0500μL/cm³、处理时间为24、48、72、96h时,薄荷精油对玉米象熏蒸的校正死亡率分别为87.50%、95.00%、100%、100%,罗勒精油对玉米象熏蒸的校正死亡率分别为45.00%、 88.33%、100%、100%。薄荷精油熏蒸玉米象24、48、72h的半数致死中量分别为0.021、0.010、0.006 μL/cm³,罗勒精油的24、48、72 h的半数致死中量分别为0.072、0.011、0.005μL/cm³。气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析出薄荷精油和罗勒精油的主要成分分别是薄荷醇(21.17%)和柠檬烯(12.59%)、丁香酚(38.55%)和肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(29.43%)。丁香酚熏蒸浓度为0.0833μL/cm³,处理时间为96h时,玉米象校正死亡率为100%。本研究表明薄荷精油和罗勒精油对储粮害虫玉米象具有较强的熏蒸效果,为研制新型植物源杀虫剂提供参考。     

30种酯类化合物对玉米象成虫的熏蒸活性

玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky)是世界性的储粮害虫,每年都造成严重的粮食损失。磷化氢是防治储粮害虫的主要熏蒸剂之一,由于长期使用,害虫对其已经产生了严重的抗药性。因此,急需寻求新的储粮害虫防治策略,一些挥发性小分子酯类化合物具有作为熏蒸剂的潜能。因此,本研究系统的评价30种酯类化合物对玉米象的熏杀活性。结果表明乙酸肉桂酯、甲酸香叶酯和乙酸烯炳酯对玉米象的熏杀活性最高,其LC50分别为0.32、1.82和1.92 μl/L。因此,乙酸肉桂酯、甲酸香叶酯和乙酸烯丙酯可以作为防治玉米象的潜在药剂。     

植物源农药防治储粮害虫研究的现状和存在问题探析

分析了植物源农药在我国储粮害虫防治研究中的应用状况,介绍了目前我国已研究的杀虫植物种类及防治对象、我国的植物源农药研究机构及研究队伍、植物源农药在储粮害虫防治中的产业化发展情况,并对其未来的研究和发展方向进行了探讨。     

植物质防白蚁剂开发与应用前景

本文以文献综述的形式探讨了植物源白蚁防治药物的研究现状和应用前景。在楝科、樟科、卫矛科、马兜铃科等的许多杀白蚁植物中提取的物质或植物精油对白蚁有较好的毒杀和驱避效果,并已有一些商品化的产品上市。但由于植物质杀虫剂稳定性差、持效期短,开发缓释性制剂将是这类药剂的发展方向。另外,用于大田防治甘蔗白蚁的专用药剂几乎没有,一些常用的杀虫剂对白蚁有一定的兼治效果,但毒性较高,效果也不稳定,应重视和加强甘蔗白蚁防治药剂特别是高效、低毒、安全的植物质白蚁药剂的研究。     

三种植物性杀虫剂对烟草码绢金龟生物活性的研究

室内生物活性测定表明,印楝素对烟草码绢金龟成虫具有较强的忌避作用和拒食作用,苦楝油作用稍弱,烟株表现出药害症状;除虫菊反而具有一定的诱集和刺激取食效果.这3种植物性杀虫剂均无明显的毒杀作用.根据1%印楝素安全、活性高,但药效期较短的特点,提出了用印楝素防治码绢金龟的建议.     

植物源农药杀虫机理研究进展

植物源农药因其杀虫谱广、取材广泛、对人畜安全、害虫不易产生抗药性等特点而受到人们的广泛关注.从植物源农药的作用方式和影响昆虫不同代谢活动中一些关键的代谢酶等方面阐述了植物源农药的杀虫机理,为进一步开发和合成新的生物农药提供理论依据.     

植物源抗氧化肽的制备与功能评价

抗氧化活性肽是被广泛研究的一类天然活性肽。它们具有较强的抗氧化活性和高安全性,在人类健康、食品加工、医药等领域应用前景广阔。植物源抗氧化肽的原料廉价易得,渐受重视。本文对近年来植物源抗氧化肽制备的研究进行简要阐述。     

Recoveries of four representative organophosphorus pesticides from 18 plant products belonging to different botanical categories: implications for matrix effects.

