加热过程煎炸油品质分析

煎炸油在煎炸过程中发生了聚合反应、氧化反应、水解反应等化学反应，这些反应使煎炸油的酸值、过氧化值、茴香胺值等指标都发生了变化，从而反映出煎炸油品质的变化。本文采用90～170℃之间的温度对煎炸油进行加热试验，发现煎炸油在不同温度和不同时间下，氧化指数、酸值都呈现出增加的趋势，表明煎炸过程对油脂品质存在一定的影响。     

加热过程煎炸油品质分析

煎炸油在煎炸过程中发生了聚合反应、氧化反应、水解反应等化学反应，这些反应使煎炸油的酸值、过氧化值、茴香胺值等指标都发生了变化，从而反映出煎炸油品质的变化。本文采用90～170℃之间的温度对煎炸油进行加热试验，发现煎炸油在不同温度和不同时间下，氧化指数、酸值都呈现出增加的趋势，表明煎炸过程对油脂品质存在一定的影响。     

两种豆制品厂煎炸油净化方法效果的比较研究

本文对两种不同的豆制品厂煎炸油净化方法对煎炸油品质的影响进行了研究,选择了两家分别采用自然沉降净化法和加水净化法的企业,再选择两种相同的产品,在工厂条件下对煎炸油的酸价、羰基价和极性物质指标进行研究。研究结果显示两种煎炸油净化方法对煎炸油品质具有显著影响。     

煎炸过程的科学管理及煎炸油品质控制

本文论述了煎炸油相关的法律法规及操作规范,比较了现有煎炸油品质现场控制的快速检测技术,分析煎炸过程对煎炸油品质的影响,为餐饮业煎炸过程的科学管理提供指导。     

煎炸油质量调控方法探讨

本文论述了煎炸油在高温下长时间反复使用时产生的危害,比较分析了煎炸油品质调控的不同方法,以期为中小型企业及餐饮业中煎炸油的使用提供指导。     

煎炸油品质快速检测新方法研究进展

煎炸油的品质将直接影响煎炸食品的营养与安全。为了对煎炸油品质进行监控,目前我国出台了煎炸油卫生检测标准以及相应的检测方法。这些检测方法虽然可操作性强、成本低,但需消耗大量有机试剂、操作费时、繁琐,研究并开发快速、无损及可靠的检测方法很有必要。随着现代科学与技术的发展,一些新的快速检测技术与方法已用于煎炸油质量的快速检测。本文主要介绍电子鼻与电子舌技术、介电常数法、电导率法、低场核磁共振法、红外光谱法以及色谱法用于煎炸油样品中理化指标快速检测的原理以及具体应用。     

近红外光谱法快速分析马铃薯煎炸油的品质

为快速监测马铃薯煎炸油的品质,选择棕榈油、菜籽油和大豆油为研究对象,运用近红外光谱分析方法分别建立了3种煎炸油的定性判别模型,以及酸价、过氧化值与极性组分3个关键质量控制指标的定量模型。基于马氏距离法的定性模型对检测集进行判别,结果表明根据距离阈值判断的正确率达到100%。基于偏最小二乘法建立的定量模型对样品进行预测,结果显示理化指标定量模型基本符合实际应用要求。棕榈油、菜籽油、大豆油煎炸油品质定量模型验证集的结果验证了定量模型的可靠性。研究表明利用近红外光谱法能够实现对马铃薯煎炸油品质的快速鉴定。     

深度油炸过程煎炸油的氧化及其对油炸外裹糊鱼块品质的影响

目的 探究深度油炸过程煎炸油的氧化,并进一步研究煎炸油氧化对油炸外裹糊鱼块品质的影响。方法 分别采用棕榈油、大豆油、葵花籽油、小麦胚芽油在150℃、160℃、170℃、180℃、190℃下油炸外裹糊鱼块,测定煎炸油的酸价、过氧化值、黏度、介电常数以及油炸外裹糊鱼块外壳的水分含量、油脂含量、表面色度。结果 随着油炸温度的升高,煎炸油的游离脂肪酸含量增加,导致煎炸油的酸价、黏度和介电常数升高,过氧化值呈现波动下降的趋势;油炸外裹糊鱼块的水分含量逐渐减少,油脂含量逐渐增加,L*和b*值呈递减趋势、a*值呈递增趋势,且使用4种煎炸油的各项指标存在明显差异。结论 煎炸油的油炸温度和不饱和脂肪酸含量显著影响了煎炸油的氧化,导致外裹糊鱼块深度油炸过程中水分蒸发和油脂吸收有明显差异,最终影响了油炸外裹糊鱼块的品质。     

