焦糖色中的乙酰丙酸检测法

焦糖色是酱油最常用的着色剂,应符合以下条件。①色泽鲜明,呈红褐色。②不产生混浊及沉淀物。③长时间保存后,不褪色。④不破坏酱油原有的香气。⑤不使酿造酱油成分发生变化。表1列出焦糖色一般制法,均能符合上述①～④的要求。一般,正式酿造酱油中,不含乙酰丙酸,在植物蛋白酸解液——     

液相色谱法测定天然酿造酱油和水解植物蛋白调味液中有机酸的研究

建立了高效液相色谱法测定天然酿造酱油和水解植物蛋白调味液中有机酸的方法,样品前处理简单,甲酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸、乳酸、酒石酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、丙酮酸、乙酰丙酸在弱阳离子交换柱上分离良好,其在一定线性范围内相关系数在0．9990以上,回收率在96．0—103．9％,检出限在0．001—0．005mg／mL,相对标准偏差在1．1—3．3％,并对天然酿造酱油和水解植物蛋白调味液样品进行了检测。     

气相色谱法测定酱油中氯丙醇

０引言水解植物蛋白简称为ＨＶＰ（ＨｙｄｒｏｌｙｚｅｄＶｅｇｅｔａｂｌｅＰｒｏｔｅｉｎ），我国称为酸水解调味液或称为化学酱油。ＨＶＰ以其鲜味强而广泛地作为鲜味剂，添加到酱油、蚝油、酱类及各种复合调味品与汤料中，然而在ＨＶＰ酸解反映过程中（指盐酸水解）产...     

酿造酱油与配制酱油鉴别方法研究进展

以氯丙醇、铵盐、乙酰丙酸、氨基酸作为鉴别酿造酱油与配制酱油的指标,采用同位素稀释气相色谱-质谱联用法、顶空衍生化固相微萃取法等检测酸水解植物蛋白液(HVP)的氯丙醇,采用凯氏定氮法、近红外光谱法检测酱油中的铵盐与氨基酸,采用液相色谱-质谱法、气相色谱法等检测HVP中的乙酰丙酸,采用高效液相色谱法、氨基酸自动分析仪检测酱油中的氨基酸。     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定酱油中水解氨基酸

建立了高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法测定天然酿造酱油原油(FSS)和酸水解植物蛋白调味液(HVP)中多肽的水解氨基酸的组成的方法。FSS多肽总量约是HVP的10倍,其中FSS中多肽的总量为2378.76mg/L,HVP中多肽的总量为247.57mg/L。天然发酵酱油原油中赖氨酸在多肽中的含量21倍高于酸水解植物蛋白液。FSS多肽中赖氨酸、组氨酸、酪氨酸相对百分含量约是HVP的2倍,HVP中丙氨酸、脯氨酸相对百分含量约是FSS的2倍。该研究为鉴别天然酿造酱油与酸水解酱油提供依据。     

文摘

将用脱脂大豆和麦粉曲混合物生产的酱油加入酸法水解的酱油中,并评定在发酵过程中氨基酸成份、乙醇及乙酰丙酸的化学变化。发酵20—40天后,发现还原糖含量最高,为12.13～15.76%。随着发酵时间增长,总氮、氨基氮及乙醇的含量亦增长。在最初发酵阶段,发现乙酰丙酸含量为最高,随着进一步发酵其含量而减少。在发酵中乳酸含量亦增长。在全部试验组中测定了象Glu、Leu、Ala、Phe、Asp、Thr、Ser、Gly、Met、Tyr、Lys、His、     

挥发性成分聚类分析在酱油鉴别中的应用

应用同时蒸馏萃取法和气质联用技术对对酿造酱油、配制酱油和酸世界植物蛋白调味液共17个样品的挥发性成分进行分析,筛选其特征挥发性组分进行比较。发现酿造酱油特征组分以醇类、醛类、酸类为主,酸水解植物蛋白调味液特征组分以醛类、酚类、杂环化合物为主,而配制酱油挥发性成分则兼有前两者的特征组分。以17个样品的挥发性成分及其含量进行聚类分析,建立了区分酿造酱油、配制酱油和酸水解植物蛋白调味液的识别模型,为建立酿造酱油和配制酱油鉴别技术打下较好的基础。     

原料

<正> 焦糖色素 菲莱雅(远东)有限公司的焦糖色素是多种化合物的复杂混合物。焦糖一般是深褐色至黑色的,有烧焦糖昧和一点苦味的液体或固体。 焦糖色素的应用如下: 酱油:酱油能用高达15％的盐来防腐,就需要有适当的盐稳定性的焦糖色素。一般来说,阳电荷焦糖色素具有天生的盐稳定性;而来用专门配方以提高阴电荷软饮料焦糖色素的稳定性。阳性焦糖色素使酱油具有更象自然发酵产品那样的色泽。 巧克力奶:在巧克力奶中,焦糖色     

