烤烟施钾技术研究

试验结果表明：在皖东烟区速效钾含量高的土壤上,烤烟施钾量以施３２４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２Ｋ２ＳＯ４为好;在速效钾含量低的土壤上,烤烟施钾量以施４６３．８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２Ｋ２ＳＯ４为好。施钾方法以钾和氮磷混合施至土壤１５ｃｍ深度为好     

土壤速效钾含量与烤烟钾肥施用效应的研究

钾肥用量对提高烤烟的产、质作用在不同速效钾含量土壤上的表现不同。贵州遵义烟区，在速效钾含量为７５．９×１０－６土壤上，效果显著；在速效钾含量为１４９．４×１０－６、１６７．０×１０－６和１７２．０×１０－６土壤上，效果不明显。烟叶含钾量与土壤速效钾含量、施钾量在一定范围内呈正相关关系，但提高幅度有限，与国外优质烟含钾量相比，差距还很大。烟叶中全氮、烟碱和还原糖含量，除还原糖含量在速效钾为７５．９×１０－６土壤上与施钾量呈显著正相关以外，与土壤速效钾含量和施钾量均无明显的规律性变化。钾肥的适宜用量应根据土壤速效钾含量而定。在钾肥供应紧缺的情况下，可进行测土施钾。在速效钾含量低于１５０×１０－６土壤上，以亩施１０～１３ｋｇＫ２Ｏ为宜；在速效钾含量高于１５０×１０－６土壤上，以亩施５～８ｋｇＫ２Ｏ为宜。     

四川烤烟区土壤氯的动态与施氯量的确定

１９９２～１９９３年期间，对种植于红壤、紫色土和黄壤上的烤烟开展了不同施氯量（０、３１．５、６３．０、９４．５、１２６．０、１５７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）与烟叶含氯量相互关系的田间试验研究，以及施氯后土壤氯的动态观测与室内氯的土柱淋溶模拟实验。结果表明，在ｍ／（Ｎ）、ｍ（Ｐ２Ｏ５）、ｍ（Ｋ２Ｏ）用量为１１２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。１１２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２：２８１．２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的基础上，烟叶含氯量随施氯量的增大而增加，彼此呈显著的指数函数关系。每公顷施氯９０ｋｇ左右对四川烤烟生产是安全而适宜的，烟叶含氯量约为０．６％，对烟叶产、质无不良影响，且可增强香气量、改善香气质，氯也不致于在土壤中明显累积。氯的淋溶模拟实验显示，只要保持连续下渗水流６至７天，所施加的氯量（９０．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）便可淋溶殆尽。     

钾及钾镁肥配合对酿酒葡萄产量,品质的效应

钾肥用量试验结果表明，在施用Ｎ、Ｐ２Ｏ５１５０ｋｇ／ｈａ的基础上，Ｋ２Ｏ适宜用量为１６０．１９ｋｇ／ｈａ，Ｎ：Ｋ２Ｏ＝１：１．０７，最高产量１４９６３．４６ｋｇ／ｈｓ，产／投为９．１３。高钾与镁配合比单施钾肥，每７．５ｋｇＫ２Ｏ多增产１１．５５ｋｇ葡萄，同时旋钾马可提高果实中ＶＣ、糖、酸含量。     

甜菜施用氯化钾对产量和含糖的影响

通过田间试验，土壤和甜菜叶柄，块根的化验分析，研究甜菜施用氯化钾的效应及ＣＬ＾－对土壤理化性状的影响，结果表明，在淡黑钙土上，施用氯化钾１５０～３００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，甜菜产量提高４．６％～１２．８％；在黑钙土中施用氯化钾２２５～３００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，含糖提高０．２２～０．３８度；根外追施０．４％浓度，产量提高１８．９％含糖提高０．０７度，氯化钾对甜菜增产，增糖的作用不亚于等Ｋ２Ｏ量的硫酸钾，甚至还     

不同供钾水平对白肋烟生长及钾素吸收规律的影响

白肋烟是一种需氮量极高（是烤烟的３～４倍）的烟草类型。在高氨条件下白肋烟对钾素的供应水平更为敏感。试验结果表明，若不施钾肥，土壤的有效钾（１２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）仅能维持白肋烟３０天的正常生长。只有当施人肥料中的Ｎ：Ｋ＿２Ｏ达到１：３后才能保证白肋烟整个生长过程基本正常。在烟株生长过程中每积累３０ｋｇ干物质需吸收１ｋｇＫ＿２Ｏ才能保证烟株正常生长。     

甜菜高产高糖施肥标准的研究

论述了肥料三要素氮、磷、钾对甜菜产量形成的作用机理,指出甜菜高产高糖所需的三要素施用指标分别为：Ｎ－Ｎ１２０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２Ｐ－Ｐ２Ｏ５１２０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２;Ｋ－Ｋ２Ｏ１００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２。     

施用钾肥对烤烟叶片中钾素和氮素含量的影响

本文研究了一定氮、磷水平下钾肥的施用量和施用方法对烤烟生长中后期烟叶中钾素和氮素含量影响的变化规律。结果表明:烤烟生长中后期氮、钾的含量均呈显著的下降趋势,其下降幅度随叶位和基施钾肥量而发生变化;充足的钾肥作为基肥不仅能显著提高烤烟叶片中钾和氮的含量,并且有利于钾素在各部位叶片的均匀分布和K₂O/N比值的提高,这有助于烤烟的正常落黄和烟叶品质的提高。烤烟生长中期追施钾肥虽然可以在短时间内大幅度提高烤烟叶片的钾素含量,但无法维持;收获期叶片的钾素含量提高幅度很小;只有基施钾肥使土壤供钾水平较高时,才能提高叶片中的含钾量。烤烟生长中期追施钾肥可提高烤烟叶片的含氮量;提高的幅度与钾肥的追施用量有关;但随生育期的延长,只有大量的追施钾肥才能提高烤烟叶片含氮量。烤烟生长中期喷施钾肥,叶片中钾素含量提高受叶片中原含钾水平的影响,叶片原含钾水平较低时,喷施钾肥主要提高底叶的含钾量;而叶片原含钾水平较高时,喷施钾肥才能提高各部位叶片的钾素含量。      

钾肥对向日葵增产潜力的影响

１９９０－１９９２年三年试验结果表明，尽管只施氮磷肥可获得高产，但在施氮磷肥的基础上按比例配施钾肥，可进一步提高向日葵的产量。钾肥的最佳经济施肥量为１５０公斤Ｋ２Ｏ／公顷Ｎ、Ｐ２Ｏ５、Ｋ２Ｏ最适比例为２：１：２。     

施钾量对烤烟钾积累与分配的影响

研究四川省凉山州主栽烤烟品种云烟85对钾的积累和分配特征,可为当地合理施用钾肥提供理论依据。以云烟85为材料进行土培盆栽和大田试验,分析了不同施钾量下云烟85的产量、含钾量、钾积累量和钾分配率,探讨施钾量对云烟85钾积累与分配的影响。结果表明,云烟85在不同钾肥用量下的钾积累高峰均出现在旺长后期和中部叶成熟期。随着钾肥用量的增加,烟叶产量、含钾量、钾积累量和钾分配率先增大后减小,含钾量和钾积累量差异显著。本试验条件下,种植云烟85的最佳钾肥用量为158kg／hm2。在凉山烟区种植云烟85时,可适当降低钾肥用量,并增加后期钾肥追施比例,在保证产量的同时,有望提高烟叶含钾量。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.