煎炸不同食物对煎炸油品质的影响

为了探究不同食物对煎炸油劣变程度的影响,将大豆油在180℃条件下煎炸鸡胸肉和土豆,连续煎炸7 d,每天煎炸6 h;分别检测煎炸油的酸值、羰基值、总极性成分含量和脂肪酸组成及含量,分析不同食物对煎炸油品质影响的差异性和相关性,并讨论不同食物成分对煎炸油理化指标影响的原因。结果显示:煎炸鸡胸肉的煎炸油的酸值(KOH)、羰基值、总极性成分含量分别上升到3.14 mg/g、66.69 meq/kg、40.02%,各指标之间呈极显著相关性(P0.01),相关系数大于0.95;煎炸土豆的煎炸油的酸值(KOH)、羰基值、总极性成分含量分别上升到1.48 mg/g、192 meq/kg、47.16%,各指标之间呈极显著相关性(P0.01),相关系数大于0.86;煎炸鸡胸肉的煎炸油饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸呈极显著相关性(P0.01),煎炸土豆的煎炸油上述脂肪酸呈显著相关性(P0.05)。煎炸不同食物对煎炸油品质产生不同的影响。     

煎炸油的品质与化学处理

油脂因煎炸中的热氧化、水解、聚合等反应而产生变质.为制造具有一定品质的煎炸食品,同时为延长煎炸油的使用期,这里对改善煎炸起稣油的品质和稳定性各种化学处理,进行探讨.在煎炸油的品质上,对电溶率、游离脂肪酸、着色(420mn吸收),总极性质物等     

马铃薯煎炸过程中食用油稳定性的研究

采用马铃薯作为食材,菜籽油、胡麻油和米糠油3种常用食用油作为煎炸用油,测定不同煎炸温度、不同煎炸时间下3种食用油酸值、碘值、过氧化值,评价不同食用油煎炸过程中的稳定性。结果表明:经过5 h的连续加热,3种食用油的酸值、过氧化值含量都随加热温度和加热时间的增大有逐渐上升的趋势,碘值随着加热温度和加热时间的增大逐渐下降,3种食用油在125℃、150℃、175℃、200℃温度梯度下连续加热5 h后的酸值均低于5 mg/g。依据过氧化值含量的增加幅度和碘值的降低幅度来评判煎炸油的煎炸品质结果为:胡麻油>菜籽油>米糠油。     

CHANGES IN THE FRYING MEDIUM DURING DEEP-FRYING OF FOOD RICH IN PROTEINS AND CARBOHYDRATES

Changes in the frying medium (rapeseed oil) during controlled deep-frying of sliced potatoes and cod fillets and oil heated without them were compared. Fifteen frying cycles were conducted each day for five days. Results showed that oil after frying of cod fillets contained 10% less triacylglycerol (TAG) polymers and 40% less TAG dimers than other oils. Other parameters (iodine and anisidine values and absorption value at 233nm) showed that less thermooxidative products formed during frying of food rich in proteins. Oil after frying of cod fillets was darker and its acid value was significantly higher than that for other oils. Content of TAG polymers and dimers for oil after frying of sliced potatoes and oil heated without food was equal. The relative loss of C18:2 acid and decrease in iodine value showed that oil after heating without food underwent more intensive thermooxidative transformation than other oils.     