国家质监局出台酱油业三个重要标准

日前,国家质量技术监督局和国家国内贸易局分别颁布了《中华人民共和国国家标准——酿造酱油》、《中华人民共和国行业标准——配制酱油》、《中华人民共和国行业标准——酸水解植物蛋白调味液》三个强制性标准。标准严格规定了酿造酱油、配制酱油、酸水解植物蛋白调味液的定义     

Determination of levulinic acid in soy sauce by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection

A novel method using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS) was developed for the determination of levulinic acid (LV) in soy sauces to identify the addition of acid hydrolyzed vegetable protein (acid-HVP). One hundred percentage naturally brewed soy sauce (NBS) and enzymatic hydrolyzed vegetable protein (enzymatic HVP) did not contain LV (<0.01 mg/mL). There was apparent detection of LV in acid-HVP and blended soy sauce with acid-HVP (2.98–21.66 mg/mL). Gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at 430 nm methods were also investigated. The results by GC gave similar data to those by LC–MS. In enzymatic HVP, LV was detected by HPLC at 430 nm, but it was confirmed that the detected component was not in fact LV by mass spectrometric identification of the isolated peak compound. We found that LV is under the detection limit in enzymatic HVP. This study showed that LV is below the detection limit in NBS and enzymatic HVP and is apparently detected in acid-HVP and blended soy sauces with acid-HVP. These results indicate that LV is a practical index of blend with acid-HVP and also corresponds with the JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standard) or CNS (Chinese National Standard) criteria in which the presence of LV in soy sauces indicates adulteration with acid-HVP. The LC–MS method is analytically optimal for the precise determination of LV, because peak misidentification may be practically eliminated.     

焦糖中的二氧化硫和亚硝酸盐对酱油食用安全性的影响

分析了目前市场上常见的国内外焦糖产品的二氧化硫含量，以及添加焦糖给酱油品质带来的影响，检测了6种酱油中的二氧化硫含量，对焦糖的安全使用量和酱油中二氧化硫含量的标准提出了建议。并对国内外焦糖中的亚硝酸盐含量进行了对比检测，对不同酱油品种中添加焦糖品种及添加量提出了建议。     

面粉对发酵酱油品质的影响研究

在工业化生产条件下,以面粉和小麦粉混合发酵酱油(FWSS)和纯小麦粉发酵酱油(WSS)为研究对象,通过测定其理化指标、氨基酸组成以及挥发性化合物组成,结合感官评价结果分析两类酱油风味品质差异的形成原因。结果显示：除总酸外,其他理化指标均无显著性差异;FWSS酱油中大部分氨基酸含量均高于WSS酱油,差异较大的为谷氨酸含量(FWSS=21.11%,WSS=20.35%)。挥发性化合物测定结果显示FWSS酱油挥发性化合物相对含量较高,其中酱油中常见的香气活性物质4-羟基-5-乙基-2-甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮(HEMF,焦糖香),4-乙基愈创木酚(4-EG,烟熏香)含量差异较为明显,与感官评价结果中FWSS酱油其烟熏香味、焦糖香味更加丰富的结果一致。表明在工业生产中,加入40%的面粉替代小麦粉发酵酱油(FWSS),可明显降低酱油中总酸含量(FWSS的总酸含量为1.15 g/100 g,WSS的总酸含量为1.24 g/100 g),提高酱油的香气饱满度和滋味特征。本研究可为高盐稀态酱油的风味品质提升提供理论指导。     

Occurrence of chloropropanols in soy sauce and other foods in China between 2002 and 2004.

A survey of chloropropanols in soy sauce and some selected foods in China is reported. Thirty-seven traditionally brewed soy sauce samples contained 3-MCPD below the EC maximum limit (ML) of 0.02 mg kg(-1). All soy sauce samples (629) from retailers contained levels of 3-MCPD ranging between <0.005 (LOQ) and 189 mg kg(-1), and only 12.2% had levels in excess of the Chinese ML of 1.0 mg kg(-1) for acid hydrolyzed vegetable protein (acid HVP). This indicates that the necessary processing changes have been made to decrease levels of chloropropanols in soy sauce. 2-Monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD), 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol (2,3-DCP) were detected in 48.1 19.1 and 3.78% of the soy sauce samples, respectively; the highest levels being 20.3, 8.26 and 0.50 mg kg(-1), respectively. A good linear correlation was found between the amount of 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD, with the level of 3-MCPD being generally higher than that of other chloropropanols for the same soy sauce. Acid HVP contained 3-MCPD at a level of 0.010-117.7 mg kg(-1) (on a liquid basis) and 80% of samples contained levels exceeding 1.0 mg kg(-1). In some other foods investigated, relatively high levels of 3-MCPD were found in soy sauce powder, oyster sauce, beef products, instant noodle spices and health foods, ranging from 0.029 to 13.64 mg kg(-1). It is concluded that abnormal levels of 3-MCPD in soy sauce or other foods produced in China may result from acid hydrolysis or the addition of the contaminated acid HVP.     

