植物油污染黄曲霉毒素的去除方法

黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxjn)分布的范围很广,凡是污染了能产生黄曲霉毒素的真菌的粮食、油料作物的种子、食品和饲料等,都有可能存在黄曲霉毒素。根据现有的资料,黄曲霉毒素是各种真菌毒素中毒性最大的一种。目前,已确定其化学结构的有黄曲霉毒素B_1、B_2、B_(2a)、G_1、G_2、G_(2a)、     

谷物霉菌挥发性物质的电子鼻与GC-MS检测研究

为建立粮食受霉菌污染的快速检测方法,本研究利用电子鼻与气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对6种谷物中常见霉菌在不同生长阶段(1、2、5、13 d)的特征挥发性气味物质进行了检测分析。GC-MS结果显示不同霉菌的挥发性物质成分存在差异,且在生长后期差异更加显著。基于电子鼻信号的主成分分析(PCA)法能够有效区分生长中后期(5、13 d)不同菌属的霉菌样品。线性判别分析(LDA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)模型对黄曲霉类、寄生曲霉类和青霉类样品的整体判别正确率分别达到100%和97.4%。结果表明,运用电子鼻与GC-MS技术对粮食霉菌污染情况进行快速鉴定具有一定可行性。     

电子鼻融合BP神经网络预测玉米赤霉烯酮和黄曲霉毒素B1含量模型研究

为探究玉米赤霉烯酮和黄曲霉毒素B_1的无损快速定量测定方法,用电子鼻对7级不同霉变程度玉米样品进行检测,并用理化分析方法分别测定霉变玉米中的玉米赤霉烯酮与黄曲霉毒素B_1含量;在提取电子鼻响应信号的积分值作为特征参量的前提下,采用BP神经网络建立不同霉变程度下玉米样品中的玉米赤霉烯酮与黄曲霉毒素B_1含量的预测模型。同时,为了获得较为可靠的BP神经网络预测模型,在神经网络结构不变的条件下,对比分析了不同训练集、测试集构建的预测模型。结果发现在各预测模型的70组测试样本中,相对误差控制在5%以内的样本数量都在60个以上,最大相对误差控制在15%以内,从而证明了BP神经网络预测模型的有效性、可靠性。该研究为实施玉米霉变毒素的快速无损检测提供了一种途径。     

糙米中黄曲霉毒素B1的ATR-FTIR快速测定

拟建立基于衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱（attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infraredspectroscopy,ATR-FTIR）的糙米中微量黄曲霉毒素B1（aflatoxin B1,AFB1）的快速检测方法。首先将16 份糙米样品经辐射灭菌后接种产毒菌株并在适宜条件下（28 ℃、相对湿度85%）贮藏30 d,测定其AFB1含量。其次将受AFB1污染样品磨粉后与空白糙米样品按质量比例进行精确混合,获得AFB1含量在0～890.20 μg/kg内的糙米样品共计128 份。ATR-FTIR建模分析结果显示,依据AFB1含量高低将样品划分为4 类,临近算法判别分析模型的预测整体正确率达到83.3%。运用偏最小二乘回归分析建立的定量模型精度最优,预测相关系数、均方根误差和相对分析误差值分别为0.970、70.8 μg/kg和4.0。结果表明,ATR-FTIR技术用于糙米黄曲霉毒素污染程度的快速分析与筛选具有一定可行性,但需进一步研究来提升对低AFB1含量样品的预测精度。     

曲霉属真菌毒素的毒性研究进展

曲霉属真菌产生的真菌毒素是最早被发现并被重视的一类真菌毒素,多污染食品、饲料和中药,其种类繁多,且对人体的危害性巨大。近年来,国内外对此类真菌毒素的毒性研究愈加关注,本综述总结了曲霉菌属真菌产生的_13种主要真菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素B_1、黄曲霉毒素B_2、黄曲霉毒素G_1、黄曲霉毒素G_2、黄曲霉毒素M_1、黄曲霉毒素M_2、黄曲霉毒素P_1、赭曲霉毒素A、赭曲霉毒素B、赭曲霉毒素C、赭曲霉毒素α、杂色曲霉素和O-甲基-杂色曲霉素)近40年来体内、体外毒性研究资料,对其各项毒性进行归纳,主要涵盖急性毒性、慢性毒性的致癌性、生长生殖毒性、致突变和基因毒性、免疫毒性、神经毒性、细胞毒性及血液毒性。同时对黄曲霉毒素B_1、赭曲霉毒素A及其他常见毒素间的协同毒性也进行了概述。由于各国对食品药品的安全性要求越来越高,对真菌毒素毒性的总结,可进一步加深对毒素的认识,并为食品、饲料及中药安全性方面相关的法律法规制订提供重要依据。     