基于主成分分析的西式快餐条件下煎炸油品质评价

为了研究西式快餐条件下煎炸油的品质并建立其评价体系,考察了5种常见煎炸油(大豆油、菜籽油、葵花籽油、棕榈油及稻米油)在模拟西式快餐条件170℃连续7 d煎炸薯条过程中11个品质相关的理化指标,通过主成分分析法综合评价了5种煎炸油在煎炸过程中的煎炸性能,并建立煎炸油品质评价模型。结果表明,5种煎炸油煎炸周期结束后酸价、极性组分、羰基价、茴香胺值、全氧化值和色泽均显著升高(P<0.05),维生素E总量和氧化稳定指数均显著降低(P<0.05)。相关性分析显示茴香胺值、全氧化值、羰基价两两之间均显著性正相关(r=0.877～0.997,P<0.05),色泽与酸价呈极显著正相关(r=0.822,P<0.01),碘值与氧化稳定指数呈极显著负相关(r=-0.846,P<0.01),与亚油酸/棕榈酸比值呈极显著正相关(r=0.833,P<0.01)。主成分分析提取出3个综合性评价指标,累计贡献率达84.115%,反映了原指标的大部分信息,并进一步建立煎炸油煎炸性能的综合评价得分模型F=0.405F₁+0.295F₂+0.1...     

Consequence of Commercial Fish Frying on Some Quality Parameters of Oil with Special Reference to Trans Fat

In the present study, the quality of frying oil, as affected by commercial pan fish frying, was investigated. The quality of fresh frying oil, null replenishment (NR) oil, and discarded frying oil were evaluated by drawing out the oil samples from the fryer at the initial stage, just before the addition of new frying oil for level make-up and used oil of the last frying cycle, respectively. The parameters used to assess the quality were the fatty acid composition including trans fatty acid (TFA), free fatty acid, and peroxide values of frying oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to examine fatty acids profiles of the frying oils. Trans fatty acid in fresh oils varied from 2.5%–3.8% (except oil-6, which contained 13%), whereas NR oils and discarded oils contained 5.6%–14.8% and 7.3%–20.8% trans fatty acids, correspondingly. Free fatty acid in fresh, NR, and discarded oils were 0.12%–0.24%, 0.22%–1.74%, and 0.80%–3.39%, respectively. Peroxide value in fresh, NR, and discarded oils were determined to be 1.15–3.93, 2.71–7.51, and 2.84–14.68 meq of O₂ /kg oil. It was observed that commercial fryers were not using the proper oil for frying. Furthermore, the last frying cycle just before discarding the oil may be dangerous for the health of consumers due to their significant level of TFA, free fatty acid, and peroxide values.     

西式快餐条件下煎炸油氧化稳定性及其不饱和脂肪酸氧化动力学研究

为了解煎炸油在煎炸过程中的氧化动力学规律,考察了5种常见煎炸油在西式快餐条件下的氧化稳定性,并对煎炸油中主要不饱和脂肪酸（亚麻酸、亚油酸及油酸）的氧化动力学进行研究。结果表明,煎炸过程中,棕榈油的茴香胺值、全氧化值的生成速率及碘值降低幅度最小,相比其他4种煎炸油具有更好的氧化稳定性。大豆油和菜籽油中亚麻酸的反应规律均同时符合0级和1级反应动力学模型;棕榈油、菜籽油、葵花籽油及稻米油中亚油酸的反应规律均同时符合0级和1级反应动力学模型,大豆油中亚油酸符合1级反应动力学模型;棕榈油、大豆油、菜籽油及葵花籽油中油酸的反应规律均同时符合0级和1级反应动力学模型;模型相应的决定系数R2在0.886~0.987之间,均大于0.85,模型拟合程度均较好。表明所构建煎炸油不饱和脂肪酸氧化动力学模型是可行的。     

COMPARISON OF THE FRYING PERFORMANCE OF REFINED, BLEACHED AND DEODORIZED PALM OLEIN AND COCONUT OIL

The frying performance of refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBDPO) and refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil (RBDCO) was compared in this study. The oils were studied during intermittent frying of potato chips at 180C for 5 h/day for 5 consecutive days. The indices used for assessment of frying performance of the oils were fatty acid composition (FAC), peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AnV), % free fatty acid (FFA), iodine value (IV), % polar component, polymer content, color, viscosity, smoke point and foaming tendency. The results showed that RBDPO was superior to RBDCO in frying performance in terms of % FFA, iodine value, foaming tendency and smoke point. However, RBDCO performed better than RBDPO with respect to % polar component, polymer content, resistance to oxidation, color and viscosity. Flavor evaluation showed that potato chips fried in RBDPO were preferred by the panelists.     