配制酱油中酿造酱油添加比例的测定

建立了高效液相色谱测定配制酱油中乙酰丙酸的方法,并提出了测定配制酱油中酿造酱油含量(以总氮计)的公式。对测定酱油中乙酰丙酸含量的两种液相色谱法进行了比较,有机酸柱法在线性范围、回收率、精密度和样品前处理的简便性等方面均优于C18柱法。利用计算公式对市售配制酱油中酿造酱油的含量(以总氮计)进行了测定。     

Effect of Various Food Additives on the Levels of 4(5)‐Methylimidazole in a Soy Sauce Model System

In this study, the effect of food additives such as iron sulfate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, citric acid, gallic acid, and ascorbic acid on the reduction of 4(5)‐methylimidazole (4(5)‐MI) was investigated using a soy sauce model system. The concentration of 4(5)‐MI in the soy sauce model system with 5% (v/v) caramel colorant III was 1404.13 μg/L. The reduction rate of 4(5)‐MI level with the addition of 0.1M additives followed in order: iron sulfate (81%) > zinc sulfate (61%) > citric acid (40%) > gallic acid (38%) > ascorbic acid (24%) > magnesium sulfate (13%). Correlations between 4(5)‐MI levels and the physicochemical properties of soy sauce, including the amount of caramel colorant, pH value, and color differences, were determined. The highest correlations were found between 4(5)‐MI levels and the amount of caramel colorant and pH values (r² = 0.9712, r² = 0.9378). The concentration of caramel colorants in 8 commercial soy sauces were estimated, and ranged from 0.01 to 1.34% (v/v).     

3‐Chloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) in Soy Sauce: A Review on the Formation,Reduction, and Detection of This Potential Carcinogen

Soy sauce, a dark‐colored seasoning, is added to enhance the sensory properties of foods. Soy sauce can be consumed as a condiment or added during the preparation of food. There are 3 types of soy sauce: fermented, acid‐hydrolyzed vegetable protein (acid‐ HVP), and mixtures of these. 3‐Chloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) is a heat‐produced contaminants formed during the preparation of soy sauce and was found to be a by‐product of acid‐HVP‐produced soy sauce in 1978. 3‐MCPD has been reported to be carcinogenic, nephrotoxic, and reproductively toxic in laboratory animal testing and has been registered as a chemosterilant for rodent control. 3‐MCPD is classified as a possible carcinogenic compound, and the maximum tolerated limit in food has been established at both national and international levels. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on the detection of 3‐MCPD in soy sauce, its toxic effects, and the potential methods to reduce its concentration, especially during the production of acid‐HVP soy sauce. The methods of quantification are also critically reviewed with a focus on efficiency, suitability, and challenges encountered in analysis.     

酿造酱油与配制酱油远红外光谱鉴别研究

采用傅里叶变换远红外光谱结合最小偏二乘法(PLS),对酿造酱油、酸水解植物蛋白液(HVP)以及添加不同比例(10%-50%)HVP而得的配制酱油进行类别分析。结果发现,酿造酱油、酸水解植物蛋白液及配制酱油在以PLS主成分为坐标的二维线性投影图中分布差异明显;通过模型相关系数(R2)和交互验证标准差(RMSECV)比较,筛选出建模光谱波段为4000-500cm-1;通过残余方差(RVV)分析,确定了最适主成分数为10。利用模型成功对21份盲样进行鉴定,证明利用PLS建立的模型能有效地检测配制酱油中HVP的添加量,且最大偏差小于3.5%。     

焦糖色对老抽类酱油品质影响的研究

该文通过将几种焦糖色样品分别加入到生抽酱油中进行试验,观察其对酱油沉淀现象、气味及染色等感官指标的影响。认为酱油的感官指标受所加焦糖色品质的影响较大。优质焦糖色可提高老抽酱油的品质,其中以蔗糖制的焦糖质量最好,红色指数高,染着性好。