基于纳米材料构建免疫传感器快速测定粮油食品中的黄曲霉毒素B_1

以改性壳聚糖和纳米金复合物为电极修饰材料,包埋固定黄曲霉毒素B_1抗体制备信号放大型免疫传感器。以K_3[Fe(CN)_6]为探针,利用循环伏安法和差分脉冲伏安法研究其免疫反应对传感器响应电流的影响,结果表明,免疫响应电流与溶液中AFB_1的浓度在0.1~1.1 ng/m L范围内成线性关系,最低检测限为0.05 ng/m L(S/N=3);免疫传感器的特异性、稳定性和重现性较好。利用该法对花生、花生油等实际样品中的黄曲霉毒素B_1进行检测,回收率在87.8~98.2%,检测精确度优于ELISA试剂盒,可用于食品中黄曲霉毒素B_1的快速检测。     

汉中市市售植物油中黄曲霉毒素污染状况调查北大核心CSCD

为调查汉中市市售植物油中黄曲霉毒素的污染状况,采集2019—2020年汉中市市售植物油样品160份,采用GB 5009.22—2016第三法高效液相色谱-柱后衍生法检测其中的4种黄曲霉毒素(B_(1)、B_(2)、G_(1)、G_(2))含量。结果表明:160份植物油样品中有7份检出黄曲霉毒素,阳性率为4.38%,含量均值为0.466μg/kg,远低于GB 2761—2017限量标准。综上,汉中市市售植物油中黄曲霉毒素污染状况总体较轻,为低风险产品。     

柏实中黄曲霉毒素的HPLC-FD法测定

建立高效液相色谱测定柏实中黄曲霉毒素的方法,样品提取液经免疫亲和柱净化和光化学柱后衍生化,荧光检测器检测,黄曲霉毒素G_2、B_2在1.25 pg~50 pg范围内,黄曲霉毒素G_1、B_1在5 pg~200 pg范围内线性关系良好,回收率79.29%~102.53%。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测玉米油中的 黄曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法准确、快速检测玉米油中黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxins B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2)和玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)的含量,了解市售玉米油中B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2、ZEN污染状况。方法样品经乙腈:水(84:16,V:V)溶液超声离心提取后,通过多功能固相萃取柱进行净化处理,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果 B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2的线性范围为0.1～20μg/L,ZEN的线性范围为3.0～200μg/L;方法回收率为74.4%～98.6%,相对标准偏差为3.9%～6.9%;B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2定量限为0.2μg/L,ZEN的定量限为6.0μg/L。市售的33份样品中,均没有检出B_1、B2、G_1、G_2;玉米赤霉烯酮检出32份,检出率为97.0%。结论该方法操作简单快速、重现性好,可用于玉米油中黄曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮的检测。     

基于UPLC-MS-MS技术定量确证小麦中10种真菌毒素

建立了小麦中黄曲霉毒素B_1、黄曲霉毒素B_2、黄曲霉毒素G_1、黄曲霉毒素G_2、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮等10种真菌毒素的超高液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法检测的方法。小麦样品经乙腈-水-乙酸溶液震荡超声提取后,采用多功能净化柱净化。待测物经Kinetex SB-C_(18)色谱柱分离,甲醇-0.1%甲酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,正负模式同时扫描,三重串联四级杆质谱多反应离子监测(MRM)方式检测,基质标准校正,外标法定量。结果表明,在一定的浓度范围内,10种真菌毒素线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,方法的检出限为0.015~1μg/kg,空白样品中添加高中低不同浓度的真菌毒素的回收率为65.12%~89.16%,RSD%(n=6)在4.26%~9.46%之间。该方法分析速度快、重复性好、灵敏度高,适合小麦中多种真菌毒素的高灵敏度快速测定。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.