Comparison of Oxidative Stability among Edible Oils under Continuous Frying Conditions

The stability of camellia oil (saturated fatty acid: monounsaturated fatty acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid = 1:7:1) after frying potatoes was compared with palm oil (saturated fatty acid: monounsaturated fatty acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid = 4:4:1) and peanut oil (saturated fatty acid: monounsaturated fatty acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid = 2:4:4). Oil samples were evaluated for acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation value, tocopherols content, and fatty acids composition. There was the least change in fatty acid composition in camellia oil among the three edible oils. The α-tocopherol was more vulnerable to heat degradation than γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol, and α-tocopherol was completely degraded before the whole frying process was done for palm and peanut oils. The oxidative stabilities of the three edible oils were in the order of camellia oil > palm oil > peanut oil. The oxidative stability was mainly determined by the calculated oxidizability value related to fatty acid composition, and when calculated oxidizability values were similar, the tocopherol contents of edible oils would be a key factor in affecting their oxidative stabilities.     

The determination of frying oil quality using a chemosensory system

Chemosensory systems are currently being introduced in the food industries for quality control and process monitoring. This study was conducted to determine the possibility of using a chemosensory system to differentiate among varying intensities of oil rancidity and investigate discrimination between good, marginal and unacceptable frying oils. Fresh, 1-day, 2-day used and discarded frying oils were obtained from a fast food restaurant in each frying cycle for 4 weeks. The oil samples were analysed using a quartz-microbalance-based chemosensory system. The discrimination between good, marginal and unacceptable frying oils with regard to rancidity was examined and the results were compared to their physico-chemical properties such as dielectric constant, peroxide value, and free fatty acid content. The different qualities of frying oils were successfully evaluated and discriminated using the chemosensory system. Good correlations (r from 0.87 to 0.96) were found between changes in physico-chemical properties of oil and the sensor signals.     

真空低温煎炸对油稳定性影响的研究

主要探讨了真空低温煎炸胡萝卜片后3种煎炸油的稳定性,研究了3种煎炸油的酸值、过氧化值、羰基值随煎炸时间的变化规律,并分析了它们之间的相关性.结果显示,与大豆色拉油相比,棕榈油和猪油有更高的煎炸稳定性;3种油的酸值、过氧化值、羰基值与煎炸时间存在着显著的相关性.     

DEVELOPMENT OF DEEP FRYING EDIBLE VEGETABLE OILS

Refined soybean and rice-bran oils have been selected as base oils for preparation of frying oils. Hexane and acetone fractionation of nontraditional tree seed oils (NTOs) such as sal, mango, mahua and palm fats was carried out at 5–20C. Chemical and chromatographic parameteres were used to fractionate each oil (NTOs) in order to obtain olein-rich and stearin-rich fractions. The stearin fraction obtained at 10 and 15C from hexane and acetone were identical and hence mixed together. The stearin fraction obtained from all the four NTOs were incorporated at 10% level with the conventionally refined (market sample) and physically refined (laboratory sample) soybean and rice-bran oils in order to obtain frying oils. Heat stability parameters of the oils, namely free fatty acids (FFA%), peroxide value (PV), and iodine value (IV) were determined for base oils and frying oils after heating. Values for oil samples changed as follows: A (refined soybean oil and frying oils containing it) % FFA from 0.18 to 0.17–0.19, PV from 3.6 to 4.6–6.0 and IV from 125.3 to 109.2–115.8; B (refined rice-bran oil and frying oils containing it) from 0.21 to 0.19–0.23 for % FFA, 4.0 to 4.6–6.7 for PV and 99.4 to 87.6–92.8 for IV; C (physical refined soybean oil and frying oils containing it) from 0.36 to 0.33–0.36 for % FFA, 5.7 to 7.4–11.2 for PV and 126.9 to 108.9–113.2 for IV; and D (physical refined rice bran oil and frying oils containing it) from 0.79 to 0.75–0.79 for % FFA, 7.1 to 8.2–11.3 for PV and 101.4 to 88.6–93.7 for IV, respectively. However, when base oils were heated as such, their deterioration was much faster. Fatty acid composition, determined by gas chromatography, also supported the results obtained by chemical means. These frying oils showed improved heat stability compared to their base oils.