A study of the matrix effect was performed in order to evaluate the influence of some matrices on the gas chromatographic responses of representative organophosphorus insecticides. In particular, three fortification levels and the maximum residual level of four organophosphorus pesticide standard solutions were added into 18 matrices (15 belonging to five specific botanical categories and three botanically unclassified). The recoveries of the examined pesticides were determined using a simple official multiresidue method of detection, without any additional clean-up step. Recoveries were estimated based on standards prepared in solvent. The recovery percentages of the most polar pesticides, especially methamidophos (20.2-288.4%), were much higher than those of non-polar ones (chlorpyrifos and methidathion 25.7-136.4 and 37.6-292.6%, respectively), except for quince. Pronounced matrix effects (>120%) were observed to the lowest fortification levels (maximum residual levels established by the European Union), of dimethoate and methamidophos (i.e. the most polar analytes) in the majority of product extracts. Furthermore, it was proved that there is no correlation between the classification of plant products, according to their botanical characteristics, and the recoveries of pesticides in the equivalent extracts. Indeed, there were significant differences in the recoveries of pesticides in extracts, derived from matrices belonging to the same botanical group (especially in the categories of pome fruits and citrus). Consequently, it was shown that, under the examined conditions, obtaining recovery data, derived from only one representative matrix, with the purpose to validate an official method in its botanical category is, possibly, an erroneous practice.     

Cooking oils and “Triplex” in the control of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in farm-stored maize

The uses of some cooking oils viz., noug oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, corn oil and olive oil, and the reputedly non-toxic botanical “Triplex”, were evaluated against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, in stored maize grain under local Ethiopian storage conditions in 2003. For comparison, an untreated sample and the synthetic insecticides, malathion 5% dust and Actellic 2% dust, at the recommended rates of 0.05% (w/w) were included. All the cooking oils tested had a significant toxic effect on the weevils in stored grains. The oil treatments showed significantly higher mortality of adult weevils at each sampling period compared with the untreated grains. The cooking oil treatments also significantly reduced weight loss and grain damage as compared with the untreated control. The Triplex treatment was of comparable effectiveness to the synthetic insecticides, causing high mortality of adult weevils, low-percentage grain damage and low-percentage weight losses. These promising oils and Triplex could be recommended for use as part of an integrated pest management program in stored maize, particularly at low levels of pest infestation and, in the case of cooking oils, for grain intended for home consumption.     

Determination of Botanical Insecticides Residues in Fish by Liquid Chromatography�CElectrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A method for determining residues of four botanical insecticides oxymatrine, matrine, rotenone, and azadirachtin in fish by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) is described. The extraction was achieved using acetonitrile, with the addition of sodium chloride to induce a salting out effect before using n-hexane to defat. Chromatographic separation is achieved on Phenomenex Luna C18 column in the mobile phase composition of acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate buffer consisting formic acid to provide protons for LC–MS/MS analysis. Accomplishing with the matrix matched calibration curves to compensate for the matrix effect, the quantitative data showed good linear response within the concentration ranges studied. Detection is carried out using positive-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Calibrations were linear over a working range of 0.5–50 μg/L for oxymatrine, matrine, rotenone, and 2–200 μg/L for azadirachtin. The average recoveries and the relative standard deviation ranged from 88.6–95.7% and 7.58–10.2%, respectively, in spiked fish samples at concentration levels ranging from 0.5 to 10 μg/kg for oxymatrine, matrine, and rotenone and from 2 to 50 μg/kg for azadirachtin. The limits of detection for oxymatrine, matrine, rotenone, and azadirachtin were 0.29, 0.37, 0.21, and 1.4 μg/kg, respectively. The method is accurate, specific, and sensitive for the analysis of the studied botanical insecticides residues in fish samples.     

单花种蜂蜜植物源黄酮标记物的研究进展

利用蜂蜜中特征成分来鉴别和标识不同种类单花种蜂蜜的植物源及其产地是当前蜂蜜研究的热点。文中介绍了黄酮化合物作为单花种蜂蜜植物源标记物的研究进展,旨在为我国单花种蜂蜜的溯源及其质量控制提